Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1 handwiki
Vivi Li
 -- 2825 2022-10-19 01:45:15

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Video Production Services to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
No, upload directly Yes

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
HandWiki. Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/30009 (accessed on 22 November 2024).
HandWiki. Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/30009. Accessed November 22, 2024.
HandWiki. "Tandem Mass Spectrometry" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/30009 (accessed November 22, 2024).
HandWiki. (2022, October 19). Tandem Mass Spectrometry. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/30009
HandWiki. "Tandem Mass Spectrometry." Encyclopedia. Web. 19 October, 2022.
Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Edit
The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Physics:Tandem_mass_spectrometry

Tandem mass spectrometry, also known as MS/MS or MS2, involves multiple steps of mass spectrometry selection, with some form of fragmentation occurring in between the stages. In a tandem mass spectrometer, ions are formed in the ion source and separated by mass-to-charge ratio in the first stage of mass spectrometry (MS1). Ions of a particular mass-to-charge ratio (precursor ions) are selected and fragment ions (product ions) are created by collision-induced dissociation, ion-molecule reaction, photodissociation, or other process. The resulting ions are then separated and detected in a second stage of mass spectrometry (MS2).

fragment ions tandem mass mass spectrometry

1. Instrumentation

Schematic of tandem mass spectrometry. https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?curid=1285911

For tandem mass spectrometry in space, the different elements are often noted in shorthand. Multiple stages of mass analysis separation can be accomplished with individual mass spectrometer elements separated in space or using a single mass spectrometer with the MS steps separated in time.

1.1. Tandem in Space

Triple quadrupole diagram; and example of tandem mass spectrometry in space. https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?curid=1143465

In tandem mass spectrometry in space, the separation elements are physically separated and distinct, although there is a physical connection between the elements to maintain high vacuum. These elements can be sectors, transmission quadrupole, or time-of-flight. When using multiple quadrupoles, they can act as both mass analyzers and collision chambers.

Common notation for mass analyzers is Q – quadrupole mass analyzer; q – radio frequency collision quadrupole; TOF – time-of-flight mass analyzer; B – magnetic sector, and E – electric sector. The notation can be combined to indicate various hybrid instrument, for example QqQ' – triple quadrupole mass spectrometer; QTOF – quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (also QqTOF); and BEBE – four-sector (reverse geometry) mass spectrometer.

1.2. Tandem in Time

An ion trap mass spectrometer is an example of a tandem mass spectrometry in time instrument. https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?curid=1242440

By doing tandem mass spectrometry in time, the separation is accomplished with ions trapped in the same place, with multiple separation steps taking place over time. A quadrupole ion trap or Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) instrument can be used for such an analysis[1][2]. Trapping instruments can perform multiple steps of analysis, which is sometimes referred to as MSn (MS to the n). Often the number of steps, n, is not indicated, but occasionally the value is specified; for example MS3 indicates three stages of separation. Tandem in time MS instruments do not use the modes described next, but typically collect all of the information from a precursor ion scan and a parent ion scan of the entire spectrum. Each instrumental configuration utilizes a unique mode of mass identification.

1.3. Tandem in Space MS/MS Modes

When tandem MS is performed with an in space design, the instrument must operate in one of a variety of modes. There are a number of different tandem MS/MS experimental setups and each mode has its own applications and provides different information. Tandem MS in space uses the coupling of two instrument components which measure the same mass spectrum range but with a controlled fractionation between them in space, while tandem MS in time involves the use of an ion trap.

There are four main scan experiments possible using MS/MS: precursor ion scan, product ion scan, neutral loss scan, and selected reaction monitoring.

For a precursor ion scan, the product ion is selected in the second mass analyzer, and the precursor masses are scanned in the first mass analyzer. Note that precursor ion[3] is synonymous with parent ion[4] and product ion[5] with daughter ion;[6] however the use of these anthropomorphic terms is discouraged.[7][8]

In a product ion scan, a precursor ion is selected in the first stage, allowed to fragment and then all resultant masses are scanned in the second mass analyzer and detected in the detector that is positioned after the second mass analyzer. This experiment is commonly performed to identify transitions used for quantification by tandem MS.

In a neutral loss scan, the first mass analyzer scans all the masses. The second mass analyzer also scans, but at a set offset from the first mass analyzer.[9] This offset corresponds to a neutral loss that is commonly observed for the class of compounds. In a constant-neutral-loss scan, all precursors that undergo the loss of a specified common neutral are monitored. To obtain this information, both mass analyzers are scanned simultaneously, but with a mass offset that correlates with the mass of the specified neutral. Similar to the precursor-ion scan, this technique is also useful in the selective identification of closely related class of compounds in a mixture.

In selected reaction monitoring, both mass analyzers are set to a selected mass. This mode is analogous to selected ion monitoring for MS experiments. A selective analysis mode, which can increase sensitivity.[10]

2. Fragmentation

Fragmentation of gas-phase ions is essential to tandem mass spectrometry and occurs between different stages of mass analysis. There are many methods used to fragment the ions and these can result in different types of fragmentation and thus different information about the structure and composition of the molecule.

2.1. In-Source Fragmentation

Often, the ionization process is sufficiently violent to leave the resulting ions with sufficient internal energy to fragment within the mass spectrometer. If the product ions persist in their non-equilibrium state for a moderate amount of time before auto-dissociation this process is called metastable fragmentation.[11][12] Nozzle-skimmer fragmentation refers to the purposeful induction of in-source fragmentation by increasing the nozzle-skimmer potential on usually electrospray based instruments. Although in-source fragmentation allows for fragmentation analysis, it is not technically tandem mass spectrometry unless metastable ions are mass analyzed or selected before auto-dissociation and a second stage of analysis is performed on the resulting fragments. In-source fragmentation is often used in addition to tandem mass spectrometry (with post-source fragmentation) to allow for two steps of fragmentation in a pseudo MS3-type of experiment.[13]

2.2. Collision-Induced Dissociation

Post-source fragmentation is most often what is being used in a tandem mass spectrometry experiment. Energy can also be added to the ions, which are usually already vibrationally excited, through post-source collisions with neutral atoms or molecules, the absorption of radiation, or the transfer or capture of an electron by a multiply charged ion. Collision-induced dissociation (CID), also called collisionally activated dissociation (CAD), involves the collision of an ion with a neutral atom or molecule in the gas phase and subsequent dissociation of the ion.[14][15] For example, consider

[math]\ce{ {AB+} + M -> {A} + {B+} + M }[/math]

where the ion AB+ collides with the neutral species M and subsequently breaks apart. The details of this process are described by collision theory. Due to different instrumental configuration, two main different types of CID are possible: (i) beam-type (in which precursor ions are fragmented on-the-flight)[16] and (ii) ion trap-type (in which precursor ions are first trapped, and then fragmented)[17][18].

A third and more recent type of CID fragmentation is higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD). HCD is a CID technique specific to orbitrap mass spectrometers in which fragmentation takes place external to the ion trap,[19][20] it happens in the HCD cell (in some instruments named "ion routing multipole").[21] HCD is a trap-type fragmentation that has been shown to have beam-type characteristics.[22][23]

2.3. Electron Capture and Transfer Methods

The energy released when an electron is transferred to or captured by a multiply charged ion can induce fragmentation.

Electron capture dissociation

If an electron is added to a multiply charged positive ion, the Coulomb energy is liberated. Adding a free electron is called electron capture dissociation (ECD),[24] and is represented by

[math]\displaystyle{ [\ce M + n\ce H]^{n+} + \ce{e^- -\gt } \left[ [\ce M + (n-1)\ce H]^{(n-1)+} \right]^* \ce{-\gt fragments} }[/math]

for a multiply protonated molecule M.

Electron transfer dissociation

Adding an electron through an ion-ion reaction is called electron transfer dissociation (ETD).[25][26] Similar to electron-capture dissociation, ETD induces fragmentation of cations (e.g. peptides or proteins) by transferring electrons to them. It was invented by Donald F. Hunt, Joshua Coon, John E. P. Syka and Jarrod Marto at the University of Virginia.[27]

ETD does not use free electrons but employs radical anions (e.g. anthracene or azobenzene) for this purpose:

[math]\displaystyle{ [\ce M + n\ce H]^{n+} + \ce{A^- -\gt } \left[ [\ce M + (n-1)\ce H]^{(n-1)+} \right]^* + \ce{A -\gt fragments} }[/math]

where A is the anion.[28]

ETD cleaves randomly along the peptide backbone (c and z ions) while side chains and modifications such as phosphorylation are left intact. The technique only works well for higher charge state ions (z>2), however relative to collision-induced dissociation (CID), ETD is advantageous for the fragmentation of longer peptides or even entire proteins. This makes the technique important for top-down proteomics. Much like ECD, ETD is effective for peptides with modifications such as phosphorylation.[29]

Electron-transfer and higher-energy collision dissociation (EThcD) is a combination ETD and HCD where the peptide precursor is initially subjected to an ion/ion reaction with fluoranthene anions in a linear ion trap, which generates c- and z-ions.[25][30] In the second step HCD all-ion fragmentation is applied to all ETD derived ions to generate b- and y- ions prior to final analysis in the orbitrap analyzer.[19] This method employs dual fragmentation to generate ion- and thus data-rich MS/MS spectra for peptide sequencing and PTM localization.[31]

Negative electron transfer dissociation

Fragmentation can also occur with a deprotonated species, in which an electron is transferred from the species to an cationic reagent in a negative electron transfer dissociation (NETD):[32]

[math]\displaystyle{ [\ce M-n\ce H]^{n-} + \ce{A+ -\gt } \left[ [\ce M-n\ce H]^{(n+1)-} \right]^* + \ce{A -\gt fragments} }[/math]

Following this transfer event, the electron deficient anion undergoes internal rearrangement and fragments. NETD is the ion/ion analogue of electron-detachment dissociation (EDD).

NETD is compatible with fragmenting peptide and proteins along the backbone at the Cα-C bond. The resulting fragments are usually a•- and x-type product ions.

Electron-detachment dissociation

Electron-detachment dissociation (EDD) is a method for fragmenting anionic species in mass spectrometry.[33] It serves as a negative counter mode to electron capture dissociation. Negatively charged ions are activated by irradiation with electrons of moderate kinetic energy. The result is ejection of electrons from the parent ionic molecule, which causes dissociation via recombination.

Charge transfer dissociation

Reaction between positively charged peptides and cationic reagents,[34] also known as charge transfer dissociation (CTD),[35] has recently been demonstrated as an alternative high-energy fragmentation pathway for low-charge state (1+ or 2+) peptides. The proposed mechanism of CTD using helium cations as the reagent is:

[math]\displaystyle{ \ce{{[{M}+H]^1+} + He+ -\gt } \left[ \ce{[{M}+H]^2+} \right]^* + \ce{He^0 -\gt fragments} }[/math]

Initial reports are that CTD causes backbone Cα-C bond cleavage of peptides and provides a•- and x-type product ions.

2.4. Photodissociation

The energy required for dissociation can be added by photon absorption, resulting in ion photodissociation and represented by

[math]\ce{ {AB+} + \mathit{h\nu} -> {A} + B+ }[/math]

where [math]\displaystyle{ h\nu }[/math] represents the photon absorbed by the ion. Ultraviolet lasers can be used, but can lead to excessive fragmentation of biomolecules.[36]

Infrared multiphoton dissociation

Infrared photons will heat the ions and cause dissociation if enough of them are absorbed. This process is called infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) and is often accomplished with a carbon dioxide laser and an ion trapping mass spectrometer such as a FTMS.[37]

Blackbody infrared radiative dissociation

Blackbody radiation can be used for photodissociation in a technique known as blackbody infrared radiative dissociation (BIRD).[38] In the BIRD method, the entire mass spectrometer vacuum chamber is heated to create infrared radiation. BIRD uses the light from black body radiation to thermally (vibrationally) excite the ions until a bond breaks.[38][39] This is similar to infrared multiphoton dissociation with the exception of the source of radiation.[15] This technique is most often used with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometers.

2.5. Surface Induced Dissociation

With surface-induced dissociation (SID), the fragmentation is a result of the collision of an ion with a surface under high vacuum.[40][41]

3. Quantitative Proteomics

Quantitative proteomics is used to determine the relative or absolute amount of proteins in a sample.[42][43][44] Several quantitative proteomics methods are based on tandem mass spectrometry. MS/MS has become a benchmark procedure for the structural elucidation of complex biomolecules.[45]

One method commonly used for quantitative proteomics is isobaric tag labeling. Isobaric tag labeling enables simultaneous identification and quantification of proteins from multiple samples in a single analysis. To quantify proteins, peptides are labeled with chemical tags that have the same structure and nominal mass, but vary in the distribution of heavy isotopes in their structure. These tags, commonly referred to as tandem mass tags, are designed so that the mass tag is cleaved at a specific linker region upon higher-energy collisional-induced dissociation (HCD) during tandem mass spectrometry yielding reporter ions of different masses. Protein quantitation is accomplished by comparing the intensities of the reporter ions in the MS/MS spectra. Two commercially available isobaric tags are iTRAQ and TMT reagents.

3.1. Isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantitation (iTRAQ)

Isobaric labeling for tandem mass spectrometry: proteins are extracted from cells, digested, and labeled with tags of the same mass. When fragmented during MS/MS, the reporter ions show the relative amount of the peptides in the samples. https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?curid=1551483

An isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) is a reagent for tandem mass spectrometry that is used to determine the amount of proteins from different sources in a single experiment.[46][47][48] It uses stable isotope labeled molecules that can form a covalent bond with the N-terminus and side chain amines of proteins. The iTRAQ reagents are used to label peptides from different samples that are pooled and analyzed by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. The fragmentation of the attached tag generates a low molecular mass reporter ion that can be used to relatively quantify the peptides and the proteins from which they originated.

3.2. Tandem Mass Tag (TMT)

A tandem mass tag (TMT) is an isobaric mass tag chemical label used for protein quantification and identification.[49] The tags contain four regions: mass reporter, cleavable linker, mass normalization, and protein reactive group. TMT reagents can be used to simultaneously analyze 2 to 11 different peptide samples prepared from cells, tissues or biological fluids. Three types of TMT reagents are available with different chemical reactivities: (1) a reactive NHS ester functional group for labeling primary amines (TMTduplex, TMTsixplex, TMT10plex plus TMT11-131C), (2) a reactive iodoacetyl functional group for labeling free sulfhydryls (iodoTMT) and (3) reactive alkoxyamine functional group for labeling of carbonyls (aminoxyTMT).

4. Applications

4.1. Peptides

Chromatography trace (top) and tandem mass spectrum (bottom) of a peptide. https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?curid=1905744

Tandem mass spectrometry can be used for protein sequencing.[50] When intact proteins are introduced to a mass analyzer, this is called "top-down proteomics" and when proteins are digested into smaller peptides and subsequently introduced into the mass spectrometer, this is called "bottom-up proteomics". Shotgun proteomics is a variant of bottom up proteomics in which proteins in a mixture are digested prior to separation and tandem mass spectrometry.

Tandem mass spectrometry can produce a peptide sequence tag that can be used to identify a peptide in a protein database.[51][52][53] A notation has been developed for indicating peptide fragments that arise from a tandem mass spectrum.[54] Peptide fragment ions are indicated by a, b, or c if the charge is retained on the N-terminus and by x, y or z if the charge is maintained on the C-terminus. The subscript indicates the number of amino acid residues in the fragment. Superscripts are sometimes used to indicate neutral losses in addition to the backbone fragmentation, * for loss of ammonia and ° for loss of water. Although peptide backbone cleavage is the most useful for sequencing and peptide identification other fragment ions may be observed under high energy dissociation conditions. These include the side chain loss ions d, v, w and ammonium ions[55][56] and additional sequence-specific fragment ions associated with particular amino acid residues.[57]

4.2. Oligosaccharides

Oligosaccharides may be sequenced using tandem mass spectrometry in a similar manner to peptide sequencing.[58] Fragmentation generally occurs on either side of the glycosidic bond (b, c, y and z ions) but also under more energetic conditions through the sugar ring structure in a cross-ring cleavage (x ions). Again trailing subscripts are used to indicate position of the cleavage along the chain. For cross ring cleavage ions the nature of the cross ring cleavage is indicated by preceding superscripts.[59][60]

4.3. Oligonucleotides

Tandem mass spectrometry has been applied to DNA and RNA sequencing.[61][62] A notation for gas-phase fragmentation of oligonucleotide ions has been proposed.[63]

4.4. Newborn Screening

Newborn screening is the process of testing newborn babies for treatable genetic, endocrinologic, metabolic and hematologic diseases.[64][65] The development of tandem mass spectrometry screening in the early 1990s led to a large expansion of potentially detectable congenital metabolic diseases that affect blood levels of organic acids.[66]

References

  1. "Collision-induced dissociation in a fourier-transform mass spectrometer". International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Physics 41 (3): 199–204. 1982. doi:10.1016/0020-7381(82)85035-3. Bibcode: 1982IJMSI..41..199C.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0020-7381%2882%2985035-3
  2. "Consecutive collision-induced dissociations in Fourier transform mass spectrometry". Analytical Chemistry 54 (13): 2225–2228. 1982-11-01. doi:10.1021/ac00250a021.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fac00250a021
  3. IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version:  (2006–) "precursor ion". doi:10.1351/goldbook.P04807 http://goldbook.iupac.org/P04807.html
  4. IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version:  (2006–) "parent ion". doi:10.1351/goldbook.P04406 http://goldbook.iupac.org/P04406.html
  5. IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version:  (2006–) "product ion". doi:10.1351/goldbook.P04864 http://goldbook.iupac.org/P04864.html
  6. IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version:  (2006–) "daughter ion". doi:10.1351/goldbook.D01524 http://goldbook.iupac.org/D01524.html
  7. Bursey, Maurice M. (1991). "Comment to readers: Style and the lack of it". Mass Spectrometry Reviews 10: 1–2. doi:10.1002/mas.1280100102. Bibcode: 1991MSRv...10....1B  https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fmas.1280100102
  8. Adams, J. (1992). "To the editor". Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 3 (4): 473. doi:10.1016/1044-0305(92)87078-D  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F1044-0305%2892%2987078-D
  9. Louris, John N.; Wright, Larry G.; Cooks, R. Graham.; Schoen, Alan E. (1985). "New scan modes accessed with a hybrid mass spectrometer". Analytical Chemistry 57 (14): 2918–2924. doi:10.1021/ac00291a039  https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fac00291a039
  10. deHoffman, Edmond; Stroobant, Vincent (2003). Mass Spectrometry: Principles and Applications. Toronto: Wiley. p. 133. ISBN 0-471-48566-7. 
  11. IUPAC gold book definition of metastable ion (in mass spectrometry) [1]
  12. IUPAC gold book definition of transient (chemical) species https://dx.doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06451
  13. "Nano electrospray combined with a quadrupole ion trap for the analysis of peptides and protein digests". Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 7 (2): 150–6. February 1996. doi:10.1016/1044-0305(95)00626-5. PMID 24203235.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F1044-0305%2895%2900626-5
  14. "Collision-induced dissociation (CID) of peptides and proteins". Methods in Enzymology. Methods in Enzymology 402: 148–85. 2005. doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(05)02005-7. ISBN 9780121828073. PMID 16401509.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0076-6879%2805%2902005-7
  15. "Ion activation methods for tandem mass spectrometry". Journal of Mass Spectrometry 39 (10): 1091–112. October 2004. doi:10.1002/jms.703. PMID 15481084. Bibcode: 2004JMSp...39.1091S.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fjms.703
  16. "Ion trap versus low-energy beam-type collision-induced dissociation of protonated ubiquitin ions". Analytical Chemistry 78 (4): 1218–27. February 2006. doi:10.1021/ac051622b. PMID 16478115.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fac051622b
  17. March, Raymond E. (1997-04-01). "An Introduction to Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry". Journal of Mass Spectrometry 32 (4). doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9888(199704)32:4%3C351::aid-jms512%3E3.0.co;2-y.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F%28sici%291096-9888%28199704%2932%3A4%253C351%3A%3Aaid-jms512%253E3.0.co%3B2-y
  18. "Robust and sensitive iTRAQ quantification on an LTQ Orbitrap mass spectrometer". Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 7 (9): 1702–13. September 2008. doi:10.1074/mcp.M800029-MCP200. PMID 18511480.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2556025
  19. "Higher-energy C-trap dissociation for peptide modification analysis". Nature Methods 4 (9): 709–12. September 2007. doi:10.1038/nmeth1060. PMID 17721543.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnmeth1060
  20. "Novel parallelized quadrupole/linear ion trap/Orbitrap tribrid mass spectrometer improving proteome coverage and peptide identification rates" (in EN). Analytical Chemistry 85 (24): 11710–4. December 2013. doi:10.1021/ac403115c. PMID 24251866.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fac403115c
  21. "Activated Ion-Electron Transfer Dissociation Enables Comprehensive Top-Down Protein Fragmentation". Journal of Proteome Research 16 (7): 2653–2659. July 2017. doi:10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00249. PMID 28608681.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5555583
  22. "Feasibility of large-scale phosphoproteomics with higher energy collisional dissociation fragmentation" (in EN). Journal of Proteome Research 9 (12): 6786–94. December 2010. doi:10.1021/pr100637q. PMID 20873877.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fpr100637q
  23. "Differentiating Positional Isomers of Nucleoside Modifications by Higher-Energy Collisional Dissociation Mass Spectrometry (HCD MS)". Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 29 (8): 1745–1756. August 2018. doi:10.1007/s13361-018-1999-6. PMID 29949056.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6062210
  24. "The role of electron capture dissociation in biomolecular analysis". Mass Spectrometry Reviews 24 (2): 201–22. 2005. doi:10.1002/mas.20014. PMID 15389856. Bibcode: 2005MSRv...24..201C.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fmas.20014
  25. "Peptide and protein sequence analysis by electron transfer dissociation mass spectrometry". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101 (26): 9528–33. June 2004. doi:10.1073/pnas.0402700101. PMID 15210983. Bibcode: 2004PNAS..101.9528S.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=470779
  26. "The utility of ETD mass spectrometry in proteomic analysis". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1764 (12): 1811–22. December 2006. doi:10.1016/j.bbapap.2006.10.003. PMID 17118725.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1853258
  27. US patent 7534622, Donald F. Hunt, Joshua J. Coon, John E.P. Syka, Jarrod A. Marto, "Electron transfer dissociation for biopolymer sequence mass spectrometric analysis", issued 2009-05-19  https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US7534622
  28. 3.0.CO;2-J. PMID 10360331. Bibcode: 1998MSRv...17..369M.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291098-2787%281998%2917%3A6%3C369%3A%3AAID-MAS1%3E3.0.CO%3B2-J" id="ref_28">"Ion/ion chemistry of high-mass multiply charged ions". Mass Spectrometry Reviews 17 (6): 369–407. 1998. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2787(1998)17:6<369::AID-MAS1>3.0.CO;2-J. PMID 10360331. Bibcode: 1998MSRv...17..369M.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291098-2787%281998%2917%3A6%3C369%3A%3AAID-MAS1%3E3.0.CO%3B2-J
  29. "Analysis of phosphorylation sites on proteins from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by electron transfer dissociation (ETD) mass spectrometry". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104 (7): 2193–8. February 2007. doi:10.1073/pnas.0607084104. PMID 17287358. Bibcode: 2007PNAS..104.2193C.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1892997
  30. "Toward full peptide sequence coverage by dual fragmentation combining electron-transfer and higher-energy collision dissociation tandem mass spectrometry". Analytical Chemistry 84 (22): 9668–73. November 2012. doi:10.1021/ac3025366. PMID 23106539.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fac3025366
  31. "Unambiguous phosphosite localization using electron-transfer/higher-energy collision dissociation (EThcD)". Journal of Proteome Research 12 (3): 1520–5. March 2013. doi:10.1021/pr301130k. PMID 23347405.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3588588
  32. "Electron transfer dissociation of peptide anions". Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 16 (6): 880–2. June 2005. doi:10.1016/j.jasms.2005.01.015. PMID 15907703.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jasms.2005.01.015
  33. "Electron detachment dissociation of peptide di-anions: an electron–hole recombination phenomenon". Chemical Physics Letters 342 (3–4): 299–302. 2001. doi:10.1016/S0009-2614(01)00501-2. Bibcode: 2001CPL...342..299B.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0009-2614%2801%2900501-2
  34. "Fragmentation of positively-charged biological ions activated with a beam of high-energy cations". Analytical Chemistry 86 (1): 372–9. January 2014. doi:10.1021/ac403193k. PMID 24236851.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fac403193k
  35. "Charge transfer dissociation (CTD) mass spectrometry of peptide cations using kiloelectronvolt helium cations". Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 25 (11): 1939–43. November 2014. doi:10.1007/s13361-014-0989-6. PMID 25231159. Bibcode: 2014JASMS.tmp..208H.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13361-014-0989-6
  36. "Peptide sequencing by MALDI 193-nm photodissociation TOF MS". Methods in Enzymology. Methods in Enzymology 402: 186–209. 2005. doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(05)02006-9. ISBN 9780121828073. PMID 16401510.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0076-6879%2805%2902006-9
  37. "Infrared multiphoton dissociation of large multiply charged ions for biomolecule sequencing". Analytical Chemistry 66 (18): 2809–15. September 1994. doi:10.1021/ac00090a004. PMID 7526742.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fac00090a004
  38. "Blackbody infrared radiative dissociation of bradykinin and its analogues: energetics, dynamics, and evidence for salt-bridge structures in the gas phase". Journal of the American Chemical Society 118 (30): 7178–89. July 1996. doi:10.1021/ja9609157. PMID 16525512.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1393282
  39. "BIRD (blackbody infrared radiative dissociation): evolution, principles, and applications". Mass Spectrometry Reviews 23 (2): 127–58. 2004. doi:10.1002/mas.10074. PMID 14732935. Bibcode: 2004MSRv...23..127D.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fmas.10074
  40. Grill, Verena; Shen, Jianwei; Evans, Chris; Cooks, R. Graham (2001). "Collisions of ions with surfaces at chemically relevant energies: Instrumentation and phenomena". Review of Scientific Instruments 72 (8): 3149. doi:10.1063/1.1382641. Bibcode: 2001RScI...72.3149G  https://dx.doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1382641
  41. Mabud, M. (1985). "Surface-induced dissociation of molecular ions". International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes 67 (3): 285–294. doi:10.1016/0168-1176(85)83024-X. Bibcode: 1985IJMSI..67..285M  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0168-1176%2885%2983024-X
  42. "Mass spectrometry-based proteomics turns quantitative". Nature Chemical Biology 1 (5): 252–62. October 2005. doi:10.1038/nchembio736. PMID 16408053.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnchembio736
  43. "Quantitative mass spectrometry in proteomics: a critical review". Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 389 (4): 1017–31. October 2007. doi:10.1007/s00216-007-1486-6. PMID 17668192.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00216-007-1486-6
  44. "Quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomics: an overview". Methods in Molecular Biology. Methods in Molecular Biology 893: 85–100. 2012. doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-885-6_7. ISBN 978-1-61779-884-9. PMID 22665296.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-61779-885-6_7
  45. "100 years of mass spectrometry: Perspectives and future trends". Rev. Mod. Phys. 87 (1): 113–135. 2015. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.87.113. Bibcode: 2015RvMP...87..113M.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FRevModPhys.87.113
  46. "Multiplexed protein quantitation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using amine-reactive isobaric tagging reagents". Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 3 (12): 1154–69. December 2004. doi:10.1074/mcp.M400129-MCP200. PMID 15385600.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1074%2Fmcp.M400129-MCP200
  47. "A perspective on the use of iTRAQ reagent technology for protein complex and profiling studies". Journal of Experimental Botany 57 (7): 1501–8. 2006. doi:10.1093/jxb/erj168. PMID 16574745.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferj168
  48. "Methodologies for characterizing phosphoproteins by mass spectrometry". Cell Communication & Adhesion 13 (5–6): 249–62. 2006. doi:10.1080/15419060601077917. PMID 17162667.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2185548
  49. "Tandem mass tags: a novel quantification strategy for comparative analysis of complex protein mixtures by MS/MS". Analytical Chemistry 75 (8): 1895–904. April 2003. doi:10.1021/ac0262560. PMID 12713048.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fac0262560
  50. "Mass spectrometry-based proteomics: existing capabilities and future directions". Chemical Society Reviews 41 (10): 3912–28. May 2012. doi:10.1039/c2cs15331a. PMID 22498958.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3375054
  51. "Protein sequence information by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization in-source decay mass spectrometry". Mass Spectrometry Reviews 26 (5): 672–82. 2007. doi:10.1002/mas.20142. PMID 17492750. Bibcode: 2007MSRv...26..672H.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fmas.20142
  52. "Protein and peptide identification algorithms using MS for use in high-throughput, automated pipelines". Proteomics 5 (16): 4082–95. November 2005. doi:10.1002/pmic.200402091. PMID 16196103.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fpmic.200402091
  53. "Sequence tag identification of intact proteins by matching tanden mass spectral data against sequence data bases". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 93 (16): 8264–7. August 1996. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.16.8264. PMID 8710858. Bibcode: 1996PNAS...93.8264M.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=38658
  54. "Proposal for a common nomenclature for sequence ions in mass spectra of peptides". Biomedical Mass Spectrometry 11 (11): 601. November 1984. doi:10.1002/bms.1200111109. PMID 6525415.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fbms.1200111109
  55. Johnson, Richard S.; Martin, Stephen A.; Biemann, Klaus (December 1988). "Collision-induced fragmentation of (M + H)+ ions of peptides. Side chain specific sequence ions". International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes 86: 137–154. doi:10.1016/0168-1176(88)80060-0. Bibcode: 1988IJMSI..86..137J.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0168-1176%2888%2980060-0
  56. "Low-mass ions produced from peptides by high-energy collision-induced dissociation in tandem mass spectrometry". Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 4 (11): 882–93. November 1993. doi:10.1016/1044-0305(93)87006-X. PMID 24227532.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F1044-0305%2893%2987006-X
  57. Downard, Kevin M.; Biemann, Klaus (January 1995). "Methionine specific sequence ions formed by the dissociation of protonated peptides at high collision energies". Journal of Mass Spectrometry 30 (1): 25–32. doi:10.1002/jms.1190300106. Bibcode: 1995JMSp...30...25D.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fjms.1190300106
  58. "Mass spectrometry of oligosaccharides". Mass Spectrometry Reviews 23 (3): 161–227. 2004. doi:10.1002/mas.10073. PMID 14966796. Bibcode: 2004MSRv...23..161Z.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fmas.10073
  59. Bruno Domon; Catherine E Costello (1988). "A systematic nomenclature for carbohydrate fragmentations in FAB-MS/MS spectra of glycoconjugates". Glycoconj. J. 5 (4): 397–409. doi:10.1007/BF01049915.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01049915
  60. 3.0.CO;2-Y. PMID 10973004. Bibcode: 2000JMSp...35.1042S.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F1096-9888%28200008%2935%3A8%3C1042%3A%3AAID-JMS33%3E3.0.CO%3B2-Y" id="ref_60">"Sequencing of oligosaccharides by collision-induced dissociation matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry". Journal of Mass Spectrometry 35 (8): 1042–8. August 2000. doi:10.1002/1096-9888(200008)35:8<1042::AID-JMS33>3.0.CO;2-Y. PMID 10973004. Bibcode: 2000JMSp...35.1042S.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F1096-9888%28200008%2935%3A8%3C1042%3A%3AAID-JMS33%3E3.0.CO%3B2-Y
  61. "Recent developments in mass spectrometry for the characterization of nucleosides, nucleotides, oligonucleotides, and nucleic acids". Chemical Reviews 105 (5): 1869–915. May 2005. doi:10.1021/cr030040w. PMID 15884792.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr030040w
  62. "Mass spectrometry of RNA". Trends in Biochemical Sciences 31 (3): 173–81. March 2006. doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2006.01.004. PMID 16483781.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tibs.2006.01.004
  63. "Gas-phase fragmentation of oligonucleotide ions". International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 237 (2–3): 197–241. 2004. doi:10.1016/j.ijms.2004.06.014. Bibcode: 2004IJMSp.237..197W  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijms.2004.06.014
  64. "The current revolution in newborn screening: new technology, old controversies". Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 161 (8): 767–72. August 2007. doi:10.1001/archpedi.161.8.767. PMID 17679658.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1001%2Farchpedi.161.8.767
  65. "Newborn screening: a literature review". Neonatal Network 26 (2): 85–95. 2007. doi:10.1891/0730-0832.26.2.85. PMID 17402600.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1891%2F0730-0832.26.2.85
  66. "Use of tandem mass spectrometry for multianalyte screening of dried blood specimens from newborns". Clinical Chemistry 49 (11): 1797–817. November 2003. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2003.022178. PMID 14578311.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1373%2Fclinchem.2003.022178
More
©Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons-Attribution ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
HandWiki
View Times: 6.6K
Entry Collection: HandWiki
Revision: 1 time (View History)
Update Date: 19 Oct 2022
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    ScholarVision Creations
    Feedback