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The 1860 Oxford evolution debate took place at the Oxford University Museum in Oxford, England , on 30 June 1860, seven months after the publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species. Several prominent British scientists and philosophers participated, including Thomas Henry Huxley, Bishop Samuel Wilberforce, Benjamin Brodie, Joseph Dalton Hooker and Robert FitzRoy. The debate is best remembered today for a heated exchange in which Wilberforce supposedly asked Huxley whether it was through his grandfather or his grandmother that he claimed his descent from a monkey. Huxley is said to have replied that he would not be ashamed to have a monkey for his ancestor, but he would be ashamed to be connected with a man who used his great gifts to obscure the truth. One eyewitness suggests that Wilberforce's question to Huxley may have been "whether, in the vast shaky state of the law of development, as laid down by Darwin, any one can be so enamoured of this so-called law, or hypothesis, as to go into jubilation for his great great grandfather having been an ape or a gorilla?", whereas another suggests he may have said that "it was of little consequence to himself whether or not his grandfather might be called a monkey or not." The encounter is often known as the Huxley–Wilberforce debate or the Wilberforce–Huxley debate, although this description is somewhat misleading. Rather than being a formal debate between the two, it was actually an animated discussion that occurred after the presentation of a paper by John William Draper of New York University, on the intellectual development of Europe with relation to Darwin's theory (one of a number of scientific papers presented during the week as part of the British Association's annual meeting). Although Huxley and Wilberforce were not the only participants in the discussion, they were reported to be the two dominant parties. No verbatim account of the debate exists, and there is considerable uncertainty regarding what Huxley and Wilberforce actually said.
References
- Desmond, Adrian; Moore, James (1991). Darwin. London: Michael Joseph, Penguin Group. ISBN 978-0-7181-3430-3.
- Owen, Richard (1860). "Review of Darwin's Origin of Species". Edinburgh Review 3 (April 1860): 487–532. Archived from the original on 6 August 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100806060548/http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=A30&viewtype=text&pageseq=1. . Published anonymously.
- Wilberforce, Samuel (1860). "(Review of) On the Origin of Species". Quarterly Review 108 (215): 225–264. Archived from the original on 6 August 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100806051419/http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=A19&viewtype=text&pageseq=1. . Published anonymously.
- Huxley, Thomas Henry (1893–94). Collected essays: vol 2 Darwiniana. London: Macmillan. pp. 1–20.
- Foster, Michael; Lankester, E. Ray (2007). The scientific memoirs of Thomas Henry Huxley. 4 vols and supplement. London: Macmillan (published 1898–1903). p. 400. ISBN 978-1-4326-4011-8.
- Thomson, Keith Stewart (2000). "Huxley, Wilberforce and the Oxford Museum". American Scientist 88 (3): 210. doi:10.1511/2000.3.210. http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/pub/2000/5/huxley-wilberforce-and-the-oxford-museum.
- Gross, Charles G. (1993). "Hippocampus minor and man's place in nature: a case study in the social construction of neuroanatomy". Hippocampus 3 (4): 407–413. doi:10.1002/hipo.450030403. PMID 8269033. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fhipo.450030403
- Brooke, John Hedley (2001). "Darwinism & Religion: a Revisionist View of the Wilberforce-Huxley Debate". Lecture delivered at Emmanuel College, Cambridge on 26 February 2001. Archived from the original on 11 December 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081211074654/http://www.st-edmunds.cam.ac.uk/cis/brooke/. Retrieved 14 February 2008.
- Natural History Museum. Samuel Wilberforce. Retrieved on 1 June 2011. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/evolution/how-did-evol-theory-develop/evol-samuel-wilberforce/index.html
- Bryson, Bill (2003). A Short History of Nearly Everything. London: Doubleday. pp. 348–349. ISBN 978-0-7679-0817-7.
- Wollaston, A. F. R. (1921). Life of Alfred Newton: late Professor of Comparative Anatomy, Cambridge University 1866–1907, with a Preface by Sir Archibald Geikie OM. New York: Dutton. pp. 118–120.
- Lucas, J. R. (1979). "Wilberforce and Huxley: a legendary encounter". The Historical Journal 22 (2): 313–330. doi:10.1017/S0018246X00016848. PMID 11617072. http://users.ox.ac.uk/~jrlucas/legend.html.
- Jensen, J. Vernon (1991). ""Debate" with Bishop Wilberforce, 1860". Thomas Henry Huxley: communicating for science. Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses. pp. 63–86. ISBN 978-0-87413-379-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=GINeLJUueCoC&pg=PA63. [This chapter is an excellent survey, and its notes gives references to all the eyewitness accounts except Newton. The great majority of these accounts do accord with the traditional version.]
- Flood, Alison (10 September 2010). "Plinth commemorates Huxley-Wilberforce evolution debate". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/sep/10/plinth-huxley-wilberforce-evolution-debate. Retrieved November 14, 2012.
- Huxley, Leonard (1900). The Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley. 1. London: Macmillan. p. 202.
- Balfour Stewart, letter to David Forbes, July 4, 1860.
- "Letter 2852 — Hooker, J. D. to Darwin, C. R., 2 July 1860". Darwin Correspondence Project. http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-2852. Retrieved 2010-06-22.
- Green, Vivian H. H. (1996). A New History of Christianity. New York: Continuum. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-8264-1227-0.
- Huxley L. 1918. Life and Letters of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker OM, GCSI. 2 vols, I pp. 522–525 (letter to Darwin, July 2nd 1860).
- Ruse, Michael (2001). Can a Darwinian be a Christian? The Relationship between Science and Religion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-521-63716-9. https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge%20University%20Press
- Samuel Wilberforce, letter to Sir Charles Anderson, July 3, 1860.
- England, Richard (June 28, 2017). "Censoring Huxley and Wilberforce: A new source for the meeting that the Athenaeum 'wisely softened down'". Notes and Records 71 (4): 20160058. doi:10.1098/rsnr.2016.0058. ISSN 0035-9149. https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frsnr.2016.0058
- Jackson's Oxford Journal, 23 June 1860.
- Jackson's Oxford Journal, 30 June 1860.
- E.g., Liverpool Mercury, 5 July 1860.
