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HandWiki. TRACE (Psycholinguistics). Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/30844 (accessed on 20 October 2026).
HandWiki. TRACE (Psycholinguistics). Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/30844. Accessed October 20, 2026.
HandWiki. "TRACE (Psycholinguistics)" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/30844 (accessed October 20, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, October 24). TRACE (Psycholinguistics). In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/30844
HandWiki. "TRACE (Psycholinguistics)." Encyclopedia. Web. 24 October, 2022.
TRACE (Psycholinguistics)
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Social:TRACE_(psycholinguistics)

TRACE is a connectionist model of speech perception, proposed by James McClelland and Jeffrey Elman in 1986. It is based on a structure called "the Trace," a dynamic processing structure made up of a network of units, which performs as the system's working memory as well as the perceptual processing mechanism. TRACE was made into a working computer program for running perceptual simulations. These simulations are predictions about how a human mind/brain processes speech sounds and words as they are heard in real time.

connectionist model working memory perceptual

References

  1. McClelland, J.L., D.E. Rumelhart and the PDP Research Group (1986). Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition. Volume 2: Psychological and Biological Models, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press
  2. Weber, Andrea; Scharenborg, Odette (2012-05-01). "Models of spoken-word recognition" (in en). Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science 3 (3): 387–401. doi:10.1002/wcs.1178. ISSN 1939-5086. PMID 26301470.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fwcs.1178
  3. Marslen-Wilson, W.; Tyler, L. K. (1980). "The temporal structure of spoken language understanding". Cognition 8 (1): 1–71. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(80)90015-3. PMID 7363578.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0010-0277%2880%2990015-3
  4. Luce, P. A.; Pisoni, D. B. (1998). "Recognizing spoken words: The neighborhood activation model". Ear and Hearing 19: 1–36. doi:10.1097/00003446-199802000-00001.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3467695
  5. McClelland, J.L., & Elman, J.L. (1986)
  6. Ganong, W. F. (1980). Phonetic categorization in auditory perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 6, 110–125.
  7. Norris, D.; McQueen, J. M.; Cutler, A. (2000). "Merging information in speech recognition: Feedback is never necessary". Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23: 299–370. doi:10.1017/s0140525x00003241.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0140525x00003241
  8. Self-organizing dynamics of lexical access in normals and aphasics. McNellis, Mark G.; Blumstein, Sheila E.; Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, Vol 13(2), Feb 2001. pp. 151-170.
  9. Scharenborg, O.; Norris, D.; ten Bosch, L.; McQueen, J.M. (2005). "How should a speech recognizer work?". Cognitive Science 29 (6): 867–918. doi:10.1207/s15516709cog0000_37. PMID 21702797.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1207%2Fs15516709cog0000_37
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