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HandWiki. Zomia (Region). Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31144 (accessed on 24 September 2026).
HandWiki. Zomia (Region). Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31144. Accessed September 24, 2026.
HandWiki. "Zomia (Region)" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31144 (accessed September 24, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, October 25). Zomia (Region). In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31144
HandWiki. "Zomia (Region)." Encyclopedia. Web. 25 October, 2022.
Zomia (Region)
Edit

Zomia is a geographical term coined in 2002 by historian Willem van Schendel of the University of Amsterdam to refer to the huge mass of mainland Southeast Asia that has historically been beyond the control of governments based in the population centers of the lowlands.

zomia geographical lowlands

References

  1. Scott, James C. (2009). The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia. Yale Agrarian Studies. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. pp. 14–16. ISBN 978-0-300-15228-9. "Notes to pages 5 – 14: Other explicit proponents of a systematic view from the periphery include Michaud, Turbulent Times and Enduring Peoples, especially the Introduction by Michaud and John McKinnon, 1–25, and Hjorleifur Jonsson, Mien Relations: Mountain Peoples, Ethnography, and State Control (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005). F. K. L. Chit Hlaing [F. K. Lehman], “Some Remarks upon Ethnicity Theory and Southeast Asia, with Special Reference to the Kayah and Kachin,” in Exploring Ethnic Diversity in Burma, ed. Mikael Gravers (Copenhagen: NIAS Press, 2007), 107–22, esp. 109–10." 
  2. Michaud 2010 http://www.fss.ulaval.ca/cms/upload/ant/fichiers/michaudjgh2010_editorial.pdf
  3. Michaud, J. (2009, February). "Handling Mountain Minorities in China, Burma, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Laos: From History to Current Concerns." Asian Ethnicity 10: 25–49.
  4. In addition, he maintains that many traits that are viewed in mainstream cultures as "primitive" or "backward" and used to denigrate hill peoples are actually adaptations to avoid state incorporation, such as lack of a written language, shifting messianic religious movements, or nomadism. Their presence is absent from most histories, since, as Scott puts it, "it is the peasants' job to stay out of the archives." Nonetheless, in reality he sees the relationship between upland and lowland peoples as reciprocal, since upland peoples are essential as a source of trade. Scott, James C. (2009). The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia. Yale Agrarian Studies. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. pp. 14–16. ISBN 978-0-300-15228-9. "Notes to pages 5 – 14: Other explicit proponents of a systematic view from the periphery include Michaud, Turbulent Times and Enduring Peoples, especially the Introduction by Michaud and John McKinnon, 1–25, and Hjorleifur Jonsson, Mien Relations: Mountain Peoples, Ethnography, and State Control (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005). F. K. L. Chit Hlaing [F. K. Lehman], “Some Remarks upon Ethnicity Theory and Southeast Asia, with Special Reference to the Kayah and Kachin,” in Exploring Ethnic Diversity in Burma, ed. Mikael Gravers (Copenhagen: NIAS Press, 2007), 107–22, esp. 109–10." 
  5. "Jean Michaud, Ph. D., Anthropologist". Université Laval, Québec, Canada. http://www.ant.ulaval.ca/?pid=89. Retrieved September 22, 2011. "Jean Michaud is a social anthropologist and specialises since 1988 on issues of social change among highland populations of Asia." 
  6. Michaud, Jean (April 2006). "Introduction". Historical Dictionary of the Peoples of the Southeast Asian Massif. Historical Dictionaries of Peoples and Cultures #4. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-8108-5466-6. http://www.scarecrowpress.com/Chapters/Index.shtml?SKU=081085466X&Site=scarecrowpress&Title=Historical%20Dictionary%20of%20the%20Peoples%20of%20the%20Southeast%20Asian%20Massif&FileType=PDF. Retrieved September 8, 2011. "For this dictionary, a compromise solution has been adopted, which was to accept official national ethnonyms but correct mistakes whenever possible and cross-reference to alternative names. Close to 200 ethnonyms thus have their own entries, which is the largest number the relatively humble format of this series allows." 
  7. Michaud, Jean (2010). "Editorial – Zomia and beyond*" (PDF). Journal of Global History 5, London School of Economics and Political Science. Université Laval. pp. 187–214. doi:10.1017/S1740022810000057. Archived from the original on October 3, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111003064323/http://www.fss.ulaval.ca/cms/upload/ant/fichiers/michaudjgh2010_editorial.pdf. Retrieved September 8, 2011. "This editorial develops two themes. First, it discusses how historical and anthropological approaches can relate to each other, in the field of the highland margins of Asia and beyond. Second, it explores how we might further our understandings of the uplands of Asia by applying different terms such as ‘Haute-Asie’, the ‘Southeast Asian Massif’, the ‘Hindu Kush–Himalayan region’, the 'Himalayan Massif', and in particular 'Zomia', a neologism gaining popularity with the publication of James C. Scott's latest book...." 
  8. Guest editor: Jean Michaud (2010). "Journal of Global History". Cambridge Journals Online. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayIssue?jid=JGH&volumeId=5&seriesId=0&issueId=02. Retrieved September 7, 2011. "Published for London School of Economics and Political Science" 
  9. "Victor B. Lieberman". Marvin B. Becker Collegiate Professor of Southeast Asia, pre-modern Burma, early modern world history. University of Michigan. https://lsa.umich.edu/history/facstaff/facultydetail.asp?ID=95. Retrieved September 7, 2011. 
  10. "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". UnderstandingSociety. p. 1. http://understandingsociety.blogspot.com/2010/10/zomia-reconsidered.html. "[Lieberman's] most recent volumes, Strange Parallels: Volume 1, Integration on the Mainland: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c.800-1830 (v. 1) and Strange Parallels: Volume 2, Mainland Mirrors: Europe, Japan, China, South Asia, and the Islands: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c.800-1830, are directly relevant to Scott's analysis."
  11. Tom Brass (2012), "Scott's 'Zomia,' or a Populist Post-modern History of Nowhere", Journal of Contemporary Asia, 42:1, 123–33
  12. Stringham, Edward (2012). "Repelling States: Evidence from Upland Southeast Asia". Review of Austrian Economics 25 (1): 17–33. 
  13. "The Observatory: From revolution to evolution". TODAY. 9 August 2014. http://www.todayonline.com/entertainment/music/observatory-revolution-evolution?singlepage=true. Retrieved 18 August 2014. 
  14. Green, John. "Rethinking Civilization". CrashCourse World History. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyzi9GNZFMU. Retrieved March 8, 2015. 
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