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Grape pomace polyphenols research studies have grown in the last decades, given their potential benefic effects on promoting human health. Some of their benefic actions are observed in oxidative stress and inflammation aiming at homeostasis restoration. Regarding the antioxidant effect, polyphenols can modulate the endogenous pathway responsible for combating oxidative stress. These effects can be achieved by polyphenols capacity to activate the nuclear factor E2 and to up-regulate superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and heme-oxidase 1 or their capacity to scavenge and chelate reactive oxygen species involved in ROS production. In inflammation, polyphenols are reported to inhibit the mitogen-activated kinase pathway, Nf-kB, anddown-regulate cytokines and chemokines. Polyphenols also inhibit cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase, which are involved in the arachidonic acid signaling pathway, being responsible for synthesizing prostaglandin, thromboxane A2, and leukotrienes which further increase inflammatory response.
Grape Pomace Variety |
Models | Polyphenols Content |
Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects |
References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Red Grape Pomace Variety | ||||
Batiki Tyrnavou variety (Greece) | Tert-butyl hydroperoxide induced-oxidative stress in C2C12 muscle cells and EA.hy926 endothelial cells | Flavanols, (catechin and epicatechin), anthocyanidins, anthocyanins, flavonols (quercetin) phenolic acids (gallic acid and caftaric acid) | -decreased ROS levels in muscle cells -decreased TBARS and carbonyls levels in both cells line -increased GSH levels in both cells line; |
[1] |
Tinta Cao and Cabernet Franc (USA) | CA77 cell line | - | -decreased CGRP levels | [2] |
Tempranillo variety (University of Burgos, Spain) -WGPI-gastrointestinal digestion; WPF—colonic fermentation |
Hyperglycemic treatment in EA.hy926 endothelial cells | Phenolic acids, flavanols, stillbenes, flavonols | -increased mRNA Nrf2 levels, pNrf2/Nrf2 ratio; -increased pAkt/Akt ratio; -decreased pIκBα/IκBα and pIKK/IKK ratio, mRNA COX2, NOX4, SOD2 levels; -increased mRNA SIRT1, HO-1, CAT, NQO1 levels, GSH/GSSG ratio; -increased mRNA GS, GR levels in WGPI; -increased phospho-p38-MAPK/p38-MAPK ratio in WPF; -decreased mRNA NF-κB levels and pNF-κB p65/NF-κB p65 ratio in WPF; -increased mRNA GCLC, GS, GR, SOD, GPx1 levels in WPF; |
[3] |
Carignan variety (Northern Tunisia) | -6-hydroxydopamine-induced oxidative stress in mesencephalic cells (dopaminergic cells) -6-hydroxydopamine-induced oxidative stress in dopaminergic cells derived from stem cells |
- | -increased cell viability in mesencephalic primary cells; -decreased ROS production in stem cells; -decreased phospho-NF-κB p65 translocation |
[4] |
White grape pomace variety | ||||
Batiki Tyrnavou variety (Central Greece) | Bovine spermatozoa incubated with different GP concentrations | - | -decreased MDA levels; | [5] |
Red and White pomace variety | ||||
White grape pomace (Moscato branco) and mixed grape pomace (red + white) Enzymatic hydrolysis treated fractions |
IL-1β treated Caco-2 cells | Quercetin, catechin, resveratrol, gallic and caffeic acids, trans-resveratrol, rutin and procyanidin B2 | -decreased ROS in all fractions (100-200 µg/mL); -decreased NF-κB, PGE2 levels in all fractions; -significantly greater decrease of IL-8 levels in mixed grape pomace with or without enzymatic hydrolysis; |
[6] |
Grape Pomace | Models | Polyphenols Content |
Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Red grape pomace variety | ||||
Tempranillo variety (Burgos, Spain) | Spontaneously hypertensive rats | Proanthocyanidin, anthocyanins, quercetin | -TAC increased; -decreased lipid peroxidation and carbonyl groups; -increased NO levels -increased HO-1, SOD2, eNOS gene expression; |
[15] |
Alicante and Pinot varieties (France) polyphenol-enriched Alicante |
Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced colitis in Wistar male | Anthocyanins | -improved histological score; -decreased MPO activity; -increased SOD activity in polyphenol-enriched Alicante; -decreased IL-1𝛼, IL-6 IFN-𝛾 levels; -decreased IL-1β levels in Alicante and Pinot; -decreased IL6, ICAM-1, MMP-9 gene expression; -decreased IL-1β, iNOS gene expression in Alicante and Pinot; -decreased TNF𝛼, NF𝜅B p65, COX2 gene expression in polyphenol-enriched Alicante; |
[16] |
Malbec variety (Gualtallary, Mendoza, Argentina) | High fructose diet-induced Metabolic syndrome in Wistar rats | Quercetin, epicatechin, catechin, trans-resveratrol, ferulic, gallic, caffeic, syringic, p-coumaric acids | -reduced CRP levels; -reduced NADPH oxidase activity; -increased adiponectin; -reduced resistin; -increased insulin sensitivity; |
[17] |
Dimrit grapes variety | 96 laying Hens given different GP concentrations | Catechin, Epicatechin, Gallocatechin, Epigallocatechin, Phenolic acids, Gallic acid, Caffeic acid, p-cumaric acid | -decreased plasma MDA levels; -decreased egg yolk MDA levels; |
[18] |
Red wine grape pomace | 18 crossbreed lambs given different GP diets (5%, 10%) | - | -increased TAOC and SOD, GPX activity in longissimus dorsi muscle; -decreased ROS and MDA levels in longissimus dorsi muscle; |
[19] |
Red wine grape pomace | 24 crossbreed ram lambs under pen conditions given GP diets (5%, 10%) | - | -decreased MDA and ROS levels in lamb testes; -increased CAT, SOD, GPx4 activity in lamb testes; -increased TAOC (GP 10%); -increased SOD, GPx4 mRNA expression (GP 10%); -increased CAT, SOD, GPx4 protein abundance; |
[20] |
Tempranillo variety | Wistar rats given high-fat diet | - | -decreased IL-1β and TNF-α levels; -increased FRAP plasma and liver levels; -increased liver GSH/GSSG ratio; -decreased plasma and liver MDA and carbonyl groups levels; -decreased 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine plasma levels; |
[21] |
Muscat Bailey A variety (Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea) | High-fat diet induced obesity in male C57BL/6J mice | Catechins, resveratrol, flavonoids, | -decreased TNF-α, PAI-1 levels; -decreased liver NF-κB, IL-6 and TNF-α levels; |
[22] |
Cabernet Franc (Chrysalis Vineyards, Virginia) |
C57BL/6NCr mice given high-fat diet | - | -decreased TNF-α, IFN-ɣ, IL-12β, PAI-1 and resistin levels | [23] |
Red wine pomace | 78 crossbreed piglet given apple or grape pomace | Flavanols | -decreased NF-κB mRNA expression in the stomach; -increased NF-κB and TNF-α mRNA expression in the liver and muscle; -decreased TNF-α and IL-10 mRNA expression in ileum; -increased IL-10 mRNA expression in the jejunum, colon, and liver; |
[24] |
Red dried grape pomace (Vitis vinifera L. variety) | 20 Fresian cows given GP diet | Flavonoids, gallic acid, epicatechin | -lower MDA levels in the cheese from cow’s milk that received GP; -lower thrombogenic index in cow’s milk that received GP; |
[25] |
Pinotage variety (Bellevue Wine Estate, Stellenbosch, South Africa) | 40 lambs given GP diets at different c% (0, 5, 10, 15, 20) | Proanthocyanidins, tannins | -increased antioxidant activity (15, 20% diets) within first 3 days of meat storage; -decreased TBARS levels of all diets from day 5 to day 9 of meat storage; -decreased carbonyl content in stored meat (10, 20%); |
[26] |
Pinotage variety (Bellevue, Beyers Kloof, Western Cape Province, South Africa) | Angus steer given dried grape pomace or dried citrus pulp | Proanthocyanidins, tannins | -decreased TBARS and carbonyl levels; -increased antioxidant activity; |
[27] |
Cencibel variety (Grupo Matarromera San Bernardo-Valbuena de Duero, Valladolid, Spain) Enzymatic hydrolysis treated fractions—tannase and carbohydrase enzyme complex—separately or combined |
300 Cobb chicks given different GP c% (5, 10) diets—hydrolyzed/un-hydrolyzed | Gallic acid, Catechin, Epicatechin, Procyanidin B1, Procyanidin B2 Epicatechin-O-gallate; | -decreased MDA levels; | [28] |
Moschato variety Tyrnavos (Larissa prefecture, Greece) | 30 female broilers given GP diet for 15 or 35 days; | - | -15 days GP diet: decreased TBARS plasma levels, increased GSH levels in kidney and spleen, decreased TBARS levels in pancreas and intestine, decreased CARB levels in the kidney; -35 days GP diet: increased GSH erythrocytes levels, decreased TBARS plasma levels, increased GSH levels in kidney, spleen, heart, lung, and liver, increased TAC levels in liver, spleen, and kidney, decreased H2O2 decomposition in the intestine, decreased TBARS levels in spleen, quadriceps muscle, and heart, decreased CARB levels in spleen and kidney; |
[29] |
Cencibel variety | 180 broiler chicks given different GP diets doses (15, 30, 60 mg/kg) or Vitamin E; | Condensed tannins | -decreased MDA levels in refrigerated breast meat; | [30] |
Cencibel variety (Vinícola de Castilla S.A.,Manzanares, Ciudad Real, Spain) | 120 broiler chicks given different GP diets doses (5, 15, 30 mg/kg) or Vitamin E; | - | -decreased MDA levels in refrigerated breast and thigh meat (day 7); -decreased MDA levels in refrigerated breast meat (day 4); |
[31] |
Moschato variety (Tyrnavos Larissa, Greece) |
24 piglets given GP diet (blood and tissue samples taken at 15 and 30 days post-diet) | - | -15 days GP diet: decreased TAC plasma activity, decreased CARB levels in spleen, brain and liver, decreased TBARS levels in brain, kidneys, stomach, heart, lungs, quadriceps muscle, and spleen, increased TAC levels in stomach and pancreas, decreased TAC levels in the brain, increased GSH levels, heart, liver, spleen, stomach, pancreas, lungs, brain and quadriceps muscle; increased H2O2 decomposition activity in kidneys and decreased in lungs and stomach; -30 days GP diet: decreased CAT erythrocytes activity, decreased CARB levels in spleen, brain, liver, lungs, quadriceps muscle, stomach, and pancreas, decreased TBARS levels in brain, liver, heart, lungs, quadriceps muscle, spleen, and pancreas; increased TAC levels in the quadriceps muscle, kidneys, lungs, stomach, and pancreas, decreased TAC levelsthe in brain, increased GSH levels heart, liver, pancreas, lungs, brain and quadriceps muscle, kidneys; decreased TAC levels in stomach and spleen; increased H2O2 decomposition activity in kidneys, quadriceps muscle, pancreas and decreased in lungs and brain; |
[32] |
Cencibel variety (La Mancha, España) | 70 broiler chicks given GP diets doses (0, 30, 60 mg/kg) | Condensed tannins, hydrolysable tannins; | -reduced TBARS levels in raw chicken patties (storage day 13, 20); - reduced TBARS levels in cooked chicken patties (storage day 3, 6, 13, 20); -reduced TBARS levels in raw chicken patties (60 mg/kg—6 months storage); -reduced TBARS levels in cooked chicken patties (30, 60 mg/kg—6 months storage); |
[33] |
Moschato variety (Tyrnavos Larissa, Greece) |
28 lambs given GP diet (blood and tissue samples taken at 27 and 55 days post-diet) | - | -27 days GP diet: increased CAT erythrocytes activity; decreased protein carbonyls level in the liver; increased TBARS activity in the brain; -55 days GP diet: reduced TBARS activity in liver, spleen, and heart; increased TBARS activity in the brain; decreased TAC in brain and liver; GSH levels increased in quadriceps muscle and spleen; decreased GSH levels in the liver; |
[34] |
Carignan variety (Northern Tunisia | Adult mice given 6-hydroxydopamine stereotaxic injection in midbrain (Parkinson disease model) | - | -increased SOD1 brain levels; -decreased neurons depletion in substantia nigra; -ameliorated motor impairment; |
[9] |
White grape pomace variety | ||||
Koshu variety (Japan and Italy) Fermented or un-fermented fractions |
Female rats induced-allergic reactions (asthma and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis) | - | -decreased serum IgE levels; -decreased eosinophils levels in bronchial lavage; -decreased cutaneous reaction in time and dose-dependent manners; -decreased cutaneous reaction compared to Tannat or Negroamaro GP (red varieties) |
[35] |