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References

1. Monier Williams (1872). A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and philologically arranged. Clarendon Press, Oxford. p. 363. https://books.google.com/books?id=uqlRAAAAcAAJ. 
2. S Fujinaga (2003). Olle Qvarnström. ed. Jainism and Early Buddhism: Essays in Honor of Padmanabh S. Jaini. Jain Publishing Company. pp. 206, 212. ISBN 978-0-89581-956-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=5_EdL2FtIqQC&pg=PA206. 
3. Walter O. Kaelber (May, 1976), Tapas, Birth, and Spiritual Rebirth in the Veda, History of Religions, Vol. 15, No. 4, page 344-345 https://www.jstor.org/stable/1062153
4. M. Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964), page 410
5. Walter O. Kaelber (May, 1976), Tapas, Birth, and Spiritual Rebirth in the Veda, History of Religions, Vol. 15, No. 4, pages 343, 358
6. Atharva Veda, 8.1.10
7. H. Oldenberg, Die Weltanschauung der Brahmana-Texts, Gottingen: Bandenhöck und Ruprecht, 1919
8. H. Oertel, "The Jaiminiya-Upanisad Brahmana," Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 16 (1896)
9. Walter O. Kaelber (May, 1976), Tapas, Birth, and Spiritual Rebirth in the Veda, History of Religions, Vol. 15, No. 4, pages 349-350
10. A. B. Keith (1914), The Veda of the Black Yajus School Entitled Taittiriya Saihitd, 2 vols., Harvard University Press; Also: H. Oldenberg (1964), The Grihya Sutras, Sacred Books of the East, 2 vols., Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi; see 1.7.25.1, 7.1.1.28
11. Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 58-59. Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 1978. p. 153. https://books.google.com/books?id=519jAAAAMAAJ. 
12. Purātattva. Indian Archaeological Society. 1996. p. 67. https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9ttAAAAMAAJ. 
13. Robert E. Buswell Jr.; Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013). The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton University Press. p. 894. ISBN 978-1-4008-4805-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ. 
14. Randall Collins (2000), The sociology of philosophies: a global theory of intellectual change, Harvard University Press, ISBN:978-0674001879, page 204
15. Hajime Nakamura (1980). Indian Buddhism: A Survey with Bibliographical Notes. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 73 with footnote 2. ISBN 978-81-208-0272-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=w0A7y4TCeVQC. 
16. Piotr Balcerowicz (2015). Early Asceticism in India: Ājīvikism and Jainism. Routledge. pp. 149-150 with footnote 289 for the original mentioning Tapas. ISBN 978-1-317-53853-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=nfOPCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149. 
17. Thanissaro Bhikkhu (2005), Devadaha Sutta: At Devadaha, M ii.214 http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.101.than.html
18. A similar discussion contrasting Tapas in Buddhism and Jainism is found in Devadaha Sutta. The translations vary with scholars, with some translating Tapas in Jainism as asceticism, some as penance. Further, the opening varies: "ascetics and Brahmins", or "contemplatives and Brahmins", or "recluses and Brahmins", with former meaning those who seek salvation but do not preach, the latter meaning those who seek salvation and also preach. See: Piotr Balcerowicz (2015) ibid; Piya Tan (2005), Devadaha Sutta, Living Word of the Buddha, volume 18, number 4, pages 46-47 with footnotes 52-58; Padmanabh S. Jaini (2001), Collected Papers on Buddhist Studies, Motilal Banarsidass, page 123
19. Shuxian Liu; Robert Elliott Allinson (1988). Harmony and Strife: Contemporary Perspectives, East & West. Chinese University Press. pp. 99 with footnote 25. ISBN 978-962-201-412-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=Je1UbD8Dyj4C. 
20. The optional ascetic practices are not mentioned in the Buddhist Vinaya texts, but listed in some Sila texts, where they are called Dhutanga (Tibetan: sbyang pa'i yan lag, Japanese: zudagyo, Chinese: toutouxing). An illustrative list of thirteen permissible ascetic practices for Buddhists, attributed to Buddha are, according to Buswell and Lopez:[27] [1] wearing clothes made from discarded clothing; [2] wearing only three robes; [3] alms seeking; [4] not begging food only at those houses that provide good food, but also begging at homes that do not; [5] eating daily once, in one sitting; [6] not eating sangha food, but only what one gathered in a bowl after begging; [7] refusing more food; [8] dwelling in a forest; [9] dwelling at the root of a tree; [10] dwelling in open air with tent made from one's own robe; [11] dwelling in cremation ground; [12] dwelling anywhere and being satisfied with it; [13] repeatedly sleeping only in a sitting position without ever lying down. In other Buddhist texts, the list varies, and in some cases allowed ascetic practices for monks include wearing only clothes made from coarse hemp or wool. Ascetic practices were suggested particularly for those Buddhist monks who were found to be greedy or of deluded character.[27]
21. Robert E. Buswell Jr.; Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013). The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton University Press. p. 22, 910. ISBN 978-1-4008-4805-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ. 
22. K Tiyavanich (1997). Forest Recollections: Wandering Monks in Twentieth-Century Thailand. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 1–2, 37. ISBN 978-0-8248-1781-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=YKwwO5oGXwcC. 
23. John Powers (2015). The Buddhist World. Routledge. pp. 83. ISBN 978-1-317-42017-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=p-uoCgAAQBAJ. 
24. William M. Johnston (2000). Encyclopedia of Monasticism: A-L. Routledge. pp. 90–91. ISBN 978-1-57958-090-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=GfC0TDkJJNgC. 
25. Ichiro Hori (1962), Self-Mummified Buddhas in Japan. An Aspect of the Shugen-Dô ("Mountain Asceticism") Sect, History of Religions, Vol. 1, No. 2 (Winter, 1962), pages 222-242 https://www.jstor.org/stable/1062053
26. Adriana Boscaro; Franco Gatti; Massimo Raveri (1990). Rethinking Japan: Social sciences, ideology & thought. Routledge. p. 250. ISBN 978-0-904404-79-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=kO0tUpCViA8C&pg=PA250. 
27. Richard F. Gombrich (2006). Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo. Routledge. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-134-21718-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=KCh-AgAAQBAJ. 
28. Greg Bailey; Ian Mabbett (2003). The Sociology of Early Buddhism. Cambridge University Press. pp. 152 with footnote 44. ISBN 978-1-139-43890-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=YSXNhE50oEgC. 
29. M. Eliade, Rites and Symbols of Initiation, Harper and Row, New York, pages 53-57
30. H. Lommel (1955), Wiedergeburt aus Embryonalem Zustand in der Symbolic des Altindische Rituals, in Tod, Auferstehung, Weltordnung, ed. C. Hentze; Origo, Zurich, Switzerland
31. M. Bloomfield (1964), Hymns of the Atharva Veda, Sacred Books of the East, Motilal Banarsidas, Delhi
32. Walter O. Kaelber (May, 1976), Tapas, Birth, and Spiritual Rebirth in the Veda, History of Religions, Vol. 15, No. 4, pages 355-356
33. David Carpenter, Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Editor: Knut Jacobsen (2010), Volume II, Brill, ISBN:978-90-04-17893-9, see Article on Tapas, pp 865-869
34. CR Prasad, Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Editor: Knut Jacobsen (2010), Volume II, Brill, ISBN:978-90-04-17893-9, see Article on Brahman, pp 724-729
35. Mundaka Upanishad Robert Hume, Oxford University Press, p. 374 https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n395/mode/2up
36. A Vedic concordance, Maurice Bloomfield, Harvard University Press, pp. 402-404 https://archive.org/stream/vedicconcordance00bloouoft#page/402/mode/2up
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38. M. Winternitz (1959), A History of Indian Literature, University of Calcutta
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41. P. Deussen (1966), The Philosophy of the Upanishads, Dover Publications, New York, pages 62-71
42. Walter O. Kaelber (May, 1976), Tapas, Birth, and Spiritual Rebirth in the Veda, History of Religions, Vol. 15, No. 4, pages 347
43. C. Blair (1961), Heat in the Rig Veda and Atharva Veda, American Oriental Society Publication, no. 45, Harvard University Press, pages 101-103
44. W. D. Whitney (1950), Atharva Veda Samhita, 2 vols., Harvard University Press
45. A. L. Basham (1959), The Wonder That Was India, Grove Press, New York; pages 247-251
46. Walter O. Kaelber (May, 1976), Tapas, Birth, and Spiritual Rebirth in the Veda, History of Religions, Vol. 15, No. 4, pages 346-349 https://www.jstor.org/stable/1062153
47. Orlando O. Espín; James B. Nickoloff (2007). An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies. Liturgical Press. pp. 1356. ISBN 978-0-8146-5856-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=k85JKr1OXcQC&pg=PA1356. 
48. Christoph Wulf (2016). Exploring Alterity in a Globalized World. Routledge. pp. 118. ISBN 978-1-317-33113-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZxeCwAAQBAJ. 
49. John Stratton Hawley; Donna M. Wulff (1998). Devī: Goddesses of India. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 327. ISBN 978-81-208-1491-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=CZrV3kOpMt0C&pg=PA327. 
50. Cornelia Dimmitt (2012). Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas. Temple University Press. pp. 151. ISBN 978-1-4399-0464-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=re7CR2jKn3QC&pg=PA151. 
51. Anne Mackenzie Pearson (1996). Because It Gives Me Peace of Mind: Ritual Fasts in the Religious Lives of Hindu Women. State University of New York Press. pp. 68. ISBN 978-0-7914-3037-8. https://archive.org/details/becauseitgivesme0000pear. 
52. Helaine Selin (Editor), Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, ISBN:978-94-017-1418-1, see Yoga article
53. Āgāśe, K. S. (1904). Pātañjalayogasūtrāṇi. Puṇe: Ānandāśrama. p. 102. https://archive.org/stream/patanjaliyoga/yoga_sutras_three_commentaries#page/n113/mode/2up. 
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61. Colette Caillat (2003). Olle Qvarnström. ed. Jainism and Early Buddhism: Essays in Honor of Padmanabh S. Jaini. Jain Publishing Company. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-89581-956-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=5_EdL2FtIqQC. 
62. Peter Flugel (2003). Olle Qvarnström. ed. Jainism and Early Buddhism: Essays in Honor of Padmanabh S. Jaini. Jain Publishing Company. pp. 169-174, 178-198 with footnotes. ISBN 978-0-89581-956-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=5_EdL2FtIqQC. 
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64. W. J. Johnson (1995). Harmless Souls: Karmic Bondage and Religious Change in Early Jainism with Special Reference to Umāsvāti and Kundakunda. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 196–197. ISBN 978-81-208-1309-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=vw8OUSfQbV4C. 
65. Sherry Fohr (2015). Jainism: A Guide for the Perplexed. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 48–49. ISBN 978-1-4742-2756-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=iAXsBQAAQBAJ. 
66. Peter Flugel (2003). Olle Qvarnström. ed. Jainism and Early Buddhism: Essays in Honor of Padmanabh S. Jaini. Jain Publishing Company. p. 182 with footnote 3. ISBN 978-0-89581-956-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=5_EdL2FtIqQC. 
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68. Jain 1998, p. 51.
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78. Pattathu, Paul (1997). Ashram spirituality: A Search Into the Christian Ashram Movement Against Its Hindu Background. ISBN 978-81-85428-58-1.