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HandWiki. Manila Galleon. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/29817 (accessed on 22 September 2026).
HandWiki. Manila Galleon. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/29817. Accessed September 22, 2026.
HandWiki. "Manila Galleon" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/29817 (accessed September 22, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, October 18). Manila Galleon. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/29817
HandWiki. "Manila Galleon." Encyclopedia. Web. 18 October, 2022.
Manila Galleon
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The Manila Galleons (Spanish: Galeón de Manila; Filipino: Galyon ng Maynila) were Spain trading ships which for two-and-a-half centuries linked the Spanish Captaincy General of the Philippines with Mexico across the Pacific Ocean, making one or two round-trip voyages per year between the ports of Acapulco and Manila, which were both part of New Spain. The name of the galleon changed to reflect the city that the ship sailed from. The term Manila galleon can also refer to the trade route itself between Acapulco and Manila, which lasted from 1565 to 1815.

The Manila galleons sailed the Pacific for 250 years, bringing to the Americas cargoes of luxury goods such as spices and porcelain in exchange for New World silver. The route also fostered cultural exchanges that shaped the identities and culture of the countries involved. The Manila galleons were also (somewhat confusingly) known in New Spain as La Nao de la China ("The China Ship") on their voyages from the Philippines because they carried mostly Chinese goods, shipped from Manila. The Spanish inaugurated the Manila galleon trade route in 1565 after the Augustinian friar and navigator Andrés de Urdaneta pioneered the tornaviaje or return route from the Philippines to Mexico. Urdaneta and Alonso de Arellano made the first successful round trips that year. The trade using "Urdaneta's route" lasted until 1815, when the Mexican War of Independence broke out. In 2015 the Philippines and Mexico began preparations for the nomination of the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade Route in the UNESCO World Heritage List, with backing from Spain. Spain has also suggested the tri-national nomination of the Archives on the Manila-Acapulco Galleons in the UNESCO Memory of the World Register.

acapulco maynila galyon

References

  1. Pereira Fernández, José Manuel (Third Quarter 2008). "Andrés de Urdaneta: In memoriam en el quinto centenario de su nacimiento" (in es). Revista de Historia Naval (Spain: Ministry of Defence (Spain)) (102): 16. ISSN 0212-467-X. https://armada.defensa.gob.es/archivo/mardigitalrevistas/rhn/2008/2008102.pdf. Retrieved 19 November 2020.  The letter is referenced as Rodríguez Rodríguez, I.; Álvarez Fernández, J. (1991) (in es). Andrés de Urdaneta, agustino. En carreta sobre el Pacífico. Zamora. p. 181. 
  2. Derek Hayes (2001). Historical atlas of the North Pacific Ocean: maps of discovery and scientific exploration, 1500–2000. Douglas & McIntyre. p. 18. ISBN 9781550548655. https://books.google.com/books?id=0Z26YL407SkC&pg=PA152. 
  3. The Drakes Cove site began its review by the National Park Service (NPS) in 1994, thus starting an 18-year study of the suggested Drake sites. The first formal Nomination to mark the Nova Albion site at Drake's Cove as a National Historic Landmark was provided to NPS on January 1, 1996. As part of its review, NPS obtained independent, confidential comments from professional historians. The NPS staff concluded that the Drake's Cove site is the "most probable"[8] and "most likely"[9][10][11][12] Drake landing site. The National Park System Advisory Board Landmarks Committee sought public comments on the Port of Nova Albion Historic and Archaeological District Nomination [13] and received more than two dozen letters of support and none in opposition. At the Committee's meeting of November 9, 2011 in Washington, DC, representatives of the government of Spain, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and Congresswoman Lynn Wolsey all spoke in favor of the nomination: there was no opposition. Staff and the Drake Navigators Guild’s president, Edward Von der Porten, gave the presentation. The Nomination was strongly endorsed by Committee Member Dr. James M. Allan, Archaeologist, and the Committee as a whole which approved the nomination unanimously. The National Park System Advisory Board sought further public comments on the Nomination,[14] but no additional comments were received. At the Board's meeting on December 1, 2011 in Florida, the Nomination was further reviewed: the Board approved the nomination unanimously. On October 16, 2012 Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar signed the nomination and on October 17, 2012, The Drakes Bay Historic and Archaeological District was formally announced as a new National Historic Landmark.[15]
  4. "The Drake Navigators Guild Press Release". http://www.winepi.com/DNG8.htm. 
  5. Schurz 1917, p.107-108
  6. https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Manila_Galleon/4YRDAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%20california%20monterey[clarification needed]
  7. "Forgotten history? The polistas of the Galleon Trade". https://www.rappler.com/voices/ispeak/forgotten-history-polistas-galleon-trade. 
  8. Schurz, William Lytle. The Manila Galleon, 1939. P 193.
  9. Charles C. Mann (2011), 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created, Random House Digital, pp. 123–163, ISBN 9780307596727, https://books.google.com/books?id=IqaMEWNvsJQC 
  10. Mejia, Javier. The Economics of the Manila Galleon. New York University, Abu Dhabi. 
  11. Tatiana Seijas (23 June 2014). Asian Slaves in Colonial Mexico: From Chinos to Indians. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-95285-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=d-DGAwAAQBAJ. Rose, Christopher (13 January 2016). "Episode 76: The Trans-Pacific Slave Trade". University of Texas at Austin. https://15minutehistory.org/2016/01/13/episode-76-the-trans-pacific-slave-trade/. 
  12. Seijas, Tatiana (2016-01-02). "Inns, mules, and hardtack for the voyage: the local economy of the Manila Galleon in Mexico". Colonial Latin American Review 25 (1): 56–76. doi:10.1080/10609164.2016.1180787. ISSN 1060-9164. https://doi.org/10.1080/10609164.2016.1180787. 
  13. Guevarra, Rudy P. (2007). Mexipino: A History of Multiethnic Identity and the Formation of the Mexican and Filipino Communities of San Diego, 1900–1965. University of California, Santa Barbara. ISBN:0549122869
  14. "Forced Migration in the Spanish Pacific World" By Eva Maria Mehl, page 235.
  15. Burkholder, Mark A., 1943- (2019). Colonial Latin America. Johnson, Lyman L. (Tenth ed.). New York. ISBN 978-0-19-064240-2. OCLC 1015274908. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1015274908. 
  16. Fish, Shirley (2011). The Manila-Acapulco Galleons: The Treasure Ships of the Pacific. AuthorHouse. pp. 128–130. ISBN 9781456775421. 
  17. See Chinese treasure ship for Chinese vessels that might have been larger.
  18. "Crown, trade, church and indigenous societies: The functioning of the Spanish shipbuilding industry in the Philippines, 1571-1816 | Ivan Valdez-Bubnov - Academia.edu". https://www.academia.edu/43588294/Crown_trade_church_and_indigenous_societies_The_functioning_of_the_Spanish_shipbuilding_industry_in_the_Philippines_1571_1816. 
  19. Leon-Guerrero, Jillette. "Manila Galleon Crew Members". https://www.guampedia.com/manila-galleon-crew-members/. 
  20. "Archived copy". http://shipwrecks-philippines.com/. 
  21. Williams, Scott S. (2016). "Chapter 8: The Beeswax Wreck, A Manila Galleon in Oregon, USA". in Wu, Chunming. Early Navigation in the Asia-Pacific Region: A Maritime Archaeological Perspective. Springer. pp. 146–168. ISBN 978-981-10-0904-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=tnH_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA146. Retrieved 23 October 2019. 
  22. La Follette, Cameron; Deur, Douglas (July 2018). "Views Across the Pacific: The Galleon Trade and Its Traces in Oregon". Oregon Historical Quarterly (Oregon Historical Society) 119 (2): 160–191. doi:10.5403/oregonhistq.119.2.0160. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1179&context=anth_fac. Retrieved 23 October 2019. 
  23. La Follette, Cameron; Deur, Douglas; Griffin, Dennis; Williams, Scott S. (July 2018). "Oregon's Manila Galleon". Oregon Historical Quarterly (Oregon Historical Society) 119 (2): 150–159. doi:10.5403/oregonhistq.119.2.0150.  https://dx.doi.org/10.5403%2Foregonhistq.119.2.0150
  24. Kamen, Henry (2004). Empire: How Spain Became a World Power, 1492–1763. HarperCollins. ISBN 0060932643. https://archive.org/details/empirehowspainbe00kame. 
  25. Kane, Herb Kawainui (1996). "The Manila Galleons". in Bob Dye. Hawaiʻ Chronicles: Island History from the Pages of Honolulu Magazine. I. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 25–32. ISBN 0-8248-1829-6. 
  26. "HAWAII NATURE NOTES THE PUBLICATION OF THE NATURALIST DIVISION, HAWAII NATIONAL PARK AND THE HAWAII NATURAL HISTORY ASSOCIATION". June 1959. https://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/hawaii-notes/vol6-59h.htm. 
  27. By Oliver, Douglas L. (1989). The Pacific Islands. University of Hawaii Press. p. 45. ISBN:0824812336
  28. Coulter, John Wesley. (Jun, 1964) "Great Britain in Hawaii: The Captain Cook Monument". The Geographical Journal, Vol. 130, No. 2. doi:10.2307/1794586 https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1794586
  29. Horwitz, Tony. (2003). Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before. p.452. ISBN:0-312-42260-1
  30. Rogers, Richard W. (1999). Shipwrecks of Hawaii: A Maritime History of the Big Island. Pilialoha Press
  31. "Perhaps the leading authority on Hawaiian shipwrecks today", writes Peter von Buol, referring to Richard W. Rogers in the Fall 2006, Vol. 38, No. 3 issue of Prologue, published by the NARA. https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2006/fall/pratt.html
  32. Angara, Edgardo (18 October 2014). "A Galleon Museum in Manila". Manila Bulletin. http://www.mb.com.ph/a-galleon-museum-in-manila/. 
  33. Rodis, Rodel (October 26, 2013). "The Second Coming of Filipinos to America". https://globalnation.inquirer.net/88743/the-second-coming-of-filipinos-to-america. 
  34. "Archived copy". http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2015/07/05/1473367/spain-backs-inclusion-galleon-trade-route-world-heritage-list. 
  35. "Historic Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade set for nomination to Unesco World Heritage List". April 26, 2015. https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/191580/historic-manila-acapulco-galleon-trade-set-for-nomination-to-unesco-world-heritage-list/. 
  36. "Manila-Acapulco Galleon Museum rises in SM MOA". https://businessmirror.com.ph/manila-acapulco-galleon-museum-rises-in-sm-moa/. 
  37. News, •Vallarta Daily (June 3, 2018). "'El Galeón de Manila: The Spice Route' reopens museum in Puerto Vallarta". https://www.vallartadaily.com/el-galeon-de-manila/. 
  38. "En búsqueda del Galeón de Manila". https://www.contrareplica.mx/nota-En-busqueda-del-Galeon-de-Manila20202342. 
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