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HandWiki. Ideas of Reference and Delusions of Reference. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/30343 (accessed on 24 September 2026).
HandWiki. Ideas of Reference and Delusions of Reference. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/30343. Accessed September 24, 2026.
HandWiki. "Ideas of Reference and Delusions of Reference" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/30343 (accessed September 24, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, October 20). Ideas of Reference and Delusions of Reference. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/30343
HandWiki. "Ideas of Reference and Delusions of Reference." Encyclopedia. Web. 20 October, 2022.
Ideas of Reference and Delusions of Reference
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Medicine:Ideas_of_reference_and_delusions_of_reference

Ideas of reference and delusions of reference describe the phenomenon of an individual experiencing innocuous events or mere coincidences and believing they have strong personal significance. It is "the notion that everything one perceives in the world relates to one's own destiny", usually in a negative and hostile manner. In psychiatry, delusions of reference form part of the diagnostic criteria for psychotic illnesses such as schizophrenia, delusional disorder, bipolar disorder (during the elevated stages of mania), as well as schizotypal personality disorder. To a lesser extent, it can be a hallmark of paranoid personality disorder, as well as body dysmorphic disorder. Such symptoms can also be caused by intoxication, such as stimulants like methamphetamine.

schizotypal personality bipolar disorder stimulants

References

  1. Sigmund Freud, On Metapsychology (PFL 11) p. 90
  2. Otto Fenichel, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis (London 1946) p. 430-1
  3. Jacques Lacan, Ecrits: A Selection (London 1996) p. 214
  4. Philip Hill, Lacan for Beginners (London 1997) p. 160
  5. Thomas J. Scheff, Being Mentally Ill (1999) p. 180
  6. David Cooper, The Death of the Family (Penguin 1974) p. 14 and p. 82
  7. R. D. Laing, Self and Others (Penguin 1969) p. 39
  8. Laing, p. 136
  9. P. B. Sutker/H. E. Adams, Comprehensive Handbook of Psychopathology (2001) p. 540
  10. Sutker/Adams, p. 540
  11. Fenichel, p. 444
  12. A. C. P. Sims, Symptoms in the Mind (2003) p. 129
  13. Iain McGilchrist, The Master and His Emissary (London 2010) p. 399
  14. V. M. Durand/D. H. Barlow, Essentials of Abnormal Psychology (2005)p. 442
  15. Eric Berne, A Layman's Guide to Psychiatry and Psychoanalysis (Penguin 1976) p. 205
  16. Quoted in Porter, Women's Vision p. 117
  17. Quoted in Hermione Lee, Virginia Woolf (London 1996) p. 195
  18. Margaret Mahy, Memory (London 1987) p. 23
  19. Patrick O'Brian, Treason's Harbour (London 2007) p. 19
  20. "Archived copy". http://www.angelynngrant.com/nabokov.html. 
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