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Gambo, N.;  Musonda, I. Smart Technologies Employed in Primary Healthcare Facilities. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/29978 (accessed on 17 July 2025).
Gambo N,  Musonda I. Smart Technologies Employed in Primary Healthcare Facilities. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/29978. Accessed July 17, 2025.
Gambo, Nuru, Innocent Musonda. "Smart Technologies Employed in Primary Healthcare Facilities" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/29978 (accessed July 17, 2025).
Gambo, N., & Musonda, I. (2022, October 19). Smart Technologies Employed in Primary Healthcare Facilities. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/29978
Gambo, Nuru and Innocent Musonda. "Smart Technologies Employed in Primary Healthcare Facilities." Encyclopedia. Web. 19 October, 2022.
Smart Technologies Employed in Primary Healthcare Facilities
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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/ijerph191811147

With advances in information technology (IT), smart healthcare buildings have gradually come to the fore. Processes and services undertaken in smart primary healthcare building facilities capture operational data through advanced monitoring and enable experts to use these building facilities for efficient healthcare service delivery. 

primary healthcare building services IoT

1. Introduction

Smart healthcare building facilities use a new generation of technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT). These technologies are capable of addressing challenges faced by traditional medical service delivery, making them more efficient, convenient, and personalized. The concept of a smart healthcare building facility services entails the application of smart technologies to support healthcare services and introduce smart healthcare [1].

2. Smart Building Facilities

Globally, the smart building market is rapidly expanding, largely driven by the IoT and new types of technologies. The healthcare building facilities remain an essential component in improving healthcare services. A smart healthcare building facility provides a healthier energy efficiency and controls the safety aspects of the healthcare facility, including the framework for the comfortability of residents and enhanced quality of life and serviceability [2]. Definitions of smart building facilities were proposed and mainly focused on energy features linked to the concept of a “smart grid”. A healthcare building facility that incorporates smart management systems and huge storage of data and analytics that facilitates easy management of energy in the facility. The electrical facilities on the grid that determine the pattern and behaviours within the facility are regarded as a smart/intelligent building facility system. Consequently, the management process of such devices is smart/intelligent via the adoption of IoT technologies [3].
Generically, a smart healthcare facility comprises of three (3) levels, including: The level of the infrastructural data inputs, which embodies all sources of the data collected by the devices, such as consumed energy, level of humidity, indoor/outdoor temperatures, safety alarm activation and deactivation and so on. Then, the level of the facility system signifies the fundamental of the smart system, because this permits the gathering, processing, assembling and storage of the information in a Not Only Structured Query Language (NoSQL) database system. Accordingly, the system permits the utilization of the collected data for the extraction of knowledge by data mining systems and the process of automatic learning through artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms [4].
In the age of IoT, Khan and Salah [5] described the basic features of a smart healthcare building facility as any healthcare building with interoperable building facilities and a mobile integrated solution, while Wassie et al. [6] added that smart healthcare building facilities should have features such as the digitisation of information and established unified systems of communication [3]. Smart building facilities are linked online. Greater attention is also being paid to integrated building automation in the renovation and construction of new buildings. Buildings for which smart technology is applied are called smart buildings.
Moreover, the acronym “SMART”, meaning “Self-Monitoring Analysis and Reporting Technology”, is a technology that provides reasoning alertness to objects, by using innovative technologies such as IoT, artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML) and an extensive analysis of the collected data, providing an intellectual understanding of the facilities that were earlier regarded as useless [7]. Smart technologies are networks of devices that use IoT sensor devices and software and are connected online. This system brings static physical facilities to life. The highly valuable devices are sustainable, mountable, and automated.

3. Technologies Influencing Smart Healthcare Building Facilities (SMAHEAL)

IoT is a significant technological network of devices that uses the internet connectivity of sensor devices and software that animate static physical facilities [8]. Baqer et al. [9] described smart appliances within healthcare building facilities as critical IoT technologies that can support the achievement of primary healthcare building facilities in developing countries. Smart connected devices in primary healthcare building facilities can be remotely controlled with long-term evolution (LTE), Bluetooth, cellular connectivity and Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) [1].
According to Kwon et al. [3], smart primary healthcare building facilities are commonly categorized into three (3) constructs: Services based on location recognition and tracking technology, which evaluates and monitors the location of any data in the facility based on short-range communication technology; the high-speed communication network-based services, which is an installed wireless communication technology; and the construct of IoT-based services, which are used to link IoT devices embedded with sensors and communication functions to the internet.

4. IoT Location Recognition and Tracking Services (IoT-LORE)

IoT facility services are usually achieved by measuring and monitoring the location-based information of any functional facility within a healthcare building space, with the aid of location recognition and tracking technology constructed on short-range communication technology [3][10]. The major technologies associated with IoT in the management of healthcare building facilities are Bluetooth technologies, beacons technologies, Wi-Fi technologies, Zigbee technologies, radio frequency identification (RFID) and global positioning system (GPS) technologies, assisted global positioning system (A-GPS) technologies, barcodes and quick response (QR) codes technologies and the ultra-wideband and communication technologies, e.g., 5th Generation (5G) technology [3]. With the introduction of a tracking system within the healthcare building facility for real-time assets in healthcare services using IoT devices, medical institutions can enhance the effectiveness of logistics management, which is related to healthcare building facilities, and hence improves the workflows of medical staff in the facility [11]. A smart infusion pump involving RFID was first introduced in the US healthcare system, where this technology enhanced the productivity and effectiveness of healthcare building facility through the reduction of about 80% in the time taken by the medical staff to locate any facility within the healthcare centre. The location system utilised real-time location monitoring [3].

5. IoT High-Speed Communication Network-Based Services (IoT-HISB)

IoT-HISB, such as 5G networks and Wi-Fi 6 networks, can help deliver healthcare building facilities with internet services. If such a technology is utilised, the shortcomings of real data collection and analysis processes can be eliminated. These systems of communication are constructed on wireless communication technology, such as the Wi-Fi 6 technology, as one of the highspeed communication network services. This is mainly used in healthcare buildings where there is high traffic involving regular changes in the environment [12][13]. The introduction of orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) technologies, which combine multiple users with different times and requirements to simultaneously gain access to a single-access point in a healthcare building, reduces the transmission waiting time.
The application of Wi-Fi 6 technologies helps with the accurate analysis of the records of patients within the building facility. These real-time data also help to improve treatment outcomes through the precise administration of medication. This is achieved by an objective decision-making procedure according to the accurate and current patient database [6]. The technology of Wi-Fi 6 aids medical devices, such as infusion pumps with adjustable data to transfer times and reduce usage overlap, improving the efficiency of facility operation and maintenance. This is also achieved through OFDMA by allowing about thirty (30) different facility devices to use the same infusion pump and channel without changing orders (Yan, 2019 [14][15]).

6. IoT-Based Services (IoT-BAS)

IoT-BAS is a technology that links different facilities entrenched in sensor devices and communication connected to the internet. This technology entails facility identification, construction of the network and attaching sensor devices and controls [3]. The introduction of IoT in healthcare building facilities for a smart healthcare building could be achieved via leveraging sensor devices, cloud computing, methods of connection, databases, internet protocols, and analytics as infrastructure, using different systems together [6]. IoT technologies and smart healthcare building facilities are used for different reasons, including the reduction in the maintenance costs of healthcare building facilities, reduction in operating costs of machinery and equipment in the healthcare services, enhancement of patient treatments through the reduction in diagnostic delays, increase in staff and patients comfortability, early detection of deterioration in the healthcare buildings, improvement in general safety for both patients and staff, provision of energy efficiency in the healthcare buildings, and general improvement in the profitability [3].
IoT enables the automation and detection of various defects in healthcare buildings for prompt measurement and remedial services. IoT-based vital measurement sensor devices have been developed and attached to building facilities to measure any identified defects [3]. Kang et al. [16] stated that barcodes technologies, RFID technologies, fingerprint/iris/face recognition technologies, and ultrasound-based recognition technologies are used in smart healthcare buildings to deliver better and faster services. The most commonly used IoT-based system is RFID technology, which is used for healthcare building facility management and medical services [17].

References

  1. Yuan, F.; Yao, R.; Sadrizadeh, S.; Li, B.; Cao, G.; Zhang, S.; Croitoru, C. Thermal comfort in hospital buildings–A literature review. J. Build. Eng. 2022, 45, 103463.
  2. Huseien, G.F.; Shah, K.W. A review on 5G technology for smart energy management and smart buildings in Singapore. Energy AI 2022, 7, 100116.
  3. Kwon, H.; Sunhee, A.; Lee, H.-Y.; Cha, W.C.; Kim, S.; Cho, M.; Kong, H.-J. Review of smart hospital services in real healthcare environments. Healthc. Inform. Res. 2022, 8, 3–15.
  4. Umair, M.C.; Muhammad, A.; Cheema, O.; Li, H.; Lu, H. Impact of COVID-19 on IoT adoption in healthcare, smart homes, smart buildings, smart cities, transportation and industrial IoT. Sensors 2021, 21, 3838.
  5. Khan, M.A.; Salah, K. IoT security: Review, blockchain solutions, and open challenges. Future Gener. Comput. Syst. 2018, 82, 395–411.
  6. Wassie, B.; Gintamo, B.; Mekuria, Z.N.; Gizaw, Z. Healthcare Waste Management Practices and Associated Factors in Private Clinics in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Environ. Health Insights 2022, 16, 11786302211073383.
  7. Bellini, P.; Nesi, P.; Pantaleo, G. IoT-enabled smart cities: A review of concepts, frameworks and key technologies. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 1607.
  8. Malik, P.S.; Rajesh, G.; Anita, A.; Shaik, V.; Das, P.K. Village 4.0: Digitalization of Village with Smart Internet of Things Technologies. Comput. Ind. Eng. 2022, 165, 107938.
  9. Baqer, N.S.; Mohammed, H.A.; Albahri, A.S.; Zaidan, A.A.; Al-qaysi, Z.T.; Albahri, O.S. Development of the Internet of Things sensory technology for ensuring proper indoor air quality in hospital facilities: Taxonomy analysis, challenges, motivations, open issues and recommended solution. Measurement 2022, 192, 110920.
  10. Espinosa, Á.V.; López, J.L.; Mata, M.F.; Estevez, M.E. Application of IoT in healthcare: Keys to implementation of the sustainable development goals. Sensors 2021, 21, 2330.
  11. Birje, M.N.; Hanji, S.S. Internet of things based distributed healthcare systems: A review. J. Data Inf. Manag. 2020, 2, 149–165.
  12. Schuchat, A. Public health response to the initiation and spread of pandemic COVID-19 in the United States, February 24–April 21, 2020. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 2020, 69, 551.
  13. Singh, A.; Mahapatra, S. Network-based applications of multimedia big data computing in IoT environment. In Multimedia Big Data Computing for IoT Applications; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2020; pp. 435–452.
  14. Zhao, Q.; Jiang, Z. Insect Intelligent Building (I2B): A new architecture of building control systems based on the Internet of Things (IoT). In Proceedings of the International Conference on Smart City and Intelligent Building, Hefei, China, 15–16 September 2018.
  15. Yan, G. Simulation analysis of key technology optimization of 5G mobile communication network based on Internet of Things technology. Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw. 2019, 15, 1550147719851454.
  16. Kang, S.B.; Hyunyoung, J.E.; Hwang, H.; Yoo, S. Survey on the demand for adoption of Internet of Things (IoT)-based services in hospitals: Investigation of nurses’ perception in a tertiary university hospital. Appl. Nurs. Res. 2019, 47, 18–23.
  17. de la Torre, D.; Isabel, A.; Susel, G.; Hamrioui, S.; Cruz, E.M.; Nozaleda, L.M.; Franco, M.A. IoT-based services and applications for mental health in the literature. J. Med. Syst. 2019, 43, 11.
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Subjects: Construction & Building Technology
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Update Date: 25 Oct 2022
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