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HandWiki. Apostles. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/30283 (accessed on 03 October 2026).
HandWiki. Apostles. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/30283. Accessed October 03, 2026.
HandWiki. "Apostles" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/30283 (accessed October 03, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, October 20). Apostles. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/30283
HandWiki. "Apostles." Encyclopedia. Web. 20 October, 2022.
Apostles
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Religion:Apostles

In Christian theology and ecclesiology, apostles, particularly the Twelve Apostles (also known as the Twelve Disciples or simply the Twelve), were the primary disciples of Jesus according to the New Testament. In addition to Christian theology, Islamic theology also acknowledges the apostles in the Quran. During the life and ministry of Jesus in the 1st century AD, the apostles were his closest followers and became the primary teachers of the gospel message of Jesus. While Christian tradition often refers to the apostles as being twelve in number, different gospel writers give different names for the same individual, and apostles mentioned in one gospel are not mentioned in others. There is also an Eastern Christian tradition derived from the Gospel of Luke of there having been as many as 70 apostles during the time of Jesus' ministry. Paul is often referred to as an apostle, because he was directly taught and commissioned by a vision of Christ (Acts 9:4–9) during his journey to Damascus. The commissioning of the Twelve Apostles during the ministry of Jesus is recorded in the Synoptic Gospels. After his resurrection, Jesus sent eleven of them (minus Judas Iscariot, who by then had died) by the Great Commission to spread his teachings to all nations. This event has been called the Dispersion of the Apostles. In modern usage, missionaries under Pentecostal movements often refer to themselves as apostles, a practice which stems from the Latin equivalent of apostle, i.e. missio, the source of the English word missionary. For example, Saint Patrick (AD 373–463) was the "Apostle of Ireland", Saint Boniface (680–755) was the "Apostle to the Germans", Saint José de Anchieta (1534–1597) was the "Apostle of Brazil" and Saint Peter of Betancur (1626–1667) was the "Apostle of Guatemala". The period of early Christianity during the lifetimes of the apostles is called the Apostolic Age. During the 1st century AD, the apostles established churches throughout the territories of the Roman Empire and, according to tradition, through the Middle East, Africa, and India . Of the tombs of the apostles, all but two are claimed by premises of the Catholic Church, half of them located in the Diocese of Rome.

ecclesiology pentecostal missionary

References

  1. "Catholic Encyclopedia: Apostles". http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01626c.htm. 
  2. Mt 28:19, Mk 13:10, and 16:15 https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+28%3A19&version=NRSV
  3. Cf. also Acts 15:1–31, Galatians 2:7–9, Acts 1:4–8, and Acts 10:1–11:18. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+15%3A1%E2%80%9331&version=NRSV
  4. Mark 1:16,19; Mt 4:18,21; Luke 5:7, 6:14 (In Luke, Andrew was presumably in the boats with his brother Simon). https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+1%3A16%2C19&version=NRSV
  5. Jn 1:40-42 https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+1%3A40-42&version=NRSV
  6. Mt 4:21 https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+4%3A21&version=NRSV
  7. Meier, John P. (1994). Marginal Jew, II. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0385469920. https://archive.org/details/mentormessagemir00john. 
  8. Mark 2:17. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+2%3A17&version=NRSV
  9. Riley, Harold. 1992. The First Gospel. ISBN:0-86554-409-3. p. 47.
  10. Mills, Watson E., and Roger Aubrey Bullard. 1998. Mercer Dictionary of the Bible. ISBN:0-86554-373-9. p. 48
  11. New International Version, online at Bible gateway http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=luke%206:12-6:16&version=NIV
  12. Strauss, David Friedrich. 1860. The Life of Jesus. Published by Calvin Blanchard. p. 340.
  13. "Who were the 12 disciples?". http://www.bibleinfo.com/en/questions/who-were-twelve-disciples#replace-judas. Retrieved 19 September 2017. 
  14. "Apostle." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005. ISBN:0-19-280290-9.
  15. Romans 1:1 https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans+1%3A1&version=NRSV
  16. cf. Gal 1:12; Acts 9:3–19, 9:26–27, 22:6–21, 26:12–23 https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Gal+1%3A12&version=NRSV
  17. Wheeler, A-Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism, Disciples of Jesus, pg. 86
  18. Wheeler, A-Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism, Disciples of Jesus, pg. 86
  19. "Relics of the Passion". http://www.relictour.com/relics-of-the-passion. 
  20. "Who were the 12 disciples? | Bibleinfo.com". https://www.bibleinfo.com/en/questions/who-were-twelve-disciples. 
  21. Gibbon, Edward (1826). "Chapter XVI. The Conduct of the Roman Government toward the Christians, from the Reign of Nero to that of Constantine". The history of the decline and fall of the Roman empire. II. New York: J. & J. Harper for Collins & Hanney. p. 20. https://books.google.com/books?id=FvQLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA20. "27. In the time of Tertullian and Clemens of Alexandria the glory of martyrdom was confined to St. Peter, St. Paul and St. James. It was gradually bestowed on the rest of the apostles by the more recent Greeks, who prudently selected for the theatre of their preaching and sufferings some remote country beyond the limits of the Roman empire. See Mosheim, p. 81. and Tillemont, Memoires Ecclesiastiques, tom. i. part 3." 
  22. "Were the Disciples Martyred for Believing the Resurrection? A Blast From the Past" (in en-US). https://ehrmanblog.org/were-the-disciples-martyred-for-believing-the-resurrection-a-blast-from-the-past/. 
  23. Wills, Garry (10 March 2015). The Future of the Catholic Church with Pope Francis. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-698-15765-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=A8XzAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT49&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false. "(Candida Moss marshals the historical evidence to prove that "we simply don't know how any of the apostles died, much less whether they were martyred.")6"  Citing Moss, Candida (5 March 2013). The Myth of Persecution: How Early Christians Invented a Story of Martyrdom. HarperCollins. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-06-210454-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=smddSvSxFScC. 
  24. "Saints in Rome & Beyond!". http://www.saintsinrome.com/. 
  25. "Welcome". http://www.saintsinrome.com/2013/08/welcome_6737.html. 
  26. As stated in St. Philips wiki article
  27. Matt 10:1–4 https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matt+10%3A1%E2%80%934&version=NRSV
  28. Mark 3:13–19 https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+3%3A13%E2%80%9319&version=NRSV
  29. Luke 6:12–16 https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+6%3A12%E2%80%9316&version=NRSV
  30. Acts 1:13 https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+1%3A13&version=NRSV
  31. John 6:67-71 https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+6%3A67-71&version=NRSV
  32. John 11:16John 20:24John 21:2 https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+11%3A16&version=NRSV
  33. Bruce M. Metzger. A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament, Revised edition, Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 2005 ISBN:978-1598561647, p. 21.
  34. John 14:22 https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+14%3A22&version=NRSV
  35. John 6:67-71 https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+6%3A67-71&version=NRSV
  36. May, Herbert G. and Bruce M. Metzger. The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha. 1977.
  37. Crossan, J. D. and Reed, J. L., In Search of Paul, Harper San Francisco (2004), pp. 115–116. ISBN:978-0-06-051457-0.
  38. Ehrman, Bart. Peter, Paul, and Mary Magdalene: The Followers of Jesus in History and Legend. Oxford University Press, US. 2006. ISBN:978-0-19-530013-0.
  39. CBMW "A Female Apostle?" , 26 June 2007 https://cbmw.org/uncategorized/a-female-apostle/
  40. See Daniel B. Wallace and Michael H. Burer, "Was Junia Really an Apostle?" NTS 47 (2001): 76–91.
  41. Catholic Encyclopedia: Disciple : "The disciples, in this disciples, in this context, are not the crowds of believers who flocked around Christ, but a smaller body of His followers. They are commonly identified with the seventy-two (seventy, according to the received Greek text, although several Greek manuscripts mention seventy-two, as does the Vulgate) referred to (Luke 10:1) as having been chosen by Jesus. The names of these disciples are given in several lists (Chronicon Paschale, and Pseudo-Dorotheus in Migne, P.G., XCII, 521-524; 543-545; 1061–1065); but these lists are unfortunately worthless." http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05029a.htm
  42. "Synaxis of the Seventy Apostles". oca.org. http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsLife.asp?FSID=100017. 
  43. Theissen & Merz 1998, p. 32.
  44. Ehrman 2005, pp. 172, 235.
  45. Perkins 2009, pp. 250–53.
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