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References

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2. Buang, Amriah (2014). "Geography in the Islamic World". Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. Springer. pp. 1–5. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-3934-5_8611-2. ISBN 978-94-007-3934-5. "A prominent feature of the achievement of Muslim scholars in mathematical geography and cartography was the invention of scientific instruments of measurement. Among these were the astrolab (astrolabe), the ruba (quadrant), the gnomon, the celestial sphere, the sundial, and the compass."  https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-3934-5_8611-2
3. Edson and Savage-Smith (2004)
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13. Covington, Richard (2007). "Nation, identity and the fascination with forensic science in Sherlock Holmes and CSI". Saudi Aramco World, May–June 2007 10 (3): 17–21. doi:10.1177/1367877907080149. http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200703/the.third.dimension.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-06. 
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18. Starr, S. Frederick (12 December 2013). "So, Who Did Discover America? | History Today". http://www.historytoday.com/s-frederick-starr/so-who-did-discover-america. 
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25. Richard Nelson Frye: Golden Age of Persia. p. 163
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27. Dr. Emily Winterburn (National Maritime Museum), Using an Astrolabe, Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation, 2005. http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=529
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30. Kreutz, Barbara M. (1973) "Mediterranean Contributions to the Medieval Mariner's Compass", Technology and Culture, 14 (3: July), p. 367–383 JSTOR 3102323 https://www.jstor.org/stable/3102323
31. Jawāmeʿ al-ḥekāyāt wa-lawāmeʿ al-rewāyāt by Muhammad al-ʿAwfī
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33. Needham p. 12-13 "...that the floating fish-shaped iron leaf spread outside China as a technique, we know from the description of Muhammad al' Awfi just two hundred years later"
34. Kitāb Kanz al-tujjār fī maʿrifat al-aḥjār
35. "Early Arabic Sources on the Magnetic Compass". http://www.lancaster.ac.uk/jais/volume/docs/vol1/1_081-132schmidl2.pdf. Retrieved 2016-08-02. 
36. Savage-Smith, Emilie (1988). "Gleanings from an Arabist's Workshop: Current Trends in the Study of Medieval Islamic Science and Medicine". Isis 79 (2): 246–266 [263]. doi:10.1086/354701. PMID 3049439.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F354701
37. Schmidl, Petra G. (2007). "Ashraf: al‐Malik al‐Ashraf (Mumahhid al‐Dīn) ʿUmar ibn Yūsuf ibn ʿUmar ibn ʿAlī ibn Rasūl". in Thomas Hockey. The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer. pp. 66–7. ISBN 9780387310220. http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Ashraf_BEA.htm.  (PDF version)
38. (King 1983)
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