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References

1. "Sanskrit Dictionary Reference". https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/monier/serveimg.pl?file=/scans/MWScan/MWScanjpg/mw0125-ahalyA.jpg. 
2. Standing, E. M. (1924). THE SUPER‐VEGETARIANS. New Blackfriars, 5(50), pages 103–108
3. A Hindu Primer , by Shukavak N. Dasa http://www.sanskrit.org/www/Hindu%20Primer/nonharming_ahimsa.html
4. Dundas 2002, p. 160.
5. John Arapura in K. R. Sundararajan and Bithika Mukerji Ed. (1997), Hindu spirituality: Postclassical and modern, ISBN:978-81-208-1937-5; Chapter 20, pp. 392–417
6. A Izawa (2008), Empathy for Pain in Vedic Ritual, Journal of the International College for Advanced Buddhist Studies, Kokusai Bukkyōgaku Daigakuin Daigaku, Vol. 12, pp. 78–81
7. Sethia 2004, p. 2.
8. Dundas 2002, pp. 176–177.
9. Winternitz 1993, pp. 408–409.
10. Chapple, C. (1990). Nonviolence to animals, earth and self in Asian Traditions (see Chapter 1). State University of New York Press (1993)
11. Walli, Koshelya: The Conception of Ahimsa in Indian Thought, Varanasi 1974, p. 113–145.
12. Sanskrit: अस्मे ता त इन्द्र सन्तु सत्याहिंसन्तीरुपस्पृशः । विद्याम यासां भुजो धेनूनां न वज्रिवः ॥१३॥ Rigveda 10.22 Wikisource;English: Unto Tähtinen (1964), Non-violence as an Ethical Principle, Turun Yliopisto, Finland, PhD Thesis, pages 23–25; OCLC 4288274;For other occurrence of Ahimsa in Rigveda, see Rigveda 5.64.3, Rigveda 1.141.5; https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/ऋग्वेद:_सूक्तं_१०.२२
13. To do no harm Project Gutenberg, see translation for Yajurveda 36.18 VE;For other occurrences of Ahimsa in Vedic literature, see A Vedic Concordance Maurice Bloomfield, Harvard University Press, page 151 http://ebooks.gutenberg.us/himalayanacademy/sacredhinduliterature/lws/lws_ch-39.html
14. Tähtinen p. 2.
15. Shatapatha Brahmana 2.3.4.30; 2.5.1.14; 6.3.1.26; 6.3.1.39.
16. Henk M. Bodewitz in Jan E. M. Houben, K. R. van Kooij, ed., Violence denied: violence, non-violence and the rationalisation of violence in "South Asian" cultural history. BRILL, 1999 page 30.
17. Tähtinen pp. 2–3.
18. John Bowker, Problems of suffering in religions of the world. Cambridge University Press, 1975, page 233.
19. Kaneda, T. (2008). Shanti, peacefulness of mind. C. Eppert & H. Wang (Eds.), Cross cultural studies in curriculum: Eastern thought, educational insights, pages 171–192, ISBN:978-0-8058-5673-6, Taylor & Francis
20. John Arapura in K. R. Sundararajan and Bithika Mukerji Ed. (1997), Hindu spirituality: Postclassical and modern, ISBN:978-81-208-1937-5; see Chapter 20, pages 392–417
21. Izawa, A. (2008). Empathy for Pain in Vedic Ritual. Journal of the International College for Advanced Buddhist Studies, 12, 78
22. Tähtinen pp. 2–5; English translation: Schmidt p. 631.
23. M.K Sridhar and Puruṣottama Bilimoria (2007), Indian Ethics: Classical traditions and contemporary challenges, Editors: Puruṣottama Bilimoria, Joseph Prabhu, Renuka M. Sharma, Ashgate Publishing, ISBN:978-0-7546-3301-3, page 315
24. Jeffery D. Long (2009). Jainism: An Introduction. I. B. Tauris. pp. 31–33. ISBN 978-1-84511-625-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=JmRlAgAAQBAJ. 
25. Paul Dundas (2002). The Jains. Routledge. pp. 22–24, 73–83. ISBN 978-0415266055. https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ. 
26. Ravindra Kumar (2008), Non-violence and Its Philosophy, ISBN:978-81-7933-159-0, see page 11–14
27. Swami, P. (2000). Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Upaniṣads: SZ (Vol. 3). Sarup & Sons; see pages 630–631
28. Ballantyne, J. R., & Yogīndra, S. (1850). A Lecture on the Vedánta: Embracing the Text of the Vedánta-sára. Presbyterian mission press.
29. Mahabharata 13.117.37–38 http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/mbs/mbs13117.htm
30. Chapple, C. (1990). Ecological Nonviolence and the Hindu Tradition. In Perspectives on Nonviolence (pp. 168–177). Springer New York.
31. Ahimsa: To do no harm Subramuniyaswami, What is Hinduism?, Chapter 45, Pages 359–361 http://www.hinduismtoday.com/pdf_downloads/what_is_hinduism/Sec6/WIH_Sec6_Chapter45.pdf
32. Fischer, Louis: Gandhi: His Life and Message to the World Mentor, New York 1954, pp. 15–16
33. Balkaran, R., & Dorn, A. W. (2012). Violence in the Vālmı̄ki Rāmāyaṇa: Just War Criteria in an Ancient Indian Epic, Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 80(3), 659–690. http://www.sareligionuoft.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/JAAR-Article-Violence-in-the-Valmiki-Ramayana-Just-War-Criteria-in-an-Ancient-Indian-Epic-.pdf
34. Klaus K. Klostermaier (1996), in Harvey Leonard Dyck and Peter Brock (Ed), The Pacifist Impulse in Historical Perspective, see Chapter on Himsa and Ahimsa Traditions in Hinduism, ISBN:978-0-8020-0777-3, University of Toronto Press, pages 230–234
35. Paul F. Robinson (2003), Just War in Comparative Perspective, ISBN:0-7546-3587-2, Ashgate Publishing, see pages 114–125
36. Coates, B. E. (2008). Modern India's Strategic Advantage to the United States: Her Twin Strengths in Himsa and Ahimsa. Comparative Strategy, 27(2), pages 133–147
37. Subedi, S. P. (2003). The Concept in Hinduism of 'Just War'. Journal of Conflict and Security Law, 8(2), pages 339–361
38. Tähtinen pp. 96, 98–101.
39. Mahabharata 12.15.55; Manu Smriti 8.349–350; Matsya Purana 226.116.
40. Tähtinen pp. 91–93.
41. The Role of Teachers in Martial Arts Nebojša Vasic, University of Zenica (2011); Sport SPA Vol. 8, Issue 2: 47–51; see page 46, 2nd column http://www.sportspa.com.ba/images/dec2011/full/rad8.pdf
42. SOCIAL CONFLICT, AGGRESSION, AND THE BODY IN EURO-AMERICAN AND ASIAN SOCIAL THOUGHT Donald Levine, University of Chicago (2004) http://aiki-extensions.org/pubs/conflict-body_text.pdf
43. Ueshiba, Kisshōmaru (2004), The Art of Aikido: Principles and Essential Techniques, Kodansha International, ISBN:4-7700-2945-4
44. Tähtinen pp. 96, 98–99.
45. Christopher Chapple (1993), Nonviolence to Animals, Earth, and Self in Asian Traditions, State University of New York Press, ISBN:0-7914-1498-1, pages 16–17
46. W Norman Brown (February 1964), The sanctity of the cow in Hinduism, The Economic Weekly, pages 245–255 http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1964_16/5-6-7/the_sanctity_of_the_cow_in_hinduism.pdf
47. W Norman Brown (February 1964), The sanctity of the cow in Hinduism, The Economic Weekly, pages 246–247 http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1964_16/5-6-7/the_sanctity_of_the_cow_in_hinduism.pdf
48. Steven Rosen (2004), Holy Cow: The Hare Krishna Contribution to Vegetarianism and Animal Rights, ISBN:1-59056-066-3, pages 19–39
49. Marvin Harris (1990), India's sacred cow, Anthropology: contemporary perspectives, 6th edition, Editors: Phillip Whitten & David Hunter, Scott Foresman, ISBN:0-673-52074-9, pages 201-204 http://academic.regis.edu/rlumpp/PDF%20files/RT%20201%20India%27s%20Sacred%20Cow.pdf
50. Baudhayana Dharmasutra 2.4.7; 2.6.2; 2.11.15; 2.12.8; 3.1.13; 3.3.6; Apastamba Dharmasutra 1.17.15; 1.17.19; 2.17.26–2.18.3; Vasistha Dharmasutra 14.12.
51. Krishna, Nanditha (2014), Sacred Animals of India, Penguin Books, pp. 15, 33, ISBN 978-81-8475-182-6, https://books.google.com/books?id=DF_af8_547EC&pg=PT107 
52. Manu Smriti 5.30, 5.32, 5.39 and 5.44; Mahabharata 3.199 (3.207), 3.199.5 (3.207.5), 3.199.19–29 (3.207.19), 3.199.23–24 (3.207.23–24), 13.116.15–18, 14.28; Ramayana 1-2-8:19
53. Alsdorf pp. 592–593.
54. Mahabharata 13.115.59–60; 13.116.15–18.
55. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907), An English Translation of the Sushruta Samhita, Volume I, Part 2; see Chapter starting on page 469; for discussion on meats and fishes, see page 480 and onwards
56. Sutrasthana 46.89; Sharirasthana 3.25.
57. Sutrasthana 27.87.
58. Mahabharata 3.199.11–12 (3.199 is 3.207 elsewhere); 13.115; 13.116.26; 13.148.17; Bhagavata Purana (11.5.13–14), and the Chandogya Upanishad (8.15.1).
59. Alsdorf pp. 572–577 (for the Manusmṛti) and pp. 585–597 (for the Mahabharata); Tähtinen pp. 34–36.
60. The Mahabharata and the Manusmṛti (5.27–55) contain lengthy discussions about the legitimacy of ritual slaughter.
61. Mahabharata 12.260 (12.260 is 12.268 according to another count); 13.115–116; 14.28. http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m12/m12b095.htm
62. Mahabharata 3.199 (3.199 is 3.207 according to another count). http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03207.htm
63. Tähtinen pp. 39–43.
64. Alsdorf p. 589–590; Schmidt pp. 634–635, 640–643; Tähtinen pp. 41–42.
65. Schmidt pp. 637–639; Manusmriti 10.63, 11.145
66. Rod Preece, Animals and Nature: Cultural Myths, Cultural Realities, ISBN:978-0-7748-0725-8, University of British Columbia Press, pages 212–217
67. Chapple, C. (1990). Ecological Nonviolence and the Hindu Tradition. In Perspectives on Nonviolence (pages 168–177). Springer New York
68. Van Horn, G. (2006). Hindu Traditions and Nature: Survey Article. Worldviews: Global Religions, Culture, and Ecology, 10(1), 5–39
69. Kamil Zvelebil (1973). The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India. BRILL Academic. pp. 156–157. ISBN 90-04-03591-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=degUAAAAIAAJ. 
70. A.K. Ananthanathan (1994). "Theory and Functions of the State The Concept of aṟam (virtue) in Tirukkural". East and West 44 (2/4): 315–326. 
71. Paul Robinson (2017). Just War in Comparative Perspective. Taylor & Francis. pp. 169–170. ISBN 978-1-351-92452-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=I2lBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT169. 
72. Sanskrit Original with Translation 1: The Yoga Philosophy TR Tatya (Translator), with Bhojaraja commentary; Harvard University Archives; Translation 2: The Yoga-darsana: The sutras of Patanjali with the Bhasya of Vyasa GN Jha (Translator), with notes; Harvard University Archives; Translation 3: The Yogasutras of Patanjali Charles Johnston (Translator) https://archive.org/stream/yogaphilosophyb00tatygoog#page/n6/mode/2up
73. James Lochtefeld, "Yama (2)", The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N–Z, Rosen Publishing. ISBN:978-0-8239-3179-8, page 777
74. Sanskrit: अथ यम-नियमाः अहिंसा सत्यमस्तेयं बरह्मछर्यं कष्हमा धॄतिः | दयार्जवं मिताहारः शौछं छैव यमा दश || १७ ||English Translation: 1.1.17, CHAPTER 1. On Âsanas THE HAṬHA YOGA PRADIPIKA http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/hyp/hyp03.htm
75. Laidlaw, pp. 154–160; Jindal, pp. 74–90; Tähtinen p. 110.
76. Jain 2012, p. 34.
77. Jain 2012, p. 33.
78. Dundas pp. 158–159, 189–192; Laidlaw pp. 173–175, 179; Religious Vegetarianism, ed. Kerry S. Walters and Lisa Portmess, Albany 2001, p. 43–46 (translation of the First Great Vow).
79. Dundas, Paul: The Jains, second edition, London 2002, p. 160; Wiley, Kristi L.: Ahimsa and Compassion in Jainism, in: Studies in Jaina History and Culture, ed. Peter Flügel, London 2006, p. 438; Laidlaw pp. 153–154.
80. Laidlaw pp. 26–30, 191–195.
81. Dundas p. 24 suggests the 5th century; the traditional dating of Mahavira's death is 527 BCE.
82. Goyal, S.R.: A History of Indian Buddhism, Meerut 1987, p. 83–85.
83. Dundas pp. 19, 30; Tähtinen p. 132.
84. Dundas p. 30 suggests the 8th or 7th century; the traditional chronology places him in the late 9th or early 8th century.
85. Acaranga Sutra 2.15.
86. Sthananga Sutra 266; Tähtinen p. 132; Goyal p. 83–84, 103.
87. Dundas pp. 160, 234, 241; Wiley p. 448; Granoff, Phyllis: The Violence of Non-Violence: A Study of Some Jain Responses to Non-Jain Religious Practices, in: Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 15 (1992) pp. 1–43; Tähtinen pp. 8–9.
88. Laidlaw p. 169.
89. Laidlaw pp. 166–167; Tähtinen p. 37.
90. Lodha, R.M.: Conservation of Vegetation and Jain Philosophy, in: Medieval Jainism: Culture and Environment, New Delhi 1990, p. 137–141; Tähtinen p. 105.
91. Jindal p. 89; Laidlaw pp. 54, 154–155, 180.
92. Laidlaw pp. 166–167.
93. Padmannabh Jaini (2004). Tara Sethia. ed. Ahimsā, Anekānta, and Jaininsm. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 51–53. ISBN 978-81-208-2036-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=QYdlKv8wBiYC. 
94. Laidlaw p. 180.
95. Dundas (2002), pp. 161-162
96. Laidlaw (1995), p. 155
97. Dundas (2002), pp. 162-163
98. Padmannabh Jaini (2004). Tara Sethia. ed. Ahimsā, Anekānta, and Jaininsm. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 52–54. ISBN 978-81-208-2036-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=QYdlKv8wBiYC. 
99. Dundas (2002), pp. 162-163
100. Pandey, Janardan (1998). Gandhi and 21st Century. Concept Publishing Company. p. 50. ISBN 978-81-7022-672-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=lmJnWrjnfjMC&pg=PA50. 
101. Paul Williams (2005). Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies. Routledge. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-415-33226-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=pgrZnmKUKtgC. 
102. Bodhi Bhikkhu (1997). Great Disciples of the Buddha: Their Lives, Their Works, Their Legacy. Wisdom Publications. pp. 387 with footnote 12. ISBN 978-0-86171-128-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=teUGAAAAYAAJ. ;Sarao, p. 49; Goyal p. 143; Tähtinen p. 37.
103. Lamotte, pp. 54–55.
104. McFarlane 2001, p. 187.
105. McFarlane 2001, pp. 187–191.
106. Martine Batchelor (2014). The Spirit of the Buddha. Yale University Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-300-17500-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=fL3mykqlOJcC&pg=PT59. 
107. McFarlane 2001, p. 192.
108. Sarao p. 53; Tähtinen pp. 95, 102.
109. Tähtinen pp. 95, 102–103.
110. Raaflaub, Kurt A. (2006-12-18). War and Peace in the Ancient World. Wiley. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-4051-4525-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=FMxgef2VJEwC&pg=PA61. 
111. Bartholomeusz, p. 52.
112. Bartholomeusz, p. 111.
113. Bartholomeusz, p. 41.
114. Bartholomeusz, p. 50.
115. Stewart McFarlane in Peter Harvey, ed., Buddhism. Continuum, 2001, pages 195–196.
116. Bartholomeusz, p. 40.
117. Bartholomeusz, pp. 125–126. Full texts of the sutta:[1].
118. Rune E.A. Johansson, The Dynamic Psychology of Early Buddhism. Curzon Press 1979, page 33.
119. Bartholomeusz, pp. 40–53. Some examples are the Cakkavati Sihanada Sutta, the Kosala Samyutta, the Ratthapala Sutta, and the Sinha Sutta. See also page 125. See also Trevor Ling, Buddhism, Imperialism, and War. George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1979, pages 136–137.
120. Bodhi, Bhikkhu (trans.) (2000). The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya. Boston: Wisdom Publications. ISBN:0-86171-331-1.
121. Bartholomeusz, pp. 49, 52–53.
122. Hammalawa Saddhatissa, Buddhist Ethics. Wisdom Publications, 1997, pages 60, 159, see also Bartholomeusz page 121.
123. Bartholomeusz, p. 121.
124. Bartholomeusz, pp. 44, 121–122, 124.
125. The Buddha and His Dhamma. Columbia.edu. Retrieved on 2011-06-15. http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/ambedkar_buddha/04_02.html#03_02
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127. "試探《護生畫集》的護生觀 高明芳". https://www.drnh.gov.tw/var/file/3/1003/img/10/879650656.pdf. 
128. 「護生」精神的實踐舉隅. Ccbs.ntu.edu.tw. Retrieved on 2011-06-15. http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-AN/an2414.htm
129. 答妙贞十问. Cclw.net. Retrieved on 2011-06-15. http://www.cclw.net/gospel/asking/dmz10w/htm/02.htm
130. 第一二八期 佛法自由談. Bya.org.hk. Retrieved on 2011-06-15. http://www.bya.org.hk/life/Q&A_2006/Q&A_bya/128_Q.htm
131. 虛雲和尚法彙—書問. Bfnn.org. Retrieved on 2011-06-15. http://www.bfnn.org/book/books2/1187.htm
132. 道安長老年譜. Plela.org. Retrieved on 2011-06-15. http://www.plela.org/Cmapwork/link/crona1.htm
133. 农历中元节. Sx.chinanews.com.cn. Retrieved on 2011-06-15. http://www.sx.chinanews.com.cn/2008-08-18/1/69009.html
134. "明溪县"禁屠日"习俗的由来". http://www.mxzxw.cn/zwhgz/wszl_16_23.htm. 
135. 建构的节日：政策过程视角下的唐玄宗诞节. Chinesefolklore.org.cn (2008-02-16). Retrieved on 2011-06-15. http://www.chinesefolklore.org.cn/web/index.php?Page=2&NewsID=3016
136. Pyarelal (1965). Mahatma Gandhi-the Early Phase. Navajivan Publishing House. https://books.google.com/books?id=8P0KAQAAIAAJ. 
137. Religious Vegetarianism, ed. Kerry S. Walters and Lisa Portmess, Albany 2001, p. 50–52.
138. Tähtinen pp. 116–124.
139. Walli pp. XXII-XLVII; Borman, William: Gandhi and Non-Violence, Albany 1986, p. 11–12.
140. Jackson pp. 39–54. Religion East & West. 2008.
141. Tähtinen pp. 115–116.
142. Prabhu and Rao (1966), The Mind of Mahatma Gandhi, Encyclopedia of Gandhi's Thoughts, p. 120–121 http://gandhiashramsevagram.org/pdf-books/mind-of-mahatma-gandhi.pdf
143. Gandhi, Mahatma. 1962. All Religions are True. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 128.; Banshlal Ramnauth, Dev. 1989. Mahatma Gandhi: Insight and Impact. Indira Gandhi Centre for Indian Culture & Mahatma Gandhi Institute. p. 48
144. Schweitzer, Albert: Indian Thought and its Development, London 1956, pages 82–83 https://archive.org/stream/indianthoughtsan027860mbp#page/n95/mode/2up