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HandWiki. The Rihla. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31313 (accessed on 03 October 2026).
HandWiki. The Rihla. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31313. Accessed October 03, 2026.
HandWiki. "The Rihla" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31313 (accessed October 03, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, October 26). The Rihla. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31313
HandWiki. "The Rihla." Encyclopedia. Web. 26 October, 2022.
The Rihla
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Religion:The_Rihla

The Rihla, formal title A Masterpiece to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling, is the travelogue written by Ibn Battuta, documenting his lifetime of travel and exploration, which according to his description covered about 70,000 miles. Rihla is the Arabic word for a journey or the travelogue that documents it.

rihla travel exploration

References

  1. "Ibn Battuta: Travels in Asia and Africa 1325–1354". Indiana University Bloomington. Archived from the original on 20 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170820121438/http://www.indiana.edu/~dmdhist/ibnbattuta.htm. 
  2. Dunn 2005, p. 39; Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853, p. 26 Vol. 1 https://books.google.com/books?id=mdQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA26
  3. The Travels of Ibn Battuta, A.D. 1325-1354: Volume I, translated by H.A.R Gibb, pp. 23-24
  4. Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853, p. 27 Vol. 1 https://books.google.com/books?id=mdQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA27
  5. Aydhad was a port on the west coast of the Red Sea at 22°19′51″N 36°29′25″E / 22.33083°N 36.49028°E / 22.33083; 36.49028.[5] http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Religion:The_Rihla¶ms=22_19_51_N_36_29_25_E_
  6. Dunn 2005, pp. 53–54
  7. Dunn 2005, pp. 66–79.
  8. Dunn 2005, pp. 88–89; Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853, p. 404 Vol. 1; Gibb 1958, p. 249 Vol. 1 https://books.google.com/books?id=mdQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA404
  9. Dunn 2005, p. 97; Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1854, p. 100 Vol. 2 https://books.google.com/books?id=m-UHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA100
  10. Dunn 2005, pp. 98–100; Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1854, p. 125 Vol. 2 https://books.google.com/books?id=m-UHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA125
  11. null
  12. Most of Ibn Battuta's descriptions of the towns along the Tigris are copied from Ibn Jabayr's Rihla from 1184.[12][13]
  13. Dunn 2005, p. 102; Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1854, p. 142 Vol. 2 https://books.google.com/books?id=m-UHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA142
  14. Dunn 2005, pp. 102–03; Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1854, p. 149 Vol. 2 https://books.google.com/books?id=m-UHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA149
  15. Sanjay Subrahmanyam, The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama, (Cambridge University Press: 1998), pp. 120–21.
  16. J.D. Fage, Roland Oliver, Roland Anthony Oliver, The Cambridge History of Africa, (Cambridge University Press: 1977), p. 190.
  17. George Wynn Brereton Huntingford, Agatharchides, The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: With Some Extracts from Agatharkhidēs "On the Erythraean Sea", (Hakluyt Society: 1980), p. 83.
  18. Helen Chapin Metz (1992). Somalia: A Country Study. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. ISBN 978-0-8444-0775-3. https://archive.org/details/somaliacountryst00metz. 
  19. Versteegh, Kees (2008). Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics, Volume 4. Brill. p. 276. ISBN 978-90-04-14476-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQOAQAAMAAJ. 
  20. David D. Laitin, Said S. Samatar, Somalia: Nation in Search of a State, (Westview Press: 1987), p. 15.
  21. Chapurukha Makokha Kusimba, The Rise and Fall of Swahili States, (AltaMira Press: 1999), p.58
  22. Chittick 1977, p. 191
  23. Gibb 1962, p. 379 Vol. 2
  24. Dunn 2005, p. 126
  25. Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1854, p. 192 Vol. 2 https://books.google.com/books?id=m-UHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA192
  26. Dunn 2005, pp. 126–27
  27. Gibb 1962, p. 380 Vol. 2; Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1854, p. 193, Vol. 2 https://books.google.com/books?id=m-UHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA193
  28. Dunn 2005, pp. 137–39.
  29. Gibb 1962, pp. 424–28 Vol. 2.
  30. Dunn 2005, pp. 149–50, 157 Note 13; Gibb 1962, pp. 533–35, Vol. 2; Hrbek 1962, pp. 455–62.
  31. This is one of several occasions where Ibn Battuta interrupts a journey to branch out on a side trip only to later skip back and resume the original journey. Gibb describes these side trips as "divagations".[32] The divagation through Anatolia is considered credible as Ibn Battuta describes numerous personal experiences and there is sufficient time between leaving Mecca in mid-November 1330 and reaching Eğirdir on the way back from Erzurum at the start of Ramadan (8 June) in 1331.[31] Gibb still admits that he found it difficult to believe that Ibn Battuta actually travelled as far east as Erzurum.[33]
  32. Dunn 2005, pp. 169–71
  33. "The_Longest_Hajj_Part2_6". hajjguide.org. Archived from the original on 24 September 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140924095213/http://www.hajjguide.org/The_Longest_Hajj_Part2/html/The_Longest_Hajj_Part2_6.htm. Retrieved 13 June 2015. 
  34. "Khan Academy". Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171206202102/https://www.khanacademy.org/partner-content/big-history-project/expansion-interconnection/exploration-interconnection/a/ibn-battuta. 
  35. Dunn 2005, pp. 171–78
  36. Ibn Battuta, The Travels of Ibn Battuta (Translated by Samuel Lee, 2009), ISBN:978-1-60520-621-9, pp. 97–98
  37. Lee, Samuel (1829). The travels of Ibn Batuta :translated from the abridged Arabic manuscript copies, preserved in the Public Library of Cambridge. With notes, illustrative of the history, geography, botany, antiquities, &c. occurring throughout the work. London: Oriental Translation Committee. p. 191. https://archive.org/download/b28406084/b28406084.pdf. Retrieved 5 December 2017. 
  38. Gibb 1971, p. 592 Vol. 3; Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1855, p. 92 Vol. 3; Dunn 2005, pp. 178, 181 Note 26 https://books.google.com/books?id=w_YHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA92
  39. Aiya 1906, p. 328.
  40. Jerry Bently, Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 121.
  41. In the Rihla the date of Ibn Battuta's departure from Delhi is given as 17 Safar 743 AH or 22 July 1342.[43][44] Dunn has argued that this is probably an error and to accommodate Ibn Battuta's subsequent travels and visits to the Maldives it is more likely that he left Delhi in 1341.[45]
  42. "The Travels of Ibn Battuta: Escape from Delhi to the Maldive Islands and Sri Lanka: 1341–1344". orias.berkeley.edu. Archived from the original on 16 January 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170116143959/http://orias.berkeley.edu/resources-teachers/travels-ibn-battuta/journey/escape-delhi-maldive-islands-and-sri-lanka-1341-1344. Retrieved 12 January 2017. 
  43. Dunn 2005, p. 215; Gibb & Beckingham 1994, p. 777 Vol. 4
  44. Gibb & Beckingham 1994, pp. 773–82 Vol. 4; Dunn 2005, pp. 213–17
  45. Gibb & Beckingham 1994, pp. 814–15 Vol. 4
  46. "Ibn Battuta's Trip: Chapter 9 Through the Straits of Malacca to China 1345–1346". The Travels of Ibn Battuta A Virtual Tour with the 14th Century Traveler. Berkeley.edu. http://ibnbattuta.berkeley.edu/9china.html. Retrieved 14 June 2013. 
  47. Dunn 2005, p. 258.
  48. Dunn 2005, p. 259.
  49. Dunn 2005, pp. 259–61
  50. Dunn 2005, p. 282
  51. Dunn 2005, pp. 283–84
  52. Dunn 2005, pp. 286–87
  53. Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1858, p. 376 Vol. 4; Levtzion & Hopkins 2000, p. 282; Dunn 2005, p. 295 https://books.google.com/books?id=AdUOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA376#v=onepage&q&f=false
  54. Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1858, pp. 378–79 Vol. 4; Levtzion & Hopkins 2000, p. 282; Dunn 2005, p. 297 https://books.google.com/books?id=AdUOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA378
  55. Levtzion & Hopkins 2000, p. 457.
  56. Bir al-Ksaib (also Bir Ounane or El Gçaib) is in northern Mali at 21°17′33″N 5°37′30″W / 21.2925°N 5.625°W / 21.2925; -5.625. The oasis is 265 km (165 mi) south of Taghaza and 470 km (290 mi) north of Oualata. http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Religion:The_Rihla¶ms=21_17_33_N_5_37_30_W_
  57. Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1858, p. 385 Vol. 4; Levtzion & Hopkins 2000, p. 284; Dunn 2005, p. 298 https://books.google.com/books?id=AdUOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA385
  58. The location of the Malian capital has been the subject of considerable scholarly debate but there is no consensus. The historian, John Hunwick has studied the times given by Ibn Battuta for the various stages of his journey and proposed that the capital is likely to have been on the left side of the Niger River somewhere between Bamako and Nyamina.[61]
  59. Jerry Bently, Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 131.
  60. Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1858, p. 430 Vol. 4; Levtzion & Hopkins 2000, p. 299; Gibb & Beckingham 1994, pp. 969–970 Vol. 4; Dunn 2005, p. 304 https://books.google.com/books?id=AdUOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA430
  61. Dunn 2005, p. 304.
  62. Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1858, pp. 425–26 Vol. 4; Levtzion & Hopkins 2000, p. 297 https://books.google.com/books?id=AdUOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA425
  63. Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1858, pp. 432–36 Vol. 4; Levtzion & Hopkins 2000, p. 299; Dunn 2005, p. 305 https://books.google.com/books?id=AdUOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA432
  64. Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1858, pp. 444–445 Vol. 4; Levtzion & Hopkins 2000, p. 303; Dunn 2005, p. 306 https://books.google.com/books?id=AdUOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA444
  65. Noel King (ed.), Ibn Battuta in Black Africa, Princeton 2005, pp. 45–46. Four generations before Mansa Suleiman who died in 1360 CE, his grandfather's grandfather (Saraq Jata) had embraced Islam.
  66. M-S p. ix.
  67. Dunn gives the clunkier translation A Gift to the Observers Concerning the Curiosities of the Cities and the Marvels Encountered in Travels.[70]
  68. Dunn 2005, pp. 310–11; Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853, pp. 9–10 Vol. 1 https://books.google.com/books?id=mdQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA9
  69. Though he mentions being robbed of some notes[72]
  70. Dunn 2005, pp. 313–14; Mattock 1981
  71. Dunn 2005, pp. 63–64; Elad 1987
  72. Dunn 2005, p. 179; Janicsek 1929
  73. Dunn 2005, p. 134 Note 17
  74. Dunn 2005, p. 180 Note 23
  75. Dunn 2005, p. 157 Note 13
  76. Kamala Visweswaran (2011). Perspectives on Modern South Asia: A Reader in Culture, History, and Representation. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 164–. ISBN 978-1-4051-0062-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=m-EYXNnvMugC&q=candles+ships+jinn&pg=PA164. 
  77. Dunn 2005, pp. 253, 262 Note 20
  78. Ralf Elger; Yavuz Köse (2010). Many Ways of Speaking about the Self: Middle Eastern Ego-documents in Arabic, Persian, and Turkish (14th–20th Century). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 79–82. ISBN 978-3-447-06250-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=7xMDvp2ypVcC&pg=PA79. 
  79. Battutah, Ibn (2002). The Travels of Ibn Battutah. Picador. pp. 141. ISBN 978-0-330-41879-9. 
  80. Stewart Gordon (2009). When Asia was the World. Perseus Books Group. pp. 114–. ISBN 978-0-306-81739-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=sSn_AgAAQBAJ&q=battuta+slave+girl+damascus&pg=PA114. 
  81. Michael N. Pearson (2003). The Indian Ocean. Routledge. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-134-60959-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=deL2XkY8YeoC&pg=PT135. "He had a son to a Moroccan woman/wife in Damascus ... a daughter to a slave girl in Bukhara ... a daughter in Delhi to a wife, another to a slave girl in Malabar, a son in the Maldives to a wife ... in the Maldives at least he divorced his wives before he left." 
  82. William Dalrymple (2003). City of Djinns: A Year in Delhi. Penguin Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-101-12701-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=GVvUJVmVr8kC&q=battuta+slave+girl+damascus. 
  83. Kate S. Hammer (1999). The Role of Women in Ibn Battuta's Rihla. Indiana University. p. 45. https://books.google.com/books?id=KTceAQAAMAAJ&q=battuta+slave+girl+damascus. 
  84. Gibb 1958, pp. 480–81; Dunn 2005, p. 168
  85. Gibb 1958, pp. ix–x Vol. 1; Dunn 2005, p. 318
  86. Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853, Vol. 1 pp. xiii–xiv; Kosegarten 1818. https://books.google.com/books?id=mdQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR13
  87. Apetz 1819.
  88. de Sacy 1820.
  89. Burckhardt 1819, pp. 533–37 Note 82; Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853, Vol. 1 p. xvi https://archive.org/stream/travelsinnubia00burcgoog#page/n637/mode/1up
  90. Lee 1829.
  91. Neither de Slane's 19th century catalogue[93] nor the modern online equivalent provide any information on the provenance of the manuscripts.[94] Dunn states that all five manuscripts were "found in Algeria"[95] but in their introduction Defrémery and Sanguinetti mention that the BNF had acquired one manuscript (MS Supplément arabe 909/Arabe 2287) from M. Delaporte, a former French consul to Morocco.[96]
  92. de Slane 1843b; MS Arabe 2291
  93. de Slane 1843a.
  94. Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853; Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1854; Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1855; Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1858
  95. French: "La version de M. Lee manque quelquefois d'exactitude, même dans des passage fort simples et très-faciles".[100]
  96. Gibb 1929.
  97. Gibb & Beckingham 1994, p. ix.
  98. Gibb 1958.
  99. Gibb & Beckingham 1994.
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