Chelicerata

Version	Summary	Created by	Modification	Content Size	Created at	Operation
1	handwiki	Camila Xu	--	4429	2022-10-13 01:32:35

The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Biology:Chelicerata

The subphylum Chelicerata (from New Latin, from fr chélicère, from grc χηλή (Script error: No such module "Ancient Greek".) 'claw, chela', and κέρας (Script error: No such module "Ancient Greek".) 'horn') constitutes one of the major subdivisions of the phylum Arthropoda. It contains the sea spiders, horseshoe crabs, and arachnids (including harvestmen, scorpions, spiders, solifuges, ticks, and mites, among many others), as well as a number of extinct lineages, such as the eurypterids (sea scorpions) and chasmataspidids. The Chelicerata originated as marine animals in the Middle Cambrian period; the first confirmed chelicerate fossils, belonging to Sanctacaris, date from 508 million years ago. The surviving marine species include the four species of xiphosurans (horseshoe crabs), and possibly the 1,300 species of pycnogonids (sea spiders), if the latter are indeed chelicerates. On the other hand, there are over 77,000 well-identified species of air-breathing chelicerates, and there may be about 500,000 unidentified species. Like all arthropods, chelicerates have segmented bodies with jointed limbs, all covered in a cuticle made of chitin and proteins. The chelicerate body plan consists of two tagmata, the prosoma and the opisthosoma, except that mites have lost a visible division between these sections. The chelicerae, which give the group its name, are the only appendages that appear before the mouth. In most sub-groups, they are modest pincers used to feed. However, spiders' chelicerae form fangs that most species use to inject venom into prey. The group has the open circulatory system typical of arthropods, in which a tube-like heart pumps blood through the hemocoel, which is the major body cavity. Marine chelicerates have gills, while the air-breathing forms generally have both book lungs and tracheae. In general, the ganglia of living chelicerates' central nervous systems fuse into large masses in the cephalothorax, but there are wide variations and this fusion is very limited in the Mesothelae, which are regarded as the oldest and most basal group of spiders. Most chelicerates rely on modified bristles for touch and for information about vibrations, air currents, and chemical changes in their environment. The most active hunting spiders also have very acute eyesight. Chelicerates were originally predators, but the group has diversified to use all the major feeding strategies: predation, parasitism, herbivory, scavenging and eating decaying organic matter. Although harvestmen can digest solid food, the guts of most modern chelicerates are too narrow for this, and they generally liquidize their food by grinding it with their chelicerae and pedipalps and flooding it with digestive enzymes. To conserve water, air-breathing chelicerates excrete waste as solids that are removed from their blood by Malpighian tubules, structures that also evolved independently in insects. While the marine horseshoe crabs rely on external fertilization, air-breathing chelicerates use internal but usually indirect fertilization. Many species use elaborate courtship rituals to attract mates. Most lay eggs that hatch as what look like miniature adults, but all scorpions and a few species of mites keep the eggs inside their bodies until the young emerge. In most chelicerate species the young have to fend for themselves, but in scorpions and some species of spider the females protect and feed their young. The evolutionary origins of chelicerates from the early arthropods have been debated for decades. Although there is considerable agreement about the relationships between most chelicerate sub-groups, the inclusion of the Pycnogonida in this taxon has recently been questioned (see below), and the exact position of scorpions is still controversial, though they were long considered the most basal of the arachnids. Venom has evolved three times in the chelicerates; spiders, scorpions and pseudoscorpions, or four times if the hematophagous secretions produced by ticks are included. In addition there have been undocumented descriptions of venom glands in Solifugae. Chemical defense has been found in whip scorpions, shorttailed whipscorpions, harvestmen, beetle mites and sea spiders. Although the venom of a few spider and scorpion species can be very dangerous to humans, medical researchers are investigating the use of these venoms for the treatment of disorders ranging from cancer to erectile dysfunction. The medical industry also uses the blood of horseshoe crabs as a test for the presence of contaminant bacteria. Mites can cause allergies in humans, transmit several diseases to humans and their livestock, and are serious agricultural pests.

ganglia chemical changes chela'

References

Dunlop, Jason A.; Lamsdell, James C. (2017). "Segmentation and tagmosis in Chelicerata" (in en). Arthropod Structure & Development 46 (3): 395–418. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2016.05.002. ISSN 1467-8039. PMID 27240897. https://www.academia.edu/28212892.
Ortega-Hernández, Javier; Janssen, Ralf; Budd, Graham E. (2017-05-01). "Origin and evolution of the panarthropod head – A palaeobiological and developmental perspective". Arthropod Structure & Development. Evolution of Segmentation 46 (3): 354–379. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2016.10.011. ISSN 1467-8039. PMID 27989966. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.asd.2016.10.011
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
Willmer, P.; Willmer, P.G. (1990). Invertebrate Relationships: Patterns in animal evolution. Cambridge University Press. p. 275. ISBN 978-0-521-33712-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=uRrfn_5UNUQC&q=chelicerate+mouth&pg=PA275. Retrieved 2008-10-14.
Telford, Maximilian J.; Thomas, Richard H. (1998-09-01). "Expression of homeobox genes shows chelicerate arthropods retain their deutocerebral segment" (in en). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95 (18): 10671–10675. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.18.10671. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 9724762. Bibcode: 1998PNAS...9510671T. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27953
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
Braddy, S.J.; Poschmann, M. Markus; Tetlie, O.E. (2008). "Giant claw reveals the largest ever arthropod". Biology Letters 4 (1): 106–109. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0491. PMID 18029297. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2412931
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
Ruppert, E. E.; Fox, R. S.; Barnes, R. D. (2004). Invertebrate Zoology (7th ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp. 571–584. ISBN 0030259827.
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
Braddy, S.J.; Aldridge, R.J.; Gabbott, S.E.; Theron, J.N. (1999), "Lamellate book-gills in a late Ordovician eurypterid from the Soom Shale, South Africa: Support for a eurypterid-scorpion clade", Lethaia 32 (1): 72–74, doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1999.tb00582.x https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1502-3931.1999.tb00582.x
Meehan, C.J.; Olson, E.J.; Curry, R.L. (21 August 2008). "Exploitation of the Pseudomyrmex–Acacia mutualism by a predominantly vegetarian jumping spider (Bagheera kiplingi)". 93rd ESA Annual Meeting. http://eco.confex.com/eco/2008/techprogram/P12401.HTM. Retrieved 2008-10-10.
Jackson, R.R. (2001), "Jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) that feed on nectar", Journal of Zoology 255: 25–29, doi:10.1017/S095283690100108X, http://xnelson.googlepages.com/Jacksonetal2001.pdf
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
Gould, S.J. (1990). Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History. New York, NY: W.W. Norton; Hutchinson Radius. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-09-174271-3. Bibcode: 1989wlbs.book.....G. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989wlbs.book.....G
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
Mittmann, B.; Scholtz, G. (2003). "Development of the nervous system in the "head" of Limulus polyphemus (Chelicerata: Xiphosura): Morphological evidence for a correspondence between the segments of the chelicerae and of the (first) antennae of Mandibulata". Dev Genes Evol 213 (1): 9–17. doi:10.1007/s00427-002-0285-5. PMID 12590348. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00427-002-0285-5
Coddington, J.A.; Levi, H.W. (1991). "Systematics and Evolution of Spiders (Araneae)". Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 22: 565–592. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.22.110191.003025. https://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.es.22.110191.003025
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
"Differential expression of retinal determination genes in the principal and secondary eyes of Cupiennius salei Keyserling (1877)". Evodevo 6: 16. 2015. doi:10.1186/s13227-015-0010-x. PMID 26034575. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4450993
Harland, D.P.; Jackson, R.R. (2000). ""Eight-legged cats" and how they see - a review of recent research on jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)". Cimbebasia 16: 231–240. http://www.cogs.susx.ac.uk/ccnr/Papers/Downloads/Harland_Cimb2000.pdf. Retrieved 2008-10-11.
"With their eight eyes, jumping spiders are true visionaries". 2012-10-17. http://www.nbcnews.com/id/49454132/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/their-eight-eyes-jumping-spiders-are-true-visionaries/.
Lourenço, W.R. (2002). "Reproduction in scorpions, with special reference to parthenogenesis". European Arachnology 2000. Aarhus University Press. pp. 71–85. ISBN 978-87-7934-001-5. http://www.european-arachnology.org/proceedings/19th/Lourenco.PDF. Retrieved 2008-09-28.
Foelix, R.F. (1996). "Reproduction". Biology of Spiders. Oxford University Press US. pp. 176–212. ISBN 978-0-19-509594-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=XUgyqxNKhyAC&q=%22Biology+of+Spiders%22+Foelix&pg=PP1. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
Wills, M.A. (2001), "How good is the fossil record of arthropods? An assessment using the stratigraphic congruence of cladograms", Geological Journal 36 (3–4): 187–210, doi:10.1002/gj.882 https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fgj.882
Legg, David A. (2014). "Sanctacaris uncata: the oldest chelicerate (Arthropoda)". Naturwissenschaften 101 (12): 1065–1073. doi:10.1007/s00114-014-1245-4. PMID 25296691. Bibcode: 2014NW....101.1065L. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266683582.
Lamsdell, James C.; Briggs, Derek E. G.; Liu, Huaibao; Witzke, Brian J.; McKay, Robert M. (2015), "The oldest described eurypterid: a giant Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian) megalograptid from the Winneshiek Lagerstätte of Iowa", BMC Evolutionary Biology 15: 169, doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0443-9, PMID 26324341 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4556007
2.0.CO;2, ISSN 0022-3360 https://dx.doi.org/10.1666%2F0022-3360%282005%29079%3C0242%3AANSCXF%3E2.0.CO%3B2" id="ref_34">Moore, R.A.; Briggs, D.E.G.; Braddy, S.J.; Anderson, L.I.; Mikulic, D.G.; Kluessendorf, J. (March 2005), "A new synziphosurine (Chelicerata, Xiphosura) from the late Llandovery (Silurian) Waukesha Lagerstaette, Wisconsin, USA", Journal of Paleontology 79 (2): 242–250, doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079<0242:ANSCXF>2.0.CO;2, ISSN 0022-3360 https://dx.doi.org/10.1666%2F0022-3360%282005%29079%3C0242%3AANSCXF%3E2.0.CO%3B2
Rudkin, D.M.; Young, G.A.; Nowlan, G.S. (January 2008), "The Oldest Horseshoe Crab: a New Xiphosurid from Late Ordovician Konservat-Lagerstätten Deposits, Manitoba, Canada", Palaeontology 51 (1): 1–9, doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00746.x https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-4983.2007.00746.x
Dunlop, J.A. (September 1996), "A trigonotarbid arachnid from the Upper Silurian of Shropshire", Palaeontology 39 (3): 605–614, http://palaeontology.palass-pubs.org/pdf/Vol%2039/Pages%20605-614.pdf, retrieved 2008-10-12 The fossil was originally named Eotarbus but was renamed when it was realized that a Carboniferous arachnid had already been named Eotarbus: Dunlop, J.A. (1999), "A replacement name for the trigonotarbid arachnid Eotarbus Dunlop", Palaeontology 42 (1): 191, doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00068
Vollrath, F.; Selden, P.A. (December 2007), "The Role of Behavior in the Evolution of Spiders, Silks, and Webs", Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 38: 819–846, doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110221, http://homepage.mac.com/paulselden/Sites/Website/ARES.pdf, retrieved 2008-10-12
Selden, P.A.; Shear, W.A. (July 2008), "Fossil evidence for the origin of spider spinnerets", PNAS 105 (52): 20781–5, doi:10.1073/pnas.0809174106, PMID 19104044, Bibcode: 2008PNAS..10520781S http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2634869
Garwood, Russell J.; Dunlop, Jason A. (2014). "Three-dimensional reconstruction and the phylogeny of extinct chelicerate orders". PeerJ 2: e641. doi:10.7717/peerj.641. PMID 25405073. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4232842
Wang, Bo; Dunlop, Jason A.; Selden, Paul A.; Garwood, Russell J.; Shear, William A.; Müller, Patrick; Lei, Xiaojie (2018). "Cretaceous arachnid Chimerarachne yingi gen. et sp. nov. illuminates spider origins". Nature Ecology & Evolution 2 (4): 614–622. doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0449-3. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 29403075. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/cretaceous-arachnid-chimerarachne-yingi-gen-et-sp-nov-illuminates-spider-origins(b82d83bd-6081-4187-acfc-fb7358c33358).html.
Garwood, Russell J.; Dunlop, Jason A.; Selden, Paul A.; Spencer, Alan R. T.; Atwood, Robert C.; Vo, Nghia T.; Drakopoulos, Michael (2016). "Almost a spider: a 305-million-year-old fossil arachnid and spider origins". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283 (1827): 20160125. doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.0125. ISSN 0962-8452. PMID 27030415. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4822468
Weygoldt, P. (February 1998), "Evolution and systematics of the Chelicerata", Experimental and Applied Acarology 22 (2): 63–79, doi:10.1023/A:1006037525704 https://dx.doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1006037525704
Shear, W.A., Gensel, P.G. and Jeram, A.J. (December 1996), "Fossils of large terrestrial arthropods from the Lower Devonian of Canada", Nature 384 (6609): 555–557, doi:10.1038/384555a0, Bibcode: 1996Natur.384..555S https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F384555a0
Anderson, Evan P.; Schiffbauer, James D.; Jacquet, Sarah M.; Lamsdell, James C.; Kluessendorf, Joanne; Mikulic, Donald G. (2021). "Stranger than a scorpion: a reassessment of Parioscorpio venator, a problematic arthropod from the Llandoverian Waukesha Lagerstätte" (in en). Palaeontology 64 (3): 429–474. doi:10.1111/pala.12534. ISSN 1475-4983. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/pala.12534.
"The Arthropoda: A Phylogenetic Framework". Arthropod Biology and Evolution: 17–40. April 2013. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-36160-9_2. ISBN 978-3-642-36159-3. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-36160-9_2
"The phylogenetic status of arthropods, as inferred from 18S rRNA sequences". Molecular Biology and Evolution 8 (5): 669–686. September 1991. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040677. PMID 1766363. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.molbev.a040677
"A Review of Arthropod Phylogeny: New Data Based on Ribosomal DNA Sequences and Direct Character Optimization". Cladistics 16 (2): 204–231. 2000. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2000.tb00353.x. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-0031.2000.tb00353.x
Jenner, R.A. (2006), "Challenging received wisdoms: Some contributions of the new microscopy to the new animal phylogeny", Integrative and Comparative Biology 46 (2): 93–103, doi:10.1093/icb/icj014, PMID 21672726 https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2Ficj014
J. W. Shultz (2007). "A phylogenetic analysis of the arachnid orders based on morphological characters". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150: 221–265. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00284.x. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.2007.00284.x
Schultz, J.W. (2007), "A phylogenetic analysis of the arachnid orders based on morphological characters", Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (2): 221–265, doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00284.x https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.2007.00284.x
O. Tetlie, E.; Braddy, S.J. (2003), "The first Silurian chasmataspid, Loganamaraspis dunlopi gen. et sp. nov. (Chelicerata: Chasmataspidida) from Lesmahagow, Scotland, and its implications for eurypterid phylogeny", Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 94 (3): 227–234, doi:10.1017/S0263593300000638 https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0263593300000638
Poschmann, M.; Dunlop, J.A. (2006), "A New Sea Spider (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) with a Flagelliform Telson from the Lower Devonian Hunsrück Slate, Germany", Palaeontology 49 (5): 983–989, doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00583.x https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-4983.2006.00583.x
Gonzalo Giribet G., Edgecombe, G.D., Wheeler, W.C., and Babbitt, C. (2002), "Phylogeny and Systematic Position of Opiliones: A Combined Analysis of Chelicerate Relationships Using Morphological and Molecular Data", Cladistics 18 (1): 5–70, doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2002.tb00140.x, PMID 14552352 https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-0031.2002.tb00140.x
Shultz, J.W. (2007), "A phylogenetic analysis of the arachnid orders based on morphological characters", Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (2): 221–265, doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00284.x https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.2007.00284.x
Garwood, Russell J.; Dunlop, Jason A.; Knecht, Brian J.; Hegna, Thomas A. (2017). "The phylogeny of fossil whip spiders". BMC Evolutionary Biology 17 (1): 105. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0931-1. ISSN 1471-2148. PMID 28431496. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5399839
Garwood, Russell J.; Dunlop, Jason (2014). "Three-dimensional reconstruction and the phylogeny of extinct chelicerate orders". PeerJ 2: e641. doi:10.7717/peerj.641. ISSN 2167-8359. PMID 25405073. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4232842
Giribet, Gonzalo (2018). "Current views on chelicerate phylogeny—A tribute to Peter Weygoldt". Zoologischer Anzeiger 273: 7–13. doi:10.1016/j.jcz.2018.01.004. ISSN 0044-5231. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:37308630.
Sharma, Prashant P.; Kaluziak, Stefan T.; Pérez-Porro, Alicia R.; González, Vanessa L.; Hormiga, Gustavo; Wheeler, Ward C.; Giribet, Gonzalo (2014). "Phylogenomic Interrogation of Arachnida Reveals Systemic Conflicts in Phylogenetic Signal". Molecular Biology and Evolution 31 (11): 2963–2984. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu235. ISSN 1537-1719. PMID 25107551. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsu235
Ballesteros, Jesús A; Sharma, Prashant P; Halanych, Ken (2019). "A Critical Appraisal of the Placement of Xiphosura (Chelicerata) with Account of Known Sources of Phylogenetic Error". Systematic Biology 68 (6): 896–917. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syz011. ISSN 1063-5157. PMID 30917194. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fsysbio%2Fsyz011
Jason A. Dunlop; O. Erik Tetlie; Lorenzo Prendini (2008). "Reinterpretation of the Silurian scorpion Proscorpius osborni (Whitfield): integrating data from Palaeozoic and recent scorpions". Palaeontology 51 (2): 303–320. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00749.x. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-4983.2007.00749.x
G. Kühl; A. Bergmann; J. Dunlop; R. J. Garwood; J. Rust (2012). "Redescription and palaeobiology of Palaeoscorpius devonicus Lehmann, 1944 from the Lower Devonian Hunsrück Slate of Germany". Palaeontology 55 (4): 775–787. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2012.01152.x. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-4983.2012.01152.x
Lamsdell, James C. (2013-01-01). "Revised systematics of Palaeozoic 'horseshoe crabs' and the myth of monophyletic Xiphosura" (in en). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 167 (1): 1–27. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00874.x. ISSN 0024-4082. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.2012.00874.x
Lozano-Fernandez, Jesus; Tanner, Alastair R.; Giacomelli, Mattia; Carton, Robert; Vinther, Jakob; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Pisani, Davide (2019). "Increasing species sampling in chelicerate genomic-scale datasets provides support for monophyly of Acari and Arachnida". Nature Communications 10 (1): 2295. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-10244-7. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 31127117. Bibcode: 2019NatCo..10.2295L. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6534568
Shultz, J.W. (2001), "Chelicerata (Arachnids, Including Spiders, Mites and Scorpions)", Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., doi:10.1038/npg.els.0001605, ISBN 978-0470016176 https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnpg.els.0001605
Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World, Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Government, September 2005, http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/publications/other/species-numbers/2009/pubs/nlsaw-2nd-complete.pdf, retrieved 2010-03-29
Schütz, D.; Taborsky, M. (2003), "Adaptations to an aquatic life may be responsible for the reversed sexual size dimorphism in the water spider, Argyroneta aquatica", Evolutionary Ecology Research 5 (1): 105–117, http://www.zoology.unibe.ch/behav/pdf_files/Schuetz_EvolEcolRes03.pdf, retrieved 2008-10-11
Pinto-da-Rocha, R., G. Machado, G. Giribet. 2007. Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, MA.
Pseudoscorpion - Penn State Entomology Department Fact Sheet, Pennsylvania State University, http://www.ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/pseudoscorpion.htm, retrieved 2008-10-26
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
Harvey, M.S. (2002), "The Neglected Cousins: What do we Know about the Smaller Arachnid Orders?", Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 357–372, doi:10.1636/0161-8202(2002)030[0357:TNCWDW2.0.CO;2], ISSN 0161-8202, http://www.americanarachnology.org/JoA_Congress/JoA_v30_n2/arac-30-02-357.pdf, retrieved 2008-10-26
Heard, W. (2008), Coast, University of South Florida, ISBN 978-1-59874-147-6, http://www.marine.usf.edu/pjocean/packets/f01/f01u5p3.pdf, retrieved 2008-08-25
Ray, N. (2002), Lonely Planet Cambodia, Lonely Planet Publications, p. 308, ISBN 978-1-74059-111-9
Weil, C. (2006), Fierce Food, Plume, ISBN 978-0-452-28700-6, https://archive.org/details/fiercefoodintrep0000weil, retrieved 2008-10-03
Spider Venom Could Yield Eco-Friendly Insecticides, National Science Foundation (USA), https://www.nsf.gov/discoveries/disc_summ.jsp?cntn_id=100676&org=NSF, retrieved 2008-10-11
Novak, K. (2001), "Spider venom helps hearts keep their rhythm", Nature Medicine 7 (155): 155, doi:10.1038/84588, PMID 11175840 https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F84588
Lewis, R.J.; Garcia, M.L. (October 2003), "Therapeutic potential of venom peptides", Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 2 (10): 790–802, doi:10.1038/nrd1197, PMID 14526382 https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrd1197
Bogin, O. (Spring 2005), "Venom Peptides and their Mimetics as Potential Drugs", Modulator (19), http://www.alomone.com/System/UpLoadFiles/DGallery/Docs/Venom%20Peptides%20and%20their%20Mimetics%20as%20Potential%20Drugs.pdf, retrieved 2008-10-11
Andrade, E. et al. (June 2008), "Penile erection induced in vivo by a purified toxin from the Brazilian spider Phoneutria nigriventer", British Journal of Urology International 102 (7): 835–837, doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2008.07762.x, PMID 18537953 https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1464-410X.2008.07762.x
Robitzski, Dan (2019-04-02). "Scientists gene-hacked bacteria to make bullet-proof spider silk". https://futurism.com/bacterial-factories-bulletproof-fabric.
Hinman, M.B., Jones J.A., and Lewis, R.W. (September 2000), "Synthetic spider silk: a modular fiber", Trends in Biotechnology 18 (9): 374–379, doi:10.1016/S0167-7799(00)01481-5, PMID 10942961, http://www.tech.plym.ac.uk/sme/FailureCases/Natural_Structures/Synthetic_spider_silk.pdf, retrieved 2008-10-19
Menassa, R.; Zhu, H.; Karatzas, C.N.; Lazaris, A.; Richman, A.; Brandle, J. (June 2004), "Spider dragline silk proteins in transgenic tobacco leaves: accumulation and field production", Plant Biotechnology Journal 2 (5): 431–438, doi:10.1111/j.1467-7652.2004.00087.x, PMID 17168889 https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7652.2004.00087.x
Kojima, Katsura; Tamada, Yasushi; Nakajima, Ken-ichi; Sezutsu, Hideki; Kuwana, Yoshihiko (2014-08-27). "High-Toughness Silk Produced by a Transgenic Silkworm Expressing Spider (Araneus ventricosus) Dragline Silk Protein". PLOS ONE 9 (8): e105325. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105325. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 25162624. Bibcode: 2014PLoSO...9j5325K. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4146547
Yirka, Bob (2018-08-07). "Gene editing technique allows silkworms to produce spider silk". https://phys.org/news/2018-08-gene-technique-silkworms-spider-silk.html.
"Spider Silk | Kraig Biocraft Laboratories". 13 October 2014. https://www.kraiglabs.com/spider-silk/.
Jefferson, Brandie (2018-08-21). "Engineering scientists use bacteria to create biosynthetic silk threads stronger and more tensile than before". https://phys.org/news/2018-08-scientists-bacteria-biosynthetic-silk-threads.html.
Rehm, Jeremy (2019-05-01). "Bacteria can be coaxed into making the toughest kind of spider silk". https://www.sciencenews.org/article/bacteria-can-be-coaxed-making-toughest-kind-spider-silk.
Diaz, J.H. (August 1, 2004), "The Global Epidemiology, Syndromic Classification, Management, and Prevention of Spider Bites", American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 71 (2): 239–250, doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2004.71.2.0700239, PMID 15306718, http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/71/2/239, retrieved 2008-10-11
Williamson, J.A.; Fenner, P.J.; Burnett, J.W.; Rifkin, J. (1996), Venomous and Poisonous Marine Animals: A Medical and Biological Handbook, UNSW Press, pp. 65–68, ISBN 978-0-86840-279-6, https://books.google.com/books?id=YsZ3GryFIzEC&q=mollusc+venom+fatal&pg=PA75, retrieved 2008-10-03
Cheng, D.; Dattaro, J.A.; Yakobi, R., Scorpion Sting, WebMD, http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic2081.htm, retrieved 2008-10-25
"'Scorpion venom' attacks tumours", BBC News, 2006-07-30, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/5214784.stm, retrieved 2008-10-25
Scorpion venom blocks bone loss, Harvard University, http://harvardscience.harvard.edu/medicine-health/articles/scorpion-venom-blocks-bone-loss, retrieved 2008-10-25
Goodman, Jesse L.; Dennis, David Tappen; Sonenshine, Daniel E. (2005), Tick-borne diseases of humans, ASM Press, p. 114, ISBN 978-1-55581-238-6, https://books.google.com/books?id=dKlUARLKT9IC, retrieved 29 March 2010
Potter, M.F., Parasitic Mites of Humans, University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, http://www.ca.uky.edu/entomology/entfacts/ef637.asp, retrieved 2008-10-25
Jong, D.D.; Morse, R.A.; Eickwort, G.C. (January 1982), "Mite Pests of Honey Bees", Annual Review of Entomology 27: 229–252, doi:10.1146/annurev.en.27.010182.001305 https://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.en.27.010182.001305
Klenerman, Paul; Lipworth, Brian; authors, House dust mite allergy, NetDoctor, http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/health_advice/facts/allergyhousedustmite.htm, retrieved 2008-02-20
Osakabe, M. (2002), "Which predatory mite can control both a dominant mite pest, Tetranychus urticae, and a latent mite pest, Eotetranychus asiaticus, on strawberry?", Experimental & Applied Acarology 26 (3–4): 219–230, doi:10.1023/A:1021116121604, PMID 12542009 https://dx.doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1021116121604

©Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons-Attribution ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.

Upload a video for this entry

Information

Subjects: Others

Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :

HandWiki

View Times: 2.9K

Entry Collection: HandWiki

Update Date: 18 Oct 2022

Table of Contents

Video Upload Options

References