Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Submitted Successfully!
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic. For video creation, please contact our Academic Video Service.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1 handwiki Rita Xu -- 8276 2022-10-21 01:35:04

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Academic Video Service to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
No, upload directly Yes
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
HandWiki. European Single Market. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/30635 (accessed on 03 October 2026).
HandWiki. European Single Market. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/30635. Accessed October 03, 2026.
HandWiki. "European Single Market" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/30635 (accessed October 03, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, October 21). European Single Market. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/30635
HandWiki. "European Single Market." Encyclopedia. Web. 21 October, 2022.
European Single Market
Edit
The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Organization:European_Single_Market

The European Single Market, Internal Market or Common Market is a single market comprising the 27 member states of the European Union (EU) as well as – with certain exceptions – Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway through the Agreement on the European Economic Area, and Switzerland through bilateral treaties. The single market seeks to guarantee the free movement of goods, capital, services, and people, known collectively as the "four freedoms". A number of potential EU accession candidates have Stabilisation and Association Agreements with the EU, which allow for limited participation in selected sectors of the Single Market, including Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia. In addition, through three individual agreements on a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA) with the EU, the post-Soviet countries of Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine have also been granted limited access to the Single Market in selected sectors. Turkey has access to the free movement of some goods via its membership in the European Union–Turkey Customs Union. The United Kingdom left the European Single Market on 31 December 2020. An agreement was reached between the UK Government and European Commission to align Northern Ireland on rules for goods with the European Single Market, to maintain an open border on the island of Ireland. The market is intended to increase competition, labour specialisation, and economies of scale, allowing goods and factors of production to move to the area where they are most valued, thus improving the efficiency of the allocation of resources. It is also intended to drive economic integration whereby the once separate economies of the member states become integrated within a single EU-wide economy. The creation of the internal market as a seamless, single market is an ongoing process, with the integration of the service industry still containing gaps. According to a 2019 estimate, because of the single market the GDP of member countries is on average 9 percent higher than it would be if tariff and non-tariff restrictions were in place.

internal market single market economic integration

References

  1. Cockfield, Arthur (1994). European Union: Creating The European Single Market. Wiley Chancery Law. ISBN 9780471952077. https://books.google.com/books?id=cGnsAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 28 March 2017. 
  2. Barnes, John (20 January 2007). "Lord Cockfield". The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/lord-cockfield-432900.html. 
  3. "Completing The Internal Market". European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:51985DC0310&from=EN. 
  4. "EU glossary: Jargon S-Z". BBC News. 16 November 2010. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11769554. 
  5. "? – EUR-Lex". http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61978J0120:EN:NOT. 
  6. "Introduction – EU fact sheets – European Parliament". http://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/3_1_0_en.htm. 
  7. Directive 96/71/EC
  8. Directive 2006/123/EC
  9. "Justice policies at a glance – European Commission". http://ec.europa.eu/justice_home/fsj/freetravel/schengen/fsj_freetravel_schengen_en.htm. 
  10. Publications Office of the EU, Free movement of goods: Guide to the application of Treaty provisions governing the free movement of goods, page 9, © European Union, 2010. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged, save where otherwise stated. Published 7 July 2010, accessed 3 January 2021 https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/a5396a42-cbc8-4cd9-8b12-b769140091cd
  11. European Court of Justice, Sixth Chamber, Case C-97/98 Peter Jägerskiöld and Torolf Gustafsson on the interpretation of the rules of the EC Treaty on the free movement of goods and the freedom to provide services, 21 October 1999, accessed 3 January 2021 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:61998CJ0097&from=EN
  12. Case 27/67 Fink-Frucht http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61967J0027:EN:NOT
  13. Neither the purpose of the charge, nor its name in domestic law, is relevant.[24]
  14. "? – EUR-Lex". http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61968J0024:EN:NOT. 
  15. "? – EUR-Lex". http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61975J0087:EN:NOT. 
  16. "? – EUR-Lex". http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61978J0132:EN:NOT. 
  17. "? – EUR-Lex". http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61982J0158:EN:NOT. 
  18. "? – EUR-Lex". http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61976J0046:EN:NOT. 
  19. Case 323/87 Commission v Italy (Taxation of rum), 1989 ECR 2275. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61987J0323:EN:NOT
  20. P Craig and G de Búrca, EU Law: Text, Cases, and Materials (6th edn 2015) chs 18–19. C Barnard, The Substantive Law of the EU: The Four Freedoms (4th edn 2013) chs 2–6
  21. TFEU arts 28–30
  22. (1974) Case 8/74, [1974] ECR 837 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:61974CJ0008
  23. Previously TEEC article 30.
  24. See D Chalmers et al, European Union Law (1st edn 2006) 662, "This is a ridiculously wide test."
  25. Commission v Ireland (1982) Case 249/81 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A61981CJ0249
  26. Commission v France (1997) C-265/95. See further K Muylle, ‘Angry farmers and passive policemen’ (1998) 23 European Law Review 467 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A61995CJ0265
  27. Rasmussen, Scott (2011). "English Legal Terminology: Legal Concepts in Language, 3rd ed. By Helen Gubby. The Hague:Eleven International Publishing, 2011. Pp. 272. ISBN 978-90-8974-547-7. €35.00; US$52.50.". International Journal of Legal Information 39 (3): 394–395. doi:10.1017/s0731126500006314. ISSN 0731-1265.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0731126500006314
  28. PreussenElektra AG v Schleswag AG (2001) C-379/98, [2001] ECR I-2099, [75]-[76] http://curia.europa.eu/juris/celex.jsf?celex=61998CJ0379&lang1=en&type=TXT&ancre=
  29. "EUR-Lex - 61980CJ0053 - EN - EUR-Lex". https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:61980CJ0053. 
  30. (2003) C-112/00, [2003] ECR I-5659 http://curia.europa.eu/juris/celex.jsf?celex=62000CJ0112&lang1=en&type=TXT&ancre=
  31. (2003) C-112/00, [79]-[81] http://curia.europa.eu/juris/celex.jsf?celex=62000CJ0112&lang1=en&type=TXT&ancre=
  32. c.f. Leppik (2006) C-434/04, [2006] ECR I‑9171, Opinion of AG Maduro, [23]-[25] http://curia.europa.eu/juris/celex.jsf?celex=62004CJ0434&lang1=en&type=TXT&ancre=
  33. (2003) C-112/00, [2003] ECR I-5659, [77]. See ECHR articles 10 and 11. http://curia.europa.eu/juris/celex.jsf?celex=62000CJ0112&lang1=en&type=TXT&ancre=
  34. Oebel (1981) Case 155/80
  35. Mickelsson and Roos (2009) C-142/05
  36. Vereinigte Familiapresse v Heinrich Bauer (1997) C-368/95
  37. Dansk Supermarked A/S (1981) Case 58/80
  38. See C Barnard, The Substantive Law of the EU: The Four Freedoms (4th edn 2013) 172–173, listing the present state.
  39. (1979) Case 170/78 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:61978CJ0120
  40. At the time, TEEC article 30
  41. (1979) Case 170/78, [13]-[14] http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:61978CJ0120
  42. (1983) Case 261/81 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:61981CJ0261
  43. (1983) Case 261/81, [17] http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:61981CJ0261
  44. (2003) C-14/00, [88]-[89] http://curia.europa.eu/juris/celex.jsf?celex=62000CJ0014&lang1=en&type=TXT&ancre=
  45. (2009) C-110/05, [2009] ECR I-519
  46. (2009) C-110/05, [2009] ECR I-519, [56]. See also Mickelsson and Roos (2009) C-142/05, on prohibiting jet skis, but justified if proportionate towards the aim of safeguarding health and the environment. http://curia.europa.eu/juris/celex.jsf?celex=62005CJ0110&lang1=en&type=TXT&ancre=
  47. (1993) C-267/91
  48. See also Torfaen BC v B&Q plc (1989) C-145/88, holding the UK Sunday trading laws in the former Shops Act 1950 were probably outside the scope of article 34 (but not clearly reasoned). The "rules reflect certain political and economic choices" that "accord with national or regional socio-cultural characteristics."
  49. cf Vereinigte Familiapresse v Heinrich Bauer (1997) C-368/95
  50. (1997) C-34/95, [1997] ECR I-3843
  51. (2001) C-405/98, [2001] ECR I-1795
  52. Unfair Commercial Practices Directive 2005/29/EC http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2005:149:0022:0039:EN:PDF
  53. Capital Movement Directive 1988 (88/361/EEC) Annex I, including (i) investment in companies, (ii) real estate, (iii) securities, (iv) collective investment funds, (v) money market securities, (vi) bonds, (vii) service credit, (viii) loans, (ix) sureties and guarantees (x) insurance rights, (xi) inheritance and personal loans, (xii) physical financial assets (xiii) other capital movements. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:31988L0361&from=EN
  54. (2000) C-251/98, [22] http://curia.europa.eu/juris/celex.jsf?celex=61998CJ0251&lang1=en&type=TXT&ancre=
  55. e.g. Commission v Belgium (2000) C-478/98, holding that a law forbidding Belgian residents getting securities of loans on the Eurobond was unjustified discrimination. It was disproportionate in preserving, as Belgium argued, fiscal coherence or supervision. http://curia.europa.eu/juris/celex.jsf?celex=61998CJ0478&lang1=en&type=TXT&ancre=
  56. See Commission v Netherlands (2006) C‑282/04, AG Maduro's Opinion on golden shares in KPN NV and TPG NV. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:62004CC0282
  57. (2007) C-112/05 http://curia.europa.eu/juris/celex.jsf?celex=62005CJ0112&lang1=en&type=TXT&ancre=
  58. (2010) C-171/08 http://curia.europa.eu/juris/celex.jsf?celex=62008CJ0171&lang1=en&type=TXT&ancre=
  59. TFEU art 345 https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Consolidated_version_of_the_Treaty_on_the_Functioning_of_the_European_Union/Part_Seven:_General_and_Final_Provisions#Article_345
  60. "Regulation (EC) No 2560/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 December 2001 on cross-border payments in euro". EUR-lex – European Communities, Publications office, Official Journal L 344, 28 December 2001 P. 0013 – 0016. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32001R2560:EN:HTML. 
  61. "Cross border payments in the EU, Euro Information, The Official Treasury Euro Resource". United Kingdom Treasury. http://www.euro.gov.uk/crossborder.asp. 
  62. European Central Bank. "TARGET". http://www.ecb.int/paym/target/html/index.en.html. 
  63. See Delors Report, Report on Economic and Monetary Union in the EC (1988)
  64. e.g. J Stiglitz, 'Too important for bankers' (11 June 2003) The Guardian and J Stiglitz, The Price of Inequality (2011) ch 9 and 349 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/jun/11/usa.comment
  65. Vértesy, László (2019). "The legal and regulatory aspects of the free movement of capital - towards the Capital Markets Union". Journal of Legal Theory HU (4): 110–128. http://real.mtak.hu/104475/. 
  66. "Mid-term review of the capital markets union action plan" (in en). https://ec.europa.eu/info/publications/mid-term-review-capital-markets-union-action-plan_en. 
  67. Busch, Danny (1 September 2017). "A Capital Markets Union for a Divided Europe" (in en). Journal of Financial Regulation 3 (2): 262–279. doi:10.1093/jfr/fjx002. ISSN 2053-4833.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fjfr%2Ffjx002
  68. Ringe, Wolf-Georg (9 March 2015) (in en). Capital Markets Union for Europe - A Political Message to the UK. Rochester, NY. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2575654.  https://dx.doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.2575654
  69. See Asscher v Staatssecretaris van Financiën (1996) C-107/94, [1996] ECR I-3089, holding a director and sole shareholder of a company was not regarded as a "worker" with "a relationship of subordination".
  70. See P Craig and G de Búrca, EU Law: Text, Cases, and Materials (6th edn 2015) ch 22. C Barnard, The Substantive Law of the EU: The Four Freedoms (4th edn 2013) chs 10–11 and 13
  71. (1995) C-55/94, [1995] ECR I-4165
  72. Gebhard (1995) C-55/94, [37]
  73. TFEU art 54 treats natural and legal persons in the same way under this chapter.
  74. ITWF and Finnish Seamen's Union v Viking Line ABP and OÜ Viking Line Eesti (2007) C-438/05, [2007] I-10779, [34]
  75. (1974) Case 2/74, [1974] ECR 631
  76. See also Klopp (1984) Case 107/83, holding a Paris avocat requirement to have one office in Paris, though "indistinctly" applicable to everyone, was an unjustified restriction because the aim of keeping advisers in touch with clients and courts could be achieved by ‘modern methods of transport and telecommunications’ and without living in the locality.
  77. (2011) C-565/08
  78. (2011) C-565/08, [52]
  79. Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken voor Amsterdam v Inspire Art Ltd (2003) C-167/01 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:62001J0167:EN:HTML
  80. cf Employee Involvement Directive 2001/86/EC http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32001L0086:EN:HTML
  81. (1988) Case 81/87, [1988] ECR 5483 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?isOldUri=true&uri=CELEX:61987CJ0081
  82. (1999) C-212/97, [1999] ECR I-1459. See also Überseering BV v Nordic Construction GmbH (2002) C-208/00, on Dutch minimum capital laws. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?isOldUri=true&uri=CELEX:61997CJ0212
  83. The classic arguments are found in WZ Ripley, Main Street and Wall Street (Little, Brown & Co 1927), Louis K. Liggett Co. v. Lee, 288 U.S. 517 (1933) per Brandeis J and W Cary, 'Federalism and Corporate Law: Reflections on Delaware' (1974) 83(4) Yale Law Journal 663. See further S Deakin, 'Two Types of Regulatory Competition: Competitive Federalism versus Reflexive Harmonisation. A Law and Economics Perspective on Centros' (1999) 2 CYELS 231. https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/288/517/
  84. (2002) C-208/00, [92]-[93] http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?isOldUri=true&uri=CELEX:62000CJ0208
  85. (2008) C-210/06 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?isOldUri=true&uri=CELEX:62006CJ0210
  86. See further National Grid Indus (2011) C-371/10 (an exit tax for a Dutch company required justification, not justified here because it could be collected at the time of transfer) and VALE Epitesi (2012) C-378/10 (Hungary did not need to allow an Italian company to register)
  87. cf P Craig and G de Burca, EU Law: Text, Cases and Materials (2015) 815, "it seems that the CJEU's rulings, lacking any deep understanding of business law policies, have brought about other corporate law changes in Europe that were neither intended by the Court nor by policy-makers".
  88. TFEU arts 56 and 57
  89. (1974) Case 33/74
  90. cf Debauve (1980) Case 52/79, art 56 does not apply to ‘wholly internal situations’ where an activity are all in one member state.
  91. ECJ First Chamber, Omalet NV v. Rijksdienst voor Sociale Zekerheid, Case C-245/09, 22 December 2010, see also case C-108/98 RI.SAN (1999) ECR I-5219 and Case C-97/98 Jagerskiold (1999) ECR I-7319
  92. Council Directive 71/304/EEC of 26 July 1971 concerning the abolition of restrictions on freedom to provide services in respect of public works contracts and on the award of public works contracts to contractors acting through agencies or branches.
  93. Belgium v Humbel (1988) Case 263/86, but contrast Schwarz and Gootjes-Schwarz v Finanzamt Bergisch Gladbach (2007) C-76/05
  94. Wirth v Landeshauptstadt Hannover (1993) C-109/92
  95. (2001) C-157/99, [2001] ECR I-5473
  96. (2001) C-157/99, [48]-[55] http://curia.europa.eu/juris/celex.jsf?celex=61999CJ0157&lang1=en&type=TXT&ancre=
  97. (2001) C-157/99, [94] and [104]-[106] http://curia.europa.eu/juris/celex.jsf?celex=61999CJ0157&lang1=en&type=TXT&ancre=
  98. See Watts v Bedford Primary Care Trust (2006) C-372/04 and Commission v Spain (2010) C-211/08
  99. (2010) C‑137/09, [2010] I-13019
  100. (1995) C-384/93, [1995] ECR I-1141
  101. (2004) C-36/02, [2004] ECR I-9609
  102. (2009) C‑42/07, [2007] ECR I-7633
  103. 2006/123/EC
  104. "Digital Single Market". http://ec.europa.eu/priorities/digital-single-market/. 
  105. Ian Traynor. EU unveils plans to set up digital single market for online firms. The Guardian . 6 May 2015. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/may/06/eu-unveils-plans-digital-single-market-online-firms
  106. "Free movement of persons | Fact Sheets on the European Union | European Parliament". http://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/147/free-movement-of-persons. 
  107. European Commission. "Living and working in the Single Market". Europa web portal. http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/top_layer/index_15_en.htm. 
  108. Maas, Willem (2007). Creating European Citizens. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-5485-6. 
  109. P Craig and G de Búrca, EU Law: Text, Cases, and Materials (6th edn 2015) ch 21. C Barnard, The Substantive Law of the EU: The Four Freedoms (4th edn 2013) chs 8–9 and 12–13
  110. See P Craig and G de Burca, European Union Law (2003) 701, there is a tension ‘between the image of the Community worker as a mobile unit of production, contributing to the creation of a single market and to the economic prosperity of Europe’ and the ‘image of the worker as a human being, exercising a personal right to live in another state and to take up employment there without discrimination, to improve the standard of living of his or her family’.
  111. Defrenne v Sabena (No 2) (1976) Case 43/75, [10] http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?isOldUri=true&uri=CELEX:61975CJ0043
  112. Lawrie-Blum v Land Baden-Württemberg (1986) Case 66/85, [1986] ECR 2121 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:61985CJ0066
  113. (1988) Case 196/87, [1988] ECR 6159 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:61985CJ0066
  114. Dano v Jobcenter Leipzig (2014) C‑333/13 http://curia.europa.eu/juris/celex.jsf?celex=62013CJ0333&lang1=en&type=TXT&ancre=
  115. Angonese v Cassa di Risparmio di Bolzano SpA (2000) C-281/98, [2000] ECR I-4139 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A61998CJ0281
  116. Free Movement of Workers Regulation 492/2011 arts 1–4 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:32011R0492
  117. (1995) C-415/93 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:61993CJ0415
  118. (1989) Case 379/87, [1989] ECR 3967
  119. (2000) C-281/98, [2000] ECR I-4139, [36]-[44] http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A61998CJ0281
  120. (1995) C-279/93
  121. (2004) C-387/01, [54]-[55] http://curia.europa.eu/juris/celex.jsf?celex=62001CJ0387&lang1=en&type=TXT&ancre=
  122. (2007) C-287/05, [55] http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A62005CJ0287
  123. (2007) C-213/05 http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=62748&pageIndex=0&doclang=en&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=66471
  124. Hartmann v Freistaat Bayern (2007) C-212/05. Discussed in C Barnard, The Substantive Law of the European Union (2013) ch 9, 293–294 http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=62747&pageIndex=0&doclang=en&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=70077
  125. See Van Duyn v Home Office Case 41/74, [1974] ECR 1337
  126. See NN Shuibhne, ‘The Resilience of EU Market Citizenship’ (2010) 47 CMLR 1597 and HP Ipsen, Europäisches Gemeinschaftsrecht (1972) on the concept of a ‘market citizen’ (Marktbürger).
  127. Grzelczyk v Centre Public d’Aide Sociale d’Ottignes-Louvain-la-Neuve (2001) C-184/99, [2001] ECR I-6193 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:61999CJ0184
  128. See T Marshall, Citizenship and Social Class (1950) 28-9, positing that ‘citizenship’ passed from civil rights, political rights, to social rights, and JHH Weiler, ‘The European Union belongs to its citizens: Three immodest proposals’ (1997) 22 European Law Review 150 http://cw.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415458511/parts/part-2/students/articles/weiler-article.rtf
  129. 5th Report on Citizenship of the Union COM(2008) 85. The ‘’First Annual Report on Migration and Integration’’ COM(2004) 508, found by 2004, 18.5m third country nationals were resident in the EU.
  130. CRD 2004 art 2(2) defines ‘family member’ as a spouse, long term partner, descendant under 21 or depednant elderly relative that is accompanying the citizen. See also Metock v Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform (2008) C-127/08, holding that four asylum seekers from outside the EU, although they did not lawfully enter Ireland (because their asylum claims were ultimately rejected) were entitled to remain because they had lawfully married EU citizens. See also, R (Secretary of State for the Home Department) v Immigration Appeal Tribunal and Surinder Singh [1992] 3 CMLR 358 http://curia.europa.eu/juris/celex.jsf?celex=62008CJ0127&lang1=en&type=TXT&ancre=
  131. See also the Communist Manifesto
  132. (1998) C-85/96, [1998] ECR I-2691 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:61996CJ0085
  133. (2004) C-456/02, [2004] ECR I-07573
  134. (2001) C-184/99, [2001] ECR I-6193 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:61999CJ0184
  135. (2005) C-209/03, [2005] ECR I-2119 http://curia.europa.eu/juris/celex.jsf?celex=62003CJ0209&lang1=en&type=TXT&ancre=
  136. (2005) C-147/03
  137. (2014) C‑333/13 http://curia.europa.eu/juris/celex.jsf?celex=62013CJ0333&lang1=en&type=TXT&ancre=
  138. European Commission, Legal rules and implementation. Retrieved 16 May 2017 http://ec.europa.eu/growth/single-market/public-procurement/rules-implementation_en
  139. European Commission, Commission Interpretative Communication on the Community law applicable to contract awards not or not fully subject to the provisions of the Public Procurement Directives, published 1 August 2006, accessed 1 June 2021 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52006XC0801(01)
  140. "Introduction – Fact sheets on the European Union – At your service". European Parliament. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/atyourservice/en/displayFtu.html?ftuId=FTU_6.5.3.html. 
  141. EU and Serbia: enhanced cooperation rules enter into force. European Commission Press Release Databease. Published on 31 August 2013. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-13-805_en.htm
  142. "Decision No 1/95 of the EC-Turkey Association Council of 22 December 1995 on implementing the final phase of the Customs Union". http://www.avrupa.info.tr/fileadmin/Content/Downloads/PDF/Custom_Union_des_ENG.pdf. 
  143. The EU-Ukraine Association Agreement and Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area What’s it all about?. European External Action Service. http://eeas.europa.eu/archives/delegations/ukraine/documents/virtual_library/vademecum_en.pdf
  144. EU-Ukraine Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area. European External Action Service. https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/tradoc_150981.pdf
  145. Edgington, Tom (2 March 2020). "Which countries does the UK do the most trade with?". BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-47213842. 
  146. "Questions & Answers: EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement". European Commission. 24 December 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_20_2532. 
  147. "Brexit Agreement". https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/pt/qanda_19_6122. 
  148. "Northern Ireland Protocol". https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainers/northern-ireland-protocol-consent-mechanism. 
  149. "Priority Policy Area: A fully-integrated internal energy market". European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/priorities/energy-union-and-climate/fully-integrated-internal-energy-market_en. 
  150. "EU to support common defense market, boost joint spending". Deutsche Welle. 30 November 2016. http://www.dw.com/en/eu-to-support-common-defense-market-boost-joint-spending/a-36593660. 
  151. "Commission takes new steps to enhance compliance and practical functioning of the EU Single Market". Europa (Press release). Brussels: European Commission. 2 May 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2018. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-17-1086_en.htm
  152. "Regulation (EU) 2018/1724 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 2 October 2018 establishing a single digital gateway to provide access to information, to procedures and to assistance and problem-solving services and amending Regulation (EU) No 1024/2012". EU Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs. 2 October 2018. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32018R1724&from=EN. 
  153. "Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council setting out the conditions and procedure by which the Commission may request undertakings and associations of undertakings to provide information in relation to the internal market and related areas". EU Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs. 2 May 2017. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52017PC0257&qid=1535399272842&from=EN. 
  154. "The EU's new Hanseatic League picks its next Brussels battle" (in en-GB). October 2018. https://www.ft.com/content/ca9dc2dc-c52a-11e8-bc21-54264d1c4647. 
More
©Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons-Attribution ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Economics
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
HandWiki
View Times: 2.2K
Entry Collection: HandWiki
Revision: 1 time (View History)
Update Date: 21 Oct 2022
Table of Contents
    Notice
    You are not a member of the advisory board for this topic. If you want to update advisory board member profile, please contact office@encyclopedia.pub.
    OK
    Confirm
    Only members of the Encyclopedia advisory board for this topic are allowed to note entries. Would you like to become an advisory board member of the Encyclopedia?
    Yes
    No
    ${ textCharacter }/${ maxCharacter }
    Submit
    Cancel
    There is no comment~
    ${ textCharacter }/${ maxCharacter }
    Submit
    Cancel
    ${ selectedItem.replyTextCharacter }/${ selectedItem.replyMaxCharacter }
    Submit
    Cancel
    Confirm
    Are you sure to Delete?
    Yes No
    Academic Video Service
    Feedback