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HandWiki. Pterygium (Conjunctiva). Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/30088 (accessed on 24 September 2026).
HandWiki. Pterygium (Conjunctiva). Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/30088. Accessed September 24, 2026.
HandWiki. "Pterygium (Conjunctiva)" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/30088 (accessed September 24, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, October 19). Pterygium (Conjunctiva). In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/30088
HandWiki. "Pterygium (Conjunctiva)." Encyclopedia. Web. 19 October, 2022.
Pterygium (Conjunctiva)
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Medicine:Pterygium_(conjunctiva)

A pterygium is a pinkish, triangular tissue growth on the cornea of the eye. It typically starts on the cornea near the nose. It may slowly grow but rarely grows so large that it covers the pupil and impairs vision. Often both eyes are involved. The cause is unclear. It appears to be partly related to long term exposure to UV light and dust. Genetic factors also appear to be involved. It is a benign growth. Other conditions that can look similar include a pinguecula, tumor, or Terrien's marginal corneal degeneration. Prevention may include wearing sunglasses and a hat if in an area with strong sunlight. Among those with the condition, an eye lubricant can help with symptoms. Surgical removal is typically only recommended if the ability to see is affected. Following surgery a pterygium may recur in around half of cases. The frequency of the condition varies from 1% to 33% in various regions of the world. It occurs more commonly among males than females and in people who live closer to the equator. The condition becomes more common with age. The condition has been described since at least 1000 BC.

lubricant corneal pterygium

References

  1. Coroneo, MT (November 1993). "Pterygium as an early indicator of ultraviolet insolation: a hypothesis". Br J Ophthalmol 77 (11): 734–9. doi:10.1136/bjo.77.11.734. PMID 8280691.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=504636
  2. Kunimoto, Derek; Kunal Kanitkar; Mary Makar (2004). The Wills eye manual: office and emergency room diagnosis and treatment of eye disease. (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 50–51. ISBN 978-0781742078. 
  3. Fisher, J.P.; Trattler, W.B. (12 January 2009). Pterygium. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1192527-overview. 
  4. Klintworth, G; Cummings, T (26 August 2009). "24; The eye and ocular adnexa". in Stacey, Mills. Sternberg's Diagnostic Surgical Pathology (5th ed.). ISBN 978-0-7817-7942-5. 
  5. "Paramount Books Online Bookstore 9789696370017 : Concise-Ophthalmology-(pb)-2014". http://www.paramountbooks.com.pk/LoginIndex.asp?title=Concise-Ophthalmology-(pb)-2014&Isbn=9789696370017&opt=3&sUBcAT=06. 
  6. Gulani, A; Dastur, YK (Jan–Mar 1995). "Simultaneous pterygium and cataract surgery.". Journal of Postgraduate Medicine 41 (1): 8–11. PMID 10740692. http://www.jpgmonline.com/article.asp?issn=0022-3859;year=1995;volume=41;issue=1;spage=8;epage=11;aulast=Gulani. Retrieved 30 November 2012. 
  7. "Pterygium: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001011.htm. 
  8. "Pterygium Workup: Imaging Studies, Procedures". http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1192527-workup#showall. 
  9. "Pinguecula - EyeWiki" (in en). https://eyewiki.aao.org/Pinguecula. 
  10. John F, Salmon (13 December 2019). "Conjunctiva". Kanski's clinical ophthalmology : a systematic approach (9th ed.). Elsevier. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-7020-7711-1. 
  11. Mackenzie F.D., Hirst L.W., Battistutta D., Green A. (1992). "Risk Analysis in the Development of Pterygia". Ophthalmology 99 (7): 1056–1061. doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(92)31850-0. PMID 1495784.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0161-6420%2892%2931850-0
  12. Lee G.A., Hirst L.W., Sheehan M. (1994). "1994 Knowledge of Sunlight Effects on the Eyes and Protective Behaviours in the General Community". Ophthalmic Epidemiology 1 (2): 67–84. doi:10.3109/09286589409052363. PMID 8790614. https://semanticscholar.org/paper/0f70787dde476c55cd14a65c2768305353d665c8. 
  13. Lee G., Hirst L.W., Sheehan M. (1999). "1999 Knowledge of Sunlight effects on the eyes and protective behaviors in adolescents". Ophthalmic Epidemiology 6 (3): 171–180. doi:10.1076/opep.6.3.171.1501. PMID 10487972.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1076%2Fopep.6.3.171.1501
  14. "Facts About the Cornea and Corneal Disease | National Eye Institute" (in en). The National Eye Institute (NEI). May 2016. https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cornealdisease/. 
  15. Martins, TG; Costa, AL; Alves, MR; Chammas, R; Schor, P (2016). "Mitomycin C in pterygium treatment.". International Journal of Ophthalmology 9 (3): 465–8. doi:10.18240/ijo.2016.03.25. PMID 27158622.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4844053
  16. "Conjunctival autograft for pterygium". Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2: CD011349. 2016. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011349.pub2. PMID 26867004.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5032146
  17. Ali, AM; Thariat, J; Bensadoun, RJ; Thyss, A; Rostom, Y; El-Haddad, S; Gérard, JP (April 2011). "The role of radiotherapy in the treatment of pterygium: a review of the literature including more than 6000 treated lesions.". Cancer/Radiothérapie 15 (2): 140–7. doi:10.1016/j.canrad.2010.03.020. PMID 20674450.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.canrad.2010.03.020
  18. Myron, Yanoff; Jay S., Duker (2019). "Cornea and ocular surface diseases". Ophthalmology (5th ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier. pp. 310. ISBN 978-0-323-52821-4. OCLC 1051774434.  http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1051774434
  19. Gulani AC (2007). "Corneoplastique". Techniques in Ophthalmology 5 (1): 11–20. doi:10.1097/ito.0b013e318036ae0d.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2Fito.0b013e318036ae0d
  20. Gulani AC. "Corneoplastique", Video Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. Volume XXII. Issue 3, 2006.
  21. Gulani AC (2006). "A New Concept for Refractive Surgery". Ophthalmology Management 10 (4): 57–63. 
  22. Prabhasawat P, Barton K, Burkett G, Tseng SC (Jun 1997). "Comparison of conjunctival autografts, amniotic membrane grafts, and primary closure for pterygium excision". Ophthalmology 104 (6): 974–85. doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(97)30197-3. PMID 9186439.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0161-6420%2897%2930197-3
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