Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Submitted Successfully!
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic. For video creation, please contact our Academic Video Service.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1 handwiki Camila Xu -- 3363 2022-10-18 01:42:29

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Academic Video Service to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
No, upload directly Yes
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
HandWiki. Self-confidence. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/29797 (accessed on 23 September 2026).
HandWiki. Self-confidence. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/29797. Accessed September 23, 2026.
HandWiki. "Self-confidence" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/29797 (accessed September 23, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, October 18). Self-confidence. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/29797
HandWiki. "Self-confidence." Encyclopedia. Web. 18 October, 2022.
Self-confidence
Edit
The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Philosophy:Self-confidence

The concept of self-confidence is commonly used as self-assurance in one's personal judgment, ability, power, etc. One's self confidence increases from experiences of having satisfactorily completed particular activities. It is a positive belief that in the future one can generally accomplish what one wishes to do. Self-confidence is not the same as self-esteem, which is an evaluation of one's own worth, whereas self-confidence is more specifically trust in one's ability to achieve some goal, which one meta-analysis suggested is similar to generalization of self-efficacy. Abraham Maslow and many others after him have emphasized the need to distinguish between self-confidence as a generalized personality characteristic, and self-confidence with respect to a specific task, ability or challenge (i.e. self-efficacy). Self-confidence typically refers to general self-confidence. This is different from self-efficacy, which psychologist Albert Bandura has defined as a “belief in one’s ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task” and therefore is the term that more accurately refers to specific self-confidence. Psychologists have long noted that a person can possess self-confidence that he or she can complete a specific task (self-efficacy) (e.g. cook a good meal or write a good novel) even though they may lack general self-confidence, or conversely be self-confident though they lack the self-efficacy to achieve a particular task (e.g. write a novel). These two types of self-confidence are, however, correlated with each other, and for this reason can be easily conflated.

self confidence self-efficacy self-assurance

References

  1. Edwards, J., & Wesley, J. (1742). Some Thoughts Concerning the present Revival of Religion in New-England.. S. Kneeland and T. Green.. 
  2. Freiburg, R (1742). This Vicissitude of Motion and Rest, Which We Call Life. The Spectator. 
  3. Tocqueville, Alexis de (1899-01-01) (in en). Democracy in America: Volume II. Washington Square Press. https://books.google.com/books?id=N-sJAAAAIAAJ. 
  4. Needham, Frederick (1890-08-09). "An Address Delivered at the Opening of the Section of Psychology". British Medical Journal 2 (1545): 325–330. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.1545.325. ISSN 0007-1447. PMID 20753102.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2207994
  5. Bird, Charles (1917-01-01). "From Home to the Charge: A Psychological Study of the Soldier". The American Journal of Psychology 28 (3): 315–348. doi:10.2307/1413607.  https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1413607
  6. Wheeler, Mary P. (1918-01-01). "Alcohol and Social Case Work". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 77: 154–159. doi:10.1177/000271621807700116. https://zenodo.org/record/1448670. 
  7. Eisenberg, P.; Lazarsfeld, P. F. (1938-06-01). "The psychological effects of unemployment" (in English). Psychological Bulletin 35 (6): 358–390. doi:10.1037/h0063426. ISSN 1939-1455.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0063426
  8. Maslow, A. H. (1943-07-01). "A theory of human motivation" (in English). Psychological Review 50 (4): 370–396. doi:10.1037/h0054346. ISSN 1939-1471.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0054346
  9. Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995-01-01). "Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes" (in English). Psychological Review 102 (1): 4–27. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.102.1.4. ISSN 1939-1471. PMID 7878162.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-295X.102.1.4
  10. Bénabou, Roland; Tirole, Jean (2005-01-01). Agarwal, Bina. ed (in en). Psychology, Rationality and Economic Behaviour. International Economic Association Series. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 19–57. doi:10.1057/9780230522343_2. ISBN 9781349521449.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230522343_2
  11. Bandura, Albert (1997-02-15). Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-7167-2850-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=eJ-PN9g_o-EC. 
  12. Baumeister, Roy F.; Campbell, Jennifer D.; Krueger, Joachim I.; Vohs, Kathleen D. (2003-05-01). "Does High Self-Esteem Cause Better Performance, Interpersonal Success, Happiness, or Healthier Lifestyles?" (in en). Psychological Science in the Public Interest 4 (1): 1–44. doi:10.1111/1529-1006.01431. ISSN 1529-1006. PMID 26151640.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2F1529-1006.01431
  13. Thorndike, Edward L. (1920-01-01). "Psychological Notes on the Motives for Thrift". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 87: 212–218. doi:10.1177/000271622008700133.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F000271622008700133
  14. Mowday, Richard T. (1979-12-01). "Leader Characteristics, Self-Confidence, and Methods of Upward Influence in Organizational Decision Situations" (in en). Academy of Management Journal 22 (4): 709–725. doi:10.2307/255810. ISSN 0001-4273.  https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F255810
  15. Gough, Harrison G.; McClosky, Herbert; Meehl, Paul E. (1952-01-01). "A personality scale for social responsibility" (in English). The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 47 (1): 73–80. doi:10.1037/h0062924. ISSN 0096-851X. PMID 14907250.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0062924
  16. Locander, William B.; Hermann, Peter W. (1979-01-01). "The Effect of Self-Confidence and Anxiety on Information Seeking in Consumer Risk Reduction". Journal of Marketing Research 16 (2): 268–274. doi:10.2307/3150690.  https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F3150690
  17. Hippel, William von; Trivers, Robert (2011-02-01). "The evolution and psychology of self-deception". Behavioral and Brain Sciences 34 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1017/S0140525X10001354. ISSN 1469-1825. PMID 21288379. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/behavioral-and-brain-sciences/article/the-evolution-and-psychology-of-self-deception/B87968EC4A6B4DC93A21C217ABC13E13. 
  18. Cervone, Daniel; Kopp, Deborah A.; Schaumann, Linda; Scott, Walter D. (1994-09-01). "Mood, self-efficacy, and performance standards: Lower moods induce higher standards for performance" (in English). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67 (3): 499–512. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.3.499. ISSN 1939-1315.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.67.3.499
  19. Wright, J. C, & Mischel, W. (1982). "The influence of affect on cognitive social learning person variables". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 43 (5): 901–914. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.43.5.901.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.43.5.901
  20. Akerlof, G. A., & Dickens, W. T. (1972). "The Economic Consequences of Cognitive Dissonance". American Economic Review 72 (3): 307–319. 
  21. Caplin, A., & Leahy, J. (2001). "Psychological expected utility theory and anticipatory feelings". Quarterly Journal of Economics 116 (1): 55–79. doi:10.1162/003355301556347.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1162%2F003355301556347
  22. Bénabou, R., & Tirole, J. (2005). "Self-confidence and personal motivation.". Psychology, Rationality and Economic Behaviour: 19–57. doi:10.1057/9780230522343_2. ISBN 978-1-349-52144-9.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230522343_2
  23. Compte, O., & Postlewaite, A., Confidence-enhanced performance. (2004). "Confidence-enhanced performance". The American Economic Review 94 (5): 1536–1557. doi:10.1257/0002828043052204.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1257%2F0002828043052204
  24. Hobfoll, Stevan E. (1988-01-01) (in en). The Ecology of Stress. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780891168454. https://books.google.com/books?id=9LYzgr6niYoC&pg=PR11. 
  25. Argyle, Michael (2013-04-15) (in en). The Social Psychology of Everyday Life. Routledge. ISBN 9781134961733. https://books.google.com/books?id=sAbHKvNF5tQC&pg=PP1. 
  26. Weiner, Bernard (1985). "An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion". Psychological Review 92 (4): 548–573. doi:10.1037/0033-295x.92.4.548. https://semanticscholar.org/paper/23db126e3c39983e1f72964544636103c6c313c2. 
  27. Eiser, J. Richard; Sutton, Stephen R. (1977-01-01). "Smoking as a subjectively rational choice". Addictive Behaviors 2 (2–3): 129–134. doi:10.1016/0306-4603(77)90030-2. PMID 899903.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0306-4603%2877%2990030-2
  28. Zellner, M. (1970). "Self-esteem, reception, and influenceability". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 15 (1): 87–93. doi:10.1037/h0029201. PMID 4393678.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0029201
  29. Frey, Dieter (1986-01-01). Berkowitz, Leonard. ed. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. 19. Academic Press. pp. 41–80. doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60212-9. ISBN 9780120152193.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0065-2601%2808%2960212-9
  30. Albarracín, D., & Mitchell, A. L. (2004). "The role of defensive confidence in preference for proattitudinal information: How believing that one is strong can sometimes be a defensive weakness.". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 30 (12): 1565–1584. doi:10.1177/0146167204271180. PMID 15536240.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4803283
  31. Byrne, Donn (1961-09-01). "The repression-sensitization scale: rationale, reliability, and validity" (in en). Journal of Personality 29 (3): 334–349. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1961.tb01666.x. ISSN 1467-6494. PMID 13689584.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-6494.1961.tb01666.x
  32. Albarracín, Dolores; Mitchell, Amy L. (2004-12-01). "The Role of Defensive Confidence in Preference for Proattitudinal Information: How Believing That One Is Strong Can Sometimes Be a Defensive Weakness" (in en). Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 30 (12): 1565–1584. doi:10.1177/0146167204271180. ISSN 0146-1672. PMID 15536240.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4803283
  33. Reis, Harry T. (2008-11-01). "Reinvigorating the Concept of Situation in Social Psychology" (in en). Personality and Social Psychology Review 12 (4): 311–329. doi:10.1177/1088868308321721. ISSN 1088-8683. PMID 18812499. https://semanticscholar.org/paper/84354fa8699a0bea7d43d3ff9d877f5eb2be9412. 
  34. Deutsch, Morton; Gerard, Harold B. (1955). "A study of normative and informational social influences upon individual judgment.". The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 51 (3): 629–636. doi:10.1037/h0046408. PMID 13286010. https://semanticscholar.org/paper/1beddcd2cee2a18e6875d0a624541f1c378cdde8. 
  35. Festinger, L. (1954). "A theory of social comparison processes.". Human Relations 7 (2): 117–140. doi:10.1177/001872675400700202. https://semanticscholar.org/paper/6de4e806365af08e3445eb374fee96df74e08384. 
  36. Mobius, M. M.; Niederle, M.; Niehaus, P.; Rosenblat, T. S. (2011). "Managing Self-Confidence: Theory and Experimental Evidence". NBER Working Paper No. 17014. doi:10.3386/w17014.  https://dx.doi.org/10.3386%2Fw17014
  37. Price, Paul C.; Stone, Eric R. (2004-01-01). "Intuitive evaluation of likelihood judgment producers: evidence for a confidence heuristic" (in en). Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 17 (1): 39–57. doi:10.1002/bdm.460. ISSN 1099-0771.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fbdm.460
  38. Slovenko, R. (1999). "Testifying with confidence.". Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online 27 (1): 127–131. http://jaapl.org/content/27/1/127.short. 
  39. Penrod, Steven; Cutler, Brian (1995). "Witness confidence and witness accuracy: Assessing their forensic relation". Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 1 (4): 817–845. doi:10.1037/1076-8971.1.4.817.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F1076-8971.1.4.817
  40. Zarnoth, P., & Sniezek, J. A. (1997). "The social influence of confidence in group decision making". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 33 (4): 345–366. doi:10.1006/jesp.1997.1326. https://semanticscholar.org/paper/18caa5734932f15e1bfb09d65a6d814934a2de6e. 
  41. Conger, Jay A.; Kanungo, Rabindra N. (1994-01-01). "Charismatic Leadership in Organizations: Perceived Behavioral Attributes and Their Measurement". Journal of Organizational Behavior 15 (5): 439–452. doi:10.1002/job.4030150508.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fjob.4030150508
  42. Shamir, Boas; House, Robert J.; Arthur, Michael B. (1993-01-01). "The Motivational Effects of Charismatic Leadership: A Self-Concept Based Theory". Organization Science 4 (4): 577–594. doi:10.1287/orsc.4.4.577.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1287%2Forsc.4.4.577
  43. Buss, D. M. (2009). "The great struggles of life: Darwin and the emergence of evolutionary psychology.". American Psychologist 64 (2): 140–148. doi:10.1037/a0013207. PMID 19203146. http://bernard.pitzer.edu/~dmoore/2009_Buss_AmPsycho_Darwin.pdf. 
  44. Schmitt, D. P., & Buss, D. M. (2001). "Human mate poaching: Tactics and temptations for infiltrating existing mateships.". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 80 (6): 894–917. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.6.894. PMID 11414373. http://bradley.edu/dotAsset/165822.pdf. 
  45. Brown, S. P., Cron, W. L., & Slocum Jr, J. W. (1988). "Effects of trait competitiveness and perceived intraorganizational competition on salesperson goal setting and performance.". The Journal of Marketing: 88–98. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277440987. 
  46. Jong, Ad de; Ruyter, Ko de; Wetzels, Martin (2006). "Linking employee confidence to performance: A study of self-managing service teams" (in en). Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 34 (4): 576. doi:10.1177/0092070306287126. ISSN 0092-0703.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F0092070306287126
  47. Westbrook, R. A. (1980). "Intrapersonal affective influences on consumer satisfaction with products". Journal of Consumer Research 7 (1): 49–54. doi:10.1086/208792.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F208792
  48. Gamson, W. (1968). Power and Discontent. Homewood, Ill.: Dorsey. 
  49. Kanter, R (1977). Men and women in the corporation. New York: Basic Books. 
  50. Kipnis, D., & Lane, W. (1962). "Self-confidence and leadership". Journal of Applied Psychology 46 (4): 291–295. doi:10.1037/h0044720.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0044720
  51. Goodstadt, B., & Kipnis, D (1970). "Situational influence on the use of power.". Journal of Applied Psychology 54 (3): 201–207. doi:10.1037/h0029265.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0029265
  52. Fenton, Norman (1928). "The Only Child". The Pedagogical Seminary and Journal of Genetic Psychology 35 (4): 546–556. doi:10.1080/08856559.1928.10532171.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F08856559.1928.10532171
  53. Zimmerman, Barry J. (1990-01-01). "Self-Regulated Learning and Academic Achievement: An Overview". Educational Psychologist 25 (1): 3–17. doi:10.1207/s15326985ep2501_2. ISSN 0046-1520.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1207%2Fs15326985ep2501_2
  54. Waddell, Kathleen J. (1984-03-01). "The self-concept and social adaptation of hyperactive children in adolescence". Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 13 (1): 50–55. doi:10.1080/15374418409533169. ISSN 0047-228X.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F15374418409533169
  55. Clift, S., Hancox, G., Staricoff, R., & Whitmore, C. (2008). "Singing and health: A systematic mapping and review of non-clinical research.". Sidney de Haan Research Centre for Arts and Health: Canterbury Christ Church University.. 
  56. Hallam, Susan (2010-08-01). "The power of music: Its impact on the intellectual, social and personal development of children and young people" (in en). International Journal of Music Education 28 (3): 269–289. doi:10.1177/0255761410370658. ISSN 0255-7614.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F0255761410370658
  57. Zimmerman, Barry J.; Kitsantas, Anastasia (2005-10-01). "Homework practices and academic achievement: The mediating role of self-efficacy and perceived responsibility beliefs". Contemporary Educational Psychology 30 (4): 397–417. doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2005.05.003. https://zenodo.org/record/940375. 
  58. 3.0.co;2-c. ISSN 1520-6807.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F%28sici%291520-6807%28199604%2933%3A2%3C163%3A%3Aaid-pits10%3E3.0.co%3B2-c" id="ref_58">Pajares, Frank; Johnson, Margaret J. (1996-04-01). "Self-efficacy beliefs and the writing performance of entering high school students" (in en). Psychology in the Schools 33 (2): 163–175. doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6807(199604)33:2<163::aid-pits10>3.0.co;2-c. ISSN 1520-6807.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F%28sici%291520-6807%28199604%2933%3A2%3C163%3A%3Aaid-pits10%3E3.0.co%3B2-c
  59. Zusho, Akane; Pintrich, Paul R.; Coppola, Brian (2003-09-01). "Skill and will: The role of motivation and cognition in the learning of college chemistry". International Journal of Science Education 25 (9): 1081–1094. doi:10.1080/0950069032000052207. ISSN 0950-0693. Bibcode: 2003IJSEd..25.1081Z.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F0950069032000052207
  60. Smith, Eliot R.; Mackie, Diane M. (2007-01-01). Social Psychology. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-1-84169-408-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=7A2LKwAACAAJ. 
  61. Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995). "Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans.". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69 (5): 797–811. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.797. PMID 7473032. https://semanticscholar.org/paper/9a59663d46b27dd22991852552969c8d83801e88. 
  62. Keller, Johannes; Dauenheimer, Dirk (2003-03-01). "Stereotype Threat in the Classroom: Dejection Mediates the Disrupting Threat Effect on Women's Math Performance" (in en). Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 29 (3): 371–381. doi:10.1177/0146167202250218. ISSN 0146-1672. PMID 15273014.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F0146167202250218
  63. Lee, J., & Zhou, M. (2014). "From unassimilable to exceptional: The rise of Asian Americans and "Stereotype Promise "". New Diversities 16 (1): 7–22. 
  64. Cheng, Helen; Furnham, Adrian (2002-06-01). "Personality, peer relations, and self-confidence as predictors of happiness and loneliness". Journal of Adolescence 25 (3): 327–339. doi:10.1006/jado.2002.0475. PMID 12128043.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1006%2Fjado.2002.0475
  65. Lopez, F. G., & Gormley, B. (2002). "Stability and change in adult attachment style over the first-year college transition: Relations to self-confidence, coping, and distress patterns.". Journal of Counseling Psychology 45 (3): 355–364. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.49.3.355.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-0167.49.3.355
  66. Noels, Kimberly A.; Pon, Gordon; Clement, Richard (1996-09-01). "Language, Identity, and Adjustment The Role of Linguistic Self-Confidence in the Acculturation Process" (in en). Journal of Language and Social Psychology 15 (3): 246–264. doi:10.1177/0261927X960153003. ISSN 0261-927X.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F0261927X960153003
  67. Barber, B. M., & Odean, T. (2001). "Boys will be boys: Gender, overconfidence, and common stock investment.". Quarterly Journal of Economics 116: 261–292. doi:10.1162/003355301556400.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1162%2F003355301556400
  68. Cox, Donald F.; Bauer, Raymond A. (1964-01-01). "Self-Confidence and Persuasibility in Women". The Public Opinion Quarterly 28 (3): 453–466. doi:10.1086/267266.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F267266
  69. Instone, D., Major, B., & Bunker, B. B. (1983). "Gender, self confidence, and social influence strategies: An organizational simulation.". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 44 (2): 322–333. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.44.2.322.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.44.2.322
  70. Butler, D., & Geis, F. L. (1990). "Nonverbal affect responses to male and female leaders: Implications for leadership evaluations.". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 58: 48–59. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.58.1.48.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.58.1.48
  71. Rudman, L. A. (1988). "Self-promotion as a risk factor for women: the costs and benefits of counterstereotypical impression management.". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74 (3): 629–645. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.629.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.74.3.629
  72. Maslow, A. H. (1939). "Dominance, Personality, and Social Behavior in Women". The Journal of Social Psychology 10 (1): 3–39. doi:10.1080/00224545.1939.9713343.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F00224545.1939.9713343
  73. Henle, Mary (1961-01-01) (in en). Documents of Gestalt Psychology. University of California Press. https://books.google.com/books?id=SOk8TFBYWHIC&pg=PA222. 
  74. Berkowitz, Leonard; Lundy, Richard M. (1957-03-01). "Personality Characteristics Related to Susceptibility to Influence by Peers or Authority Figures" (in en). Journal of Personality 25 (3): 306–316. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1957.tb01529.x. ISSN 1467-6494. PMID 13439514.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-6494.1957.tb01529.x
  75. Janis, Irving L (1954-06-01). "Personality Correlates of Susceptibility To Persuasion" (in en). Journal of Personality 22 (4): 504–518. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1954.tb01870.x. ISSN 1467-6494. PMID 13163818.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-6494.1954.tb01870.x
  76. Niederle, M., & Vesterlund, L., Do women shy away from competition? Do men compete too much? (2007). "Do women shy away from competition? Do men compete too much?". The Quarterly Journal of Economics 122 (3): 1067–1101. doi:10.1162/qjec.122.3.1067. http://econweb.ucsd.edu/~jandreon/Econ264/papers/Vesterlund%20Niederle%20NBER%202005.pdf. 
  77. Cunningham, C. M., Thompson, M., Lachapelle, C. P., Goodman, I. F., & Bittinger, K. C. (2006). "Women's experiences in college engineering and support programs: Findings from the WECE project.". Women in Engineering ProActive Network.. https://journals.psu.edu/wepan/article/viewFile/58204/57892. 
  78. Jennings-Walstedt, J., Geis, F. L., & Brown, V. (1980). "Influence of television commercials on women's self-confidence and independent judgment". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 38 (3): 203–210. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.38.2.203.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.38.2.203
  79. Tiggemann, Marika; Rothblum, Esther D. (1988). "Gender differences in social consequences of perceived overweight in the United States and Australia" (in en). Sex Roles 18 (1–2): 75–86. doi:10.1007/BF00288018. ISSN 0360-0025.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00288018
  80. Seashore, M. J., Leifer, A. D., Barnett, C. R., & Leiderman, P. H. (1973). "The effects of denial of early mother-infant interaction on maternal self-confidence". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 26 (3): 369–378. doi:10.1037/h0034497. PMID 4710108.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0034497
  81. Suh, E.; Diener, E.; Oishi, S.; Triandis, H. C. (1988). "The shifting basis of life satisfaction judgments across cultures: Emotions versus norms.". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74 (2): 482. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.2.482.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.74.2.482
  82. Heine, S. J., Kitayama, S., Lehman, D. R., Takata, T., Ide, E., Leung, C., & Matsumoto, H. (2001). "Divergent consequences of success and failure in japan and north america: an investigation of self-improving motivations and malleable selves.". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81 (4): 599–615. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.4.599. PMID 11642348. https://semanticscholar.org/paper/23f6b4f0f75f29aa32ce1aafc03efbb78714a9fe. 
  83. Diener, Ed; Oishi, Shigehiro; Lucas, Richard E. (2003-02-01). "Personality, Culture, and Subjective Well-Being: Emotional and Cognitive Evaluations of Life". Annual Review of Psychology 54 (1): 403–425. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145056. ISSN 0066-4308. PMID 12172000.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.psych.54.101601.145056
  84. Peters, Heather J.; Williams, Jean M. (2006-09-01). "Moving Cultural Background to the Foreground: An Investigation of Self-Talk, Performance, and Persistence Following Feedback". Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 18 (3): 240–253. doi:10.1080/10413200600830315. ISSN 1041-3200.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F10413200600830315
  85. Mahoney, Michael J.; Avener, Marshall (1977). "Psychology of the elite athlete: An exploratory study" (in en). Cognitive Therapy and Research 1 (2): 135–141. doi:10.1007/BF01173634. ISSN 0147-5916.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01173634
  86. Craft, L. L., Magyar, T. M., Becker, B. J., & Feltz, D. L. (2003). "The relationship between the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 and sport performance: A meta-analysis.". Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 25 (1): 44–65. doi:10.1123/jsep.25.1.44.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1123%2Fjsep.25.1.44
  87. WOODMAN, TIM; HARDY, LEW (2003-01-01). "The relative impact of cognitive anxiety and self-confidence upon sport performance: a meta-analysis". Journal of Sports Sciences 21 (6): 443–457. doi:10.1080/0264041031000101809. ISSN 0264-0414. PMID 12846532.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F0264041031000101809
  88. Bull, Stephen J.; Shambrook, Christopher J.; James, Wil; Brooks, Jocelyne E. (2005-09-01). "Towards an Understanding of Mental Toughness in Elite English Cricketers". Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 17 (3): 209–227. doi:10.1080/10413200591010085. ISSN 1041-3200.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F10413200591010085
  89. Connaughton, Declan; Wadey, Ross; Hanton, Sheldon; Jones, Graham (2008-01-01). "The development and maintenance of mental toughness: Perceptions of elite performers". Journal of Sports Sciences 26 (1): 83–95. doi:10.1080/02640410701310958. ISSN 0264-0414. PMID 17852671.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F02640410701310958
  90. Galli, N., & Vealey, R. S. (2008). "Bouncing back" from adversity: Athletes' experiences of resilience.". The Sports Psychologist 22 (3): 316–335. doi:10.1123/tsp.22.3.316. https://semanticscholar.org/paper/e2ce2a0a366adb091ec10dd385f39ea13fa6a38b. 
  91. Freeman, Paul; Rees, Tim (2010-01-01). "Perceived social support from team-mates: Direct and stress-buffering effects on self-confidence". European Journal of Sport Science 10 (1): 59–67. doi:10.1080/17461390903049998. ISSN 1746-1391. https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/10871/16326/2/Freeman%20%26%20Rees%20%282010%29.pdf. 
  92. Clément, Richard; Kruidenier, Bastian G. (1983-09-01). "Orientations in Second Language Acquisition: I. the Effects of Ethnic Ty, Milieu, and Target Language on Their Emergence" (in en). Language Learning 33 (3): 273–291. doi:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1983.tb00542.x. ISSN 1467-9922.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-1770.1983.tb00542.x
  93. Shrauger, J. Sidney; Schohn, Mary (1995-09-01). "Self-Confidence in College Students: Conceptualization, Measurement, and Behavioral Implications" (in en). Assessment 2 (3): 255–278. doi:10.1177/1073191195002003006. ISSN 1073-1911.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F1073191195002003006
  94. Rees, Tim; Freeman, Paul (2007-07-01). "The effects of perceived and received support on self-confidence". Journal of Sports Sciences 25 (9): 1057–1065. doi:10.1080/02640410600982279. ISSN 0264-0414. PMID 17497407.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F02640410600982279
  95. Beattie, Stuart; Hardy, Lew; Savage, Jennifer; Woodman, Tim; Callow, Nichola (2011-03-01). "Development and validation of a trait measure of robustness of self-confidence". Psychology of Sport and Exercise 12 (2): 184–191. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2010.09.008.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.psychsport.2010.09.008
  96. Myers, Jane; Willise, John; Villalba, Jose (1 January 2011). "Promoting Self-Esteem in Adolescents: The Influence of Wellness Factors". Journal of Counseling and Development 89: 28–30. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2011.tb00058.x. http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/J_Myers_Promoting_2011.pdf. 
  97. Karpinski, Andrew (2003). Measuring self-esteem using the Implicit Association Test: The valence of the other. doi:10.1037/e633872013-438.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2Fe633872013-438
  98. Timko, Alix; England, Erica; Herbert, James; Foreman, Evan (Fall 2010). "The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure as a measure of Self-Esteem". The Psychological Record 60 (4): 679. doi:10.1007/BF03395739. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/tpr/vol60/iss4/9. 
  99. Beer, J.; Lombardo M; Bhanji J. (September 2010). "Roles of Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Orbitofrontal Cortex in Self-evaluation". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22 (9): 2108–2119. doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21359. PMID 19925187.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4159715
More
©Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons-Attribution ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Others
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
HandWiki
View Times: 8.3K
Entry Collection: HandWiki
Revision: 1 time (View History)
Update Date: 18 Oct 2022
Table of Contents
    Notice
    You are not a member of the advisory board for this topic. If you want to update advisory board member profile, please contact office@encyclopedia.pub.
    OK
    Confirm
    Only members of the Encyclopedia advisory board for this topic are allowed to note entries. Would you like to become an advisory board member of the Encyclopedia?
    Yes
    No
    ${ textCharacter }/${ maxCharacter }
    Submit
    Cancel
    There is no comment~
    ${ textCharacter }/${ maxCharacter }
    Submit
    Cancel
    ${ selectedItem.replyTextCharacter }/${ selectedItem.replyMaxCharacter }
    Submit
    Cancel
    Confirm
    Are you sure to Delete?
    Yes No
    Academic Video Service
    Feedback