Video Upload Options

References

1. "Culture Areas Index". the Canadian Museum of Civilization. http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/tresors/ethno/etb0170e.shtml. 
2. "Dena'ina." Alaska Native Language Center. Accessed December 10, 2016. https://www.uaf.edu/anlc/languages/ta/
3. "Slavey". Historica Canada. http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/slavey-slave/. 
4. Indian Claims Commission (1978). Indian Claims Commission Decisions, Volume 11, Part 1. Washington, DC: Native American Rights Fund. pp. 332–33. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Indian_Claims_Commission_Decisions/_6lFAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0. 
5. Sturtevant and Trigger ix
6. "Preamble." Constitution of the Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma . Retrieved 5 Dec 2012. http://www.narf.org/nill/Constitutions/pawneeconstitution/pawneeconst.htm
7. "Cultural Thesaurus" . National Museum of the American Indian. Accessed 8 April 2014. http://www.americanindian.si.edu/searchcollections/help/references/cultural.aspx
8. Sturtevant and Trigger 241
9. Sturtevant and Trigger 198
10. Goddard 72
11. Goddard 72 and 237
12. Goddard 237
13. Goddard 72, 237–38
14. Goddard 238
15. Goddard 72 and 238
16. Sturtevant and Fogelson, 290
17. Sturtevant and Trigger 161
18. Sturtevant and Fogelson, 293
19. Sturtevant and Fogelson, 81–82
20. Sturtevant and Fogelson, 291
21. Sturtevant and Trigger 96
22. Brooks, Rebecca Beatrice. "Native American Tribes in Massachusetts". https://historyofmassachusetts.org/native-american-tribes/. 
23. Sturtevant and Trigger 255
24. Sturtevant and Fogelson, 69
25. Sturtevant and Fogelson, 205
26. Sturtevant and Fogelson, 214
27. Sturtevant and Fogelson, 673
28. Sturtevant and Fogelson, ix
29. Sturtevant and Fogelson, 374
30. Sturtevant, 617
31. Folgelson, ed. (2004), p. 315
32. Frank, Andrew K. Indian Removal. Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Retrieved 10 July 2009. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/I/IN015.html
33. Sturtevant and Fogelson, 188
34. Sturtevant and Fogelson, 598–99
35. Sturtevant and Fogelson, 302
36. Haliwa-Saponi Tribe. . Retrieved 10 July 2009. http://www.haliwa-saponi.com/
37. Hann 1993
38. Sturtevant and Fogelson, 78, 668
39. Hann 1996, 5–13
40. Milanich 1999, p. 49.
41. Milanich 1996, p. 46.
42. Hann 2003:11
43. Sturtevant and Fogelson, 190
44. D'Azevedo, ix
45. Pritzker, 230
46. D'Azevedo, 161–62
47. Loether, Christopher. "Shoshones" . Encyclopedia of the Great Plains. Retrieved 20 Oct 2013. http://plainshumanities.unl.edu/encyclopedia/doc/egp.na.105
48. Shimkin 335
49. Murphy and Murphy 306
50. Murphy and Murphy 287
51. Thomas, Pendleton, and Cappannari 280–83
52. D'Azevedo, 339
53. D'Azevedo, 340
54. Nicholas, Walter S. "A Short History of Johnsondale". RRanch.org. http://www.rranch.org/history/. 
55. Pritzker 112
56. Heizer ix
57. Heizer 205–07
58. Heizer 190
59. Heizer 593
60. Heizer 769
61. Heizer 249
62. "Mexico: Map". Ethnologue. https://www.ethnologue.com/map/MX___. 
63. "Paipai Language (Akwa'ala)" . Native Languages of the Americas. Retrieved 10 Sept 2010. http://www.native-languages.org/paipai.htm
64. Steward, Julian H. (1948) Editor. Handbook of South American Indians. Volume 4 The Circum-Caribbean Tribes. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143.
65. "Aboriginal Roots of Cuban Culture" . (retrieved 9 July 2011) http://sonentero.blogspot.com/2009/06/aboriginal-roots-of-cuban-culture.html
66. "Prehistory of the Caribbean Culture Area" . Southeast Archaeological Center. (retrieved 9 July 2011) http://www.cr.nps.gov/seac/caribpre.htm
67. "Cacaopera" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. (retrieved 1 Dec 2011) https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/211/
68. "Languages of Bolivia" . Ethnologue. Retrieved 23 Oct 2012. http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=BO
69. "Apiaká: Introduction" . Instituto Socioambiental: Povos Indígenas no Brasil. Retrieved 28 March 2012 http://pib.socioambiental.org/en/povo/apiaka
70. "Huachipaeri" . Ethnologue. Retrieved 18 Feb 2012. http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=hug
71. "Cultural Thesaurus" . National Museum of the American Indian. (retrieved 18 Feb 2011) http://www.nmai.si.edu/searchcollections/help/references/cultural.aspx
72. "Puelche". https://www.britannica.com/topic/Puelche. 
73. Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (Ed.). (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the world (15th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. ISBN:1-55671-159-X. (Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com).
74. "Y-Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas". Department of Biology, University College, London; Departamento de Gene´tica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientı´ficas, Caracas, Venezuela; Departamento de Gene´tica, Universidade Federal do Parana´, Curitiba, Brazil; 5Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; 6Laboratorio de Gene´tica Humana, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota´; Victoria Hospital, Prince Albert, Canada; Subassembly of Medical Sciences, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia; Laboratorio de Gene´tica Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellı´n, Colombia; Université de Montréal. University College London 73:524–539. 2003. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/tcga/tcgapdf/Bortolini-AJHG-03-YAmer.pdf. 
75. Orgel L (2004). "Prebiotic chemistry and the origin of the RNA world". Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 39 (2): 99–123. doi:10.1080/10409230490460765. PMID 15217990. http://www.d.umn.edu/~pschoff/documents/OrgelRNAWorld.pdf. Retrieved 2010-01-19. 
76. Wendy Tymchuk, Senior Technical Editor (2008). "Learn about Y-DNA Haplogroup Q" (Verbal tutorial possible). Genebase Systems. http://www.genebase.com/tutorial/item.php?tuId=16. "Haplogroups are defined by unique mutation events such as single nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs. These SNPs mark the branch of a haplogroup, and indicate that all descendants of that haplogroup at one time shared a common ancestor. The Y-DNA SNP mutations were passed from father to son over thousands of years. Over time, additional SNPs occur within a haplogroup, leading to new lineages. These new lineages are considered subclades of the haplogroup. Each time a new mutation occurs, there is a new branch in the haplogroup, and therefore a new subclade. Haplogroup Q, possibly the youngest of the 20 Y-chromosome haplogroups, originated with the SNP mutation M242 in a man from Haplogroup P that likely lived in Siberia approximately 15,000 to 20,000 years before present" 
77. Wells, Spencer; Read, Mark (2002) (Digitised online by Google books). The Journey of Man – A Genetic Odyssey. Random House. ISBN 0-8129-7146-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=WAsKm-_zu5sC&q=The%20Journey%20of%20Man&pg=PP1. Retrieved 2009-11-21. 
78. "First Americans Endured 20,000-Year Layover – Jennifer Viegas, Discovery News". http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/02/13/beringia-native-american.html. "Archaeological evidence, in fact, recognizes that people started to leave Beringia for the New World around 40,000 years ago, but rapid expansion into North America didn't occur until about 15,000 years ago, when the ice had literally broken"  page 2
79. Than, Ker (2008). "New World Settlers Took 20,000-Year Pit Stop". National Geographic Society. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/02/080214-america-layover.html. "Over time descendants developed a unique culture—one that was different from the original migrants' way of life in Asia but which contained seeds of the new cultures that would eventually appear throughout the Americas" 
80. "Summary of knowledge on the subclades of Haplogroup Q". Genebase Systems. 2009. http://64.40.115.138/file/lu/6/52235/NTIyMzV9K3szNTc2Nzc=.jpg?download=1. 
81. Ruhlen M (November 1998). "The origin of the Na-Dene". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95 (23): 13994–96. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.23.13994. PMID 9811914. Bibcode: 1998PNAS...9513994R.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=25007
82. "High-resolution SNPs and microsatellite haplotypes point to a single, recent entry of Native American Y chromosomes into the Americas". Molecular Biology and Evolution 21 (1): 164–75. January 2004. doi:10.1093/molbev/msh009. PMID 14595095.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsh009
83. Juliette Saillard; Peter Forster (2000). "mtDNA Variation among Greenland Eskimos. The Edge of the Beringian Expansion". Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, University of Hamburg, Hamburg. http://www.cell.com/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297%2807%2963257-1. "The relatively lower coalescence time of the entire haplogroup A2 including the shared sub-arctic branches A2b (Siberians and Inuit) and A2a (Eskimos and Na-Dené) is probably due to secondary expansions of haplogroup A2 from the Beringia area, which would have averaged the overall internal variation of haplogroup A2 in North America." 
84. A. Torroni; T. G. Schurr; C. C. Yang; EJE. Szathmary; R. C. Williams; M. S. Schanfield; G. A. Troup; W. C. Knowler et al. (January 1992). "Native American Mitochondrial DNA Analysis Indicates That the Amerind and the Nadene Populations Were Founded by Two Independent Migrations". Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine and Departments of Biochemistry and Anthropology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (Genetics Society of America) 130 (1): 153–62. http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/abstract/130/1/153. Retrieved 2009-11-28. "The divergence time for the Nadene portion of the HaeIII np 663 lineage was about 6,000–10,000 years. Hence, the ancestral Nadene migrated from Asia independently and considerably more recently than the progenitors of the Amerinds".