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HandWiki. Pinophyta. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/30549 (accessed on 14 September 2026).
HandWiki. Pinophyta. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/30549. Accessed September 14, 2026.
HandWiki. "Pinophyta" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/30549 (accessed September 14, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, October 21). Pinophyta. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/30549
HandWiki. "Pinophyta." Encyclopedia. Web. 21 October, 2022.
Pinophyta
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Biology:Pinophyta

The Pinophyta, also known as Coniferophyta or Coniferae, or commonly as conifers, are a division of vascular land plants containing a single extant class, Pinopsida. They are gymnosperms, cone-bearing seed plants. All extant conifers are perennial woody plants with secondary growth. The great majority are trees, though a few are shrubs. Examples include cedars, Douglas firs, cypresses, firs, junipers, kauri, larches, pines, hemlocks, redwoods, spruces, and yews. As of 1998, the division Pinophyta was estimated to contain eight families, 68 genera, and 629 living species. Although the total number of species is relatively small, conifers are ecologically important. They are the dominant plants over large areas of land, most notably the taiga of the Northern Hemisphere, but also in similar cool climates in mountains further south. Boreal conifers have many wintertime adaptations. The narrow conical shape of northern conifers, and their downward-drooping limbs, help them shed snow. Many of them seasonally alter their biochemistry to make them more resistant to freezing. While tropical rainforests have more biodiversity and turnover, the immense conifer forests of the world represent the largest terrestrial carbon sink. Conifers are of great economic value for softwood lumber and paper production.

tropical rainforests boreal perennial woody plants

References

  1. Henry, R.J.(2005) Plant Diversity and evolution. London: CABI.
  2. Claire G. Williams, 2009, Conifer Reproductive Biology, Springer Science
  3. Derived from papers by A. Farjon and C. J. Quinn & R. A. Price in the Proceedings of the Fourth International Conifer Conference, Acta Horticulturae 615 (2003)
  4. "Pinidae (conifers) description – The Gymnosperm Database". Archived from the original on 2016-02-20. https://web.archive.org/web/20160220110331/http://www.conifers.org/zz/pinales.htm. 
  5. Christenhusz, M.J.M., Reveal, J., Farjon, A., Gardner, M.F., Mill, R.R. & Chase, M.W. (2011) A new classification and linear sequence of extant gymnosperms. Phytotaxa 19: 55–70.
  6. Enright, Neal J. and Robert S. Hill. 1990. Ecology of the southern conifers. Washington, DC: Smithsonian. 342pp.
  7. Vidakovic, Mirko. 1991. Conifers: morphology and variation. Translated from Croatian by Maja Soljan. Croatia: Graficki Zavod Hrvatske
  8. Wassilieff, Maggy. "Conifers". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand updated 1-Mar-09. http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/conifers/6/5. 
  9. Dallimore, William, Albert Bruce Jackson, and S.G. Harrison. 1967. A handbook of Coniferae and Ginkgoaceae, 4th ed. New York: St. Martin's Press. xix, 729 p.
  10. Campbell, Reece, "Phylum Coniferophyta". Biology. 7th. 2005. Print. P. 595
  11. Ledig, F. Thomas; Porterfield, Richard L., 1982, Tree Improvement in Western Conifers: Economic Aspects, Journal of Forestry
  12. .
  13. http://bioserv.fiu.edu/~biolab/labs/1011/Spring%202009/TA%20notes%20and%20pictures/Week%205%20-%20Seed%20Plants.htm
  14. Singh, H. 1978. Embryology of gymnosperms. Berlin, Gebruder Borntraeger.
  15. Fraser, D.A.; Belanger, L.; McGuire, D.; Zdrazil, Z. 1964. Total growth of the aerial parts of a white spruce tree at Chalk River, Ontario, Canada. Can. J. Bot. 42:159–179.
  16. Williams CG, LaDeau SL, Oren R, Katul GG., 2006, Modeling seed dispersal distances: implications for transgenic Pinus taeda, Ecological Applications 16:117–124
  17. Tomback, D. and Y. Linhart, 1990. The evolution of bird-dispersed pines. Evolutionary Ecology 4: 185–219
  18. "South Island wilding conifer strategy". Department of Conservation (New Zealand). 2001. http://csl.doc.govt.nz/publications/conservation/threats-and-impacts/weeds/south-island-wilding-conifer-strategy/. Retrieved 2009-04-19. 
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  20. "Fauna conservation in Australian plantation forests: a review" , May 2007, D.B. Lindenmayer and R.J. Hobbs https://rirdc.infoservices.com.au/downloads/05-128.pdf
  21. "Pinus radiata". https://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Html/pinus_radiata.htm. 
  22. "Blue Mountains City Council – Fact Sheets [Retrieved 1 August 2015]". http://www.bmcc.nsw.gov.au/sustainableliving/weedmanagement/factsheets. 
  23. Rose, A.H.; Lindquist, O.H. 1985. Insects of eastern spruces, fir and, hemlock, revised edition. Gov’t Can., Can. For. Serv., Ottawa, For. Tech. Rep. 23. 159 p. (cited in Coates et al. 1994, cited orig ed 1977)
  24. Farjon, Aljos (2010). A handbook of the world's conifers. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-9004177185. 
  25. Durzan, D.J.; Steward, F.C. 1967. The nitrogen metabolism of Picea glauca (Moench) Voss and Pinus banksiana Lamb. as influenced by mineral nutrition. Can. J. Bot. 45:695–710.
  26. McFee, W.W.; Stone, E.L. 1968. Ammonium and nitrate as nitrogen sources for Pinus radiata and Picea glauca. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 32(6):879–884.
  27. Swan, H.S.D. 1960. The mineral nutrition of Canadian pulpwood species. 1. The influence of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium deficiencies on the growth and development of white spruce, black spruce, jack pine and western hemlock seedlings grown in a controlled environment. Pulp Paper Res. Instit. Can., Montreal QC, Woodlands Res. Index No. 116, Tech. Rep. 168. 66 p.
  28. Armson, K.A.; Carman, R.D. 1961. Forest tree nursery soil management. Ont. Dep. Lands & Forests, Timber Branch, Ottawa ON. 74 p.
  29. Eastman, B. 1980. The Western Maine Forest Nursery Company. pp. 291–295 In Proc. of the North American Forest Tree Nursery Soils Workshop, July 28 – August 1, 1980, Syracuse, New York. Environment Canada, Canadian Forestry Service, USDA For. Serv.
  30. Buckman, H.O.; Brady, N.C. 1969. The Nature and Properties of Soils, 7th ed. Macmillan NY. 653 p.
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