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HandWiki. Hunga Tonga. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/30909 (accessed on 20 October 2026).
HandWiki. Hunga Tonga. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/30909. Accessed October 20, 2026.
HandWiki. "Hunga Tonga" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/30909 (accessed October 20, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, October 24). Hunga Tonga. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/30909
HandWiki. "Hunga Tonga." Encyclopedia. Web. 24 October, 2022.
Hunga Tonga
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Earth:Hunga_Tonga

Template:Infobox Island Hunga Tonga-Hunga Haʻapai is a volcanic island located about 30 kilometres (19 miles) south-southeast of Fonuafoʻou island in Tonga. The volcano is part of the highly active Tonga-Kermadec Islands volcanic arc, a subduction zone extending from New Zealand north-northeast to Fiji. It lies about 100 kilometres (62 mi) above a very active seismic zone. The island arc is formed at the convergent boundary where the Pacific Plate subducts under the Indo-Australian Plate.

volcanic island island arc tonga

References

  1. "Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai". Smithsonian Institution. https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=243040. 
  2. Wells, Susan M.; Sheppard, Charles; and Jenkins, Martin. Coral Reefs of the World: Central and Western Pacific. United Nations Environment Programme, 1988. ISBN:2-88032-945-0
  3. Pacific Islands Pilot. London: Great Britain Hydrographic Department, 1969.
  4. Gupta, Alok K. Igneous Rocks. Mumbai, India: Allied Publishers, 1998. ISBN:81-7023-784-X
  5. Ewart, A.; Bryan, W.B.; and Gill, J.B. "Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the Younger Volcanic Islands of Tonga, S.W. Pacific." Journal of Petrology. 14:3 (1973).
  6. Dahl, Arthur L. Review of the Protected Areas System in Oceania. IUCN Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas. United Nations Environment Programme, 1986. ISBN:2-88032-509-9
  7. Fletcher, Matt and Keller, Nancy J. Tonga. Oakland, Calif.: Lonely Planet, 2001. ISBN:1-74059-061-9; Bulletin - Department of Minerals and Energy, Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics. Australia Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics, 1964.
  8. Gifford, Edward Winslow. Tongan Myths and Tales. London: The British Museum, 1924.
  9. Nunn, Patrick D. "Fished Up or Thrown Down: The Geography of Pacific Island Origin Myths." Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 93:2 (November 2004).
  10. Suren, Peter. Essays on the History of the Discovery and Exploration of Tonga by the Europeans. Nukuʼalofa, Kingdom of Tonga: Friendly Islands Bookshop, 2001; Rutherford, Noel. Friendly Islands: A History of Tonga. Cambridge: Oxford University Press, 1977. ISBN:0-19-550519-0; Cook, James. The Journals of Captain Cook. John Cawte Beaglehole and Philip Edwards. New York: Penguin Classics, 1999. ISBN:0-14-043647-2
  11. "The world's youngest island". BBC. 11 December 2017. https://www.bbc.com/news/av/science-environment-42314269/the-world-s-youngest-island. Retrieved 12 December 2017. 
  12. Tongan inspection team heads to undersea volcano March 19, 2009, phys.org/news, accessed 7-02-2019 https://phys.org/news/2009-03-tongan-team-undersea-volcano.html
  13. The date the eruption began is uncertain. According to the Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism program, "Observers flying near the area of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai (about 62 km NNW of Nuku'alofa, the capital of Tonga) on 16 or 17 March reported seeing an eruption." See: SI/USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report. 11 March-17 March 2009. The report cites Keizo Gates' Web log, dated March 16, 2009, which contains photos allegedly taken from civilian aircraft late on the afternoon of March 16. See: Gates, Keizo. "New Tonga Eruption" Kzo.net. March 16, 2009. The Smithsonian subsequently confirmed that the eruption began on March 16. See: SI/USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report. 18 March-24 March 2009. http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/index.cfm?wvarweek=20090311
  14. Percival, Jenny. "Underwater Volcano Creates New Island Off Tonga." The Guardian . 21 March 2009. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/mar/21/tonga-volcano-island-nuku-alofa
  15. "'No Living Thing Left' As Tonga Volcano Erupts." Agence France Presse. March 20, 2009. https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j6VD1Pdx9mNNXjovtdfyKtB2WXVQ
  16. "Entertainment," Cape Argus, November 20, 2009.
  17. Klemetti, Erik (December 30, 2014). "New Eruption at Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai". Wired. https://www.wired.com/2014/12/new-eruption-hunga-tonga-hunga-haapai/. Retrieved January 9, 2015none ; "Undersea eruption from Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai in Tonga, South Pacific Ocean". January 9, 2015. http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/gallery/individual.php?db_date=2015-01-09. Retrieved January 9, 2015. 
  18. "Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai". January 7, 2015. http://www.volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=243040. Retrieved January 9, 2015. 
  19. Tapaleao, Vaimoana (January 13, 2015). "Tongan volcano eruption puts flights on alert". New Zealand Herald. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11385767. Retrieved January 12, 2015. 
  20. "Tongan volcano creates new island: Officials". The Star. January 16, 2015. http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Regional/2015/01/16/Tongan-volcano-creates-new-island-officials/. Retrieved January 16, 2015. 
  21. "Photos: Massive ash cloud in Tonga volcano eruption". TV New Zealand. January 16, 2015. http://tvnz.co.nz/world-news/photos-massive-ash-cloud-in-tonga-volcano-eruption-6219472. Retrieved January 16, 2015. 
  22. "Tongan volcano forms new island". January 16, 2015. http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/international/radio/program/pacific-beat/tongan-volcano-forms-new-island/1407213. Retrieved January 16, 2015. 
  23. Perry, Nick (21 January 2015). "New island created by underwater volcanic eruption in Tonga may soon disappear". The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/new-island-created-by-underwater-volcanic-eruption-in-tonga-may-soon-disappear-9993595.html. Retrieved 21 January 2015. 
  24. "Geo survey reports less ash coming from volcano". Matangi Tonga (Nuku'alofa, Tonga). January 19, 2015. http://matangitonga.to/2015/01/19/geo-survey-reports-less-ash-coming-volcano. Retrieved January 19, 2015. "The survey team, including two volcanologists from GNS-Science in New Zealand, visited the site, located on a NNW bearing 65km from Vuna Wharf, on January 17, on board the VOEA Pangai. The site observation was sponsored by the New Zealand High Commission." 
  25. "Volcanic eruption ends, leaving tiny ash island". Matangi Tonga. January 26, 2015. http://matangitonga.to/2015/01/26/volcanic-eruption-ends-leaving-tiny-ash-island. Retrieved January 26, 2015. 
  26. "Volcano eruption in Tonga declared over". Radio New Zealand. January 26, 2015. http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/264572/volcano-eruption-in-tonga-declared-over. Retrieved January 26, 2015. 
  27. Pearlman, Jonathan (March 11, 2015). "First photographs emerge of new Pacific island off Tonga". Daily Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/tongafrenchpolynesia/11463853/First-photographs-emerge-of-new-Pacific-island-off-Tonga.html. Retrieved March 12, 2015. 
  28. "Real-life castaway: 'He's not afraid to die' (surviving on seagull eggs and squid)". News.com.au. June 26, 2015. https://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-ideas/adventure/reallife-castaway-hes-not-afraid-to-die/news-story/e1d92742b7dc13624f74cd4e55f63ed9. Retrieved June 26, 2015. 
  29. Chang, Kenneth (December 11, 2017). "New Pacific Island Could Resemble Ancient Martian Volcanoes". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/11/science/mars-volcanoes-tonga-island.html. Retrieved December 15, 2017. 
  30. Joshua Berlinger. "Mud, vegetation on new Pacific island baffle scientists". https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/05/australia/new-island-pacific-mud-intl/index.html. 
  31. New Tonga island 'now home to flowers and owls' 2019-02-07, 2019, bbc.co.uk/news, accessed 2019-02-07 https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-47153797
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