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HandWiki. GeForce 700 Series. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/29549 (accessed on 23 December 2024).
HandWiki. GeForce 700 Series. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/29549. Accessed December 23, 2024.
HandWiki. "GeForce 700 Series" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/29549 (accessed December 23, 2024).
HandWiki. (2022, October 17). GeForce 700 Series. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/29549
HandWiki. "GeForce 700 Series." Encyclopedia. Web. 17 October, 2022.
GeForce 700 Series
Edit
The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Engineering:GeForce_700_series

The GeForce 700 series (stylized as GEFORCE GTX 700 SERIES) is a series of graphics processing units developed by Nvidia. While mainly a refresh of the Kepler microarchitecture (GK-codenamed chips), some cards use Fermi (GF) and later cards use Maxwell (GM). GeForce 700 series cards were first released in 2013, starting with the release of the GeForce GTX Titan on February 19, 2013, followed by the GeForce GTX 780 on May 23, 2013. The first mobile GeForce 700 series chips were released in April 2013.

graphics processing nvidia microarchitecture

1. Overview

GK110 was designed and marketed with computational performance in mind. It contains 7.1 billion transistors. This model also attempts to maximise energy efficiency through the execution of as many tasks as possible in parallel according to the capabilities of its streaming processors.

With GK110, increases in memory space and bandwidth for both the register file and the L2 cache over previous models, are seen. At the SMX level, GK110's register file space has increased to 256KB composed of 64K 32bit registers, as compared to Fermi's 32K 32bit registers totaling 128 KB. As for the L2 cache, GK110 L2 cache space increased by up to 1.5MB, 2x as big as GF110. Both the L2 cache and register file bandwidth have also doubled. Performance in register-starved scenarios is also improved as there are more registers available to each thread. This goes in hand with an increase of total number of registers each thread can address, moving from 63 registers per thread to 255 registers per thread with GK110.

With GK110, Nvidia also reworked the GPU texture cache to be used for compute. With 48KB in size, in compute the texture cache becomes a read-only cache, specializing in unaligned memory access workloads. Furthermore, error detection capabilities have been added to make it safer for use with workloads that rely on ECC.[1]

The series also supports DirectX 12 on Windows 10.[2]

Dynamic Super Resolution (DSR) was added to Kepler GPUs with the latest Nvidia drivers.[3]

2. Architecture

The PCB of a GTX 780. https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?curid=1359427
A GTX 780M GPU with MXM socket. https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?curid=1728018

The GeForce 700 series contains features from both GK104 and GK110. Kepler based members of the 700 series add the following standard features to the GeForce family.

Derived from GK104:

  • PCI Express 3.0 interface
  • DisplayPort 1.2
  • HDMI 1.4a 4K x 2K video output
  • Purevideo VP5 hardware video acceleration (up to 4K x 2K H.264 decode)
  • Hardware H.264 encoding acceleration block (NVENC)
  • Support for up to 4 independent 2D displays, or 3 stereoscopic/3D displays (NV Surround)
  • Bindless Textures
  • GPU Boost
  • TXAA
  • Manufactured by TSMC on a 28 nm process

New Features from GK110:

  • Compute Focus SMX Improvement
  • CUDA Compute Capability 3.5
  • New Shuffle Instructions
  • Dynamic Parallelism
  • Hyper-Q (Hyper-Q's MPI functionality reserve for Tesla only)
  • Grid Management Unit
  • NVIDIA GPUDirect (GPU Direct's RDMA functionality reserve for Tesla & Quadro only)
  • GPU-Boost 2.0

2.1. Compute Focus SMX Improvement

With GK110, Nvidia opted to increase compute performance. The single biggest change from GK104 is that rather than 8 dedicated FP64 CUDA cores, GK110 has up to 64, giving it 8x the FP64 throughput of a GK104 SMX. The SMX also sees an increase in space for register file. Register file space has increased to 256KB compared to Fermi. The texture cache are also improved. With a 48KB space, the texture cache can become a read-only cache for compute workloads.[1]

2.2. New Shuffle Instructions

At a low level, GK110 sees additional instructions and operations to further improve performance. New shuffle instructions allow for threads within a warp to share data without going back to memory, making the process much quicker than the previous load/share/store method. Atomic operations are also overhauled, speeding up the execution speed of atomic operations and adding some FP64 operations that were previously only available for FP32 data.[1]

2.3. Hyper-Q

Hyper-Q expands GK110 hardware work queues from 1 to 32. The significance of this being that having a single work queue meant that Fermi could be under occupied at times as there wasn't enough work in that queue to fill every SM. By having 32 work queues, GK110 can in many scenarios, achieve higher utilization by being able to put different task streams on what would otherwise be an idle SMX. The simple nature of Hyper-Q is further reinforced by the fact that it's easily map to MPI, a common message passing interface frequently used in HPC. As legacy MPI-based algorithms that were originally designed for multi-CPU systems that became bottlenecked by false dependencies now have a solution. By increasing the number of MPI jobs, it's possible to utilize Hyper-Q on these algorithms to improve the efficiency all without changing the code itself.[1]

2.4. Microsoft DirectX Support

Nvidia Kepler GPUs of the GeForce 700 series fully support DirectX 11.0.

Nvidia supports the DX12 API on all the DX11-class GPUs it has shipped; these belong to the Fermi, Kepler and Maxwell architectural families.[4]

2.5. Dynamic Parallelism

Dynamic parallelism ability is for kernels to be able to dispatch other kernels. With Fermi, only the CPU could dispatch a kernel, which incurs a certain amount of overhead by having to communicate back to the CPU. By giving kernels the ability to dispatch their own child kernels, GK110 can both save time by not having to go back to the CPU, and in the process free up the CPU to work on other tasks.[1]

3. Products

3.1. GeForce 700 (7xx) Series

The GeForce 700 series for desktop architecture. Cheaper and lower performing products were expected to be released over time. Kepler supports 11.1 features with 11_0 feature level through the DirectX 11.1 API, however Nvidia did not enable four non-gaming features in Hardware in Kepler (for 11_1).[5][6]

  • 1 Shader Processors : Texture mapping units : Render output units
  • 2 Pixel fillrate is calculated as the number of ROPs multiplied by the base core clock speed
  • 3 Texture fillrate is calculated as the number of TMUs multiplied by the base core clock speed.
  • 4 Single precision performance is calculated as 2 times the number of shaders multiplied by the base core clock speed.
  • 5 Double precision performance of the GTX Titan & GTX Titan Black is either 1/3 or 1/24 of single-precision performance depending on a user-selected configuration option in the driver that boosts single-precision performance if double-precision is set to 1/24 of single-precision performance,[7] while other Kepler chips' double precision performance is fixed at 1/24 of single-precision performance.[8] GeForce 700 series Maxwell chips' double precision performance is 1/32 of single-precision performance.[9]
  • 6 SLI supports connecting up to 4 identical graphics cards for a 4-way SLI configuration. Those supporting 4-way SLI can support 3-way & 2-way SLI, however a dual-GPU card already implements 2-way SLI internally, thus only 2 dual-GPU cards can be used in SLI to give a 4-way SLI configuration.
Model Launch Code name Fab (nm) Transistors (Million) Die size (mm2) Bus interface Core config1 Clock speeds Fillrate Memory API support (version) Processing power (GFLOPS) TDP (watts) SLI support6 Launch price (USD)
Base core clock (MHz) Boost core clock (MHz) Memory (MT/s) Pixel (GP/s)2 Texture (GT/s)3 Size (MB) Bandwidth (GB/s) Type Bus width (bit) DirectX OpenGL OpenCL Vulkan Single precision4 Double precision5
GeForce GT 705[10] March 27, 2014 GF119 40 292 79 PCIe 2.0 x16 48:8:4 874 N/A 1800 1.75 7.0 1024
2048		 14.4 DDR3 64 12.0 (11_0) 4.6 1.1 N/A 168 14 29 N/A OEM
GeForce GT 710[11] January 29, 2016 GK208-301-A1 28 1020 87 PCIe 2.0 x8 192:16:8 954 1800
5000		 7.6 15.2 1024
2048		 14.4
40		 DDR3
GDDR5		 32

/

64

 1.2 1.1 366 15.2 19 N/A $42
GeForce GT 720[12] March 27, 2014 GK208-201-B1 797 6.4 12.8 306 12.8 N/A $49
GeForce GT 730 (DDR3, 128-bit)[13] June 18, 2014 GF108 40 585 116 PCIe 2.0 x16 96:16:4 700 1800 2.8 11.2 1024

2048

4096

 28.8 DDR3 128 1.1 N/A 134 Unknown 49 N/A Unknown
GeForce GT 730 (DDR3, 64-bit)[13] GK208-301-A1 TSMC 28 nm 1020 79 PCIe 2.0 x8 384:16:8 902 7.2 14.4 1024[14]
2048

4096

 14.4 64 1.2 ? 693 28.9 23 N/A Unknown
GeForce GT 730 (GDDR5)[13] GK208-400-A1 5000 1024
2048[15]		 40 GDDR5 25 N/A Unknown
GeForce GT 740 (DDR3)[16] May 29, 2014 GK107 1270 118 PCIe 3.0 x16 384:32:16 993 1800 15.9 31.8 2048 28.8 DDR3 128 1.1 762 31.8 64 N/A $89
GeForce GT 740 (GDDR5)[16] 993
1085		 5000 15.9
17.3		 31.8
34.7		 2048
4096		 80 GDDR5 762
832		 31.8
34.7		 N/A
GeForce GTX 745 (OEM)[17] February 18, 2014 GM107 1870 148 384:24:16 1033 Unknown 1800 16.5 24.8 4096 28.8 DDR3 793 24.8 55 N/A OEM
GeForce GTX 750[18] February 29, 2014
December 1, 2015		 GM107
GM206		 512:32:16

512:32:32

 1020 1085 5000 16.3 32.6 1024
2048[19][20]
4096[21]		 80.2 GDDR5 12.0 (11_0)
12.0 (12_1)		 1044 32.6 N/A $119
GeForce GTX 750 Ti [22] February 18, 2014 GM107 640:40:16 16.3 40.8 1024
2048
4096[23]		 86.4 12.0 (11_0) 1306 40.8 60 N/A $149
GeForce GTX 760 192-bit[24] Unknown GK104 3540 294 1152:96:24 823 888 5808 19.8 79 1536
3072		 134 192 1896 79 130 3-way OEM
GeForce GTX 760[25] June 25, 2013 1152:96:32 980 1033 6008 31.4 94.1 2048
4096		 192 256 2258 94.1 170 $249
GeForce GTX 760 Ti[26] Unknown 1344:112:32 915 980 29.3 103 2048 192 2460 103 OEM
GeForce GTX 770[27] May 30, 2013 1536:128:32 1046 1085 7010 33.5 134 2048
4096		 224 3213 134 230 $399[28]
GeForce GTX 780[29] May 23, 2013 GK110 7080 561 2304:192:48 863 900 6008 41.4 166 3072
6144		 288 384 3977 166 250 $649[28]
GeForce GTX 780 Ti[30] November 7, 2013 2880:240:48 876 928 7000 42.0 210 3072 336 5046 210 4-way $699[28]
GeForce GTX Titan[31] February 19, 2013 2688:224:48 837 876 6008 40.2 188 6144 288 4500 1500 $999
GeForce GTX Titan Black[32] February 18, 2014 2880:240:48 889 980 7000 42.7 213 336 5121 1707 250
GeForce GTX Titan Z[33] March 25, 2014 2× GK110 2× 7080 2× 561 2× 2880:240:48 705 876 2× 33.8 2× 169 2× 6144 2× 336 2× 384 8122 2707 375 4-way on 2 cards $2999
Model Launch Code name Fab (nm) Transistors (Million) Die size (mm2) Bus interface Core config1 Clock speeds Fillrate Memory API support (version) Processing power (GFLOPS) TDP (watts) SLI support6 Launch price (USD)
Base core clock (MHz) Boost core clock (MHz) Memory (MT/s) Pixel (GP/s)2 Texture (GT/s)3 Size (MB) Bandwidth (GB/s) Type Bus width (bit) DirectX OpenGL OpenCL Vulkan Single precision4 Double precision5

3.2. GeForce 700M (7xxM) Series

Some implementations may use different specifications.

  • 1 Unified shaders : Texture mapping units : Render output units
Model Launch Code name Fab (nm) Bus interface Core config1 Clock speed Fillrate Memory API support (version) Processing power2
(GFLOPS)		 TDP (watts) Notes
Core (MHz) Shader (MHz) Memory (MT/s) Pixel (GP/s) Texture (GT/s) Size (MB) Bandwidth (GB/s) Type Bus width (bit) DirectX OpenGL OpenCL Vulkan
GeForce 705M [34] June 1, 2013 GF119 40 PCIe 2.0 x16 48:8:4 775 1550 1800 1.48 5.9 up to 2048 ? DDR3 64 12.0 (11_0) 4.6 1.1 N/A 141.7 12 Rebadged 520M
GeForce 710M [35] April 1, 2013 GF117 28 96:16:4 775 1550 1800 3.1 12.4 up to 2048 14.4 64 297.6 15  
GeForce GT 720M [36] April 1, 2013 96:16:4 800 1600 1600 2.5 10 up to 2048 12.8 64 240 33  
December 25, 2013 GK208 192:16:8 800 2.9 11.5 1.2 ? 276 33  
GeForce GT 730M [37] April 1, 2013 GK107 PCIe 3.0 x16 384:32:16 725 725 1800 5.8 23 up to 2048 14.4 – 64.0 DDR3 GDDR5 128 1.1 1.1 552.2 33  
March 6, 2014 GK208 PCIe 2.0 x8 384:16:8 5.8 11.5 64  
GeForce GT 735M [38] April 1, 2013 PCIe 2.0 x8 384:32:8 889 889 2000 4.6 9.2 up to 2048 16.0 DDR3 64 1.2 441.6 33  
GeForce GT 740M [39] April 1, 2013 GK107 PCIe 3.0 x16 384:32:16 810-1033 810-1033 1800/3600 6.48 25.9 up to 2048 14.4 – 57.6 DDR3 GDDR5 128 1.1 622.1 45  
June 20, 2013 GK208 PCIe 3.0 x8 384:16:8 980-1033 980-1033 7.84 15.7 64 1.2 752.6 33  
GeForce GT 745M [40] April 1, 2013 GK107 PCIe 3.0 x16 384:32:16 837 837 2000 – 5000 4.39 17.6 up to 2048 32.0 – 80.0 128 642.8 45  
GeForce GT 750M [41] April 1, 2013 384:32:16 967 967 2000 – 5000 7.53 30.1 up to 4096 32 – 80 128 1.1 722.7 50  
GeForce GT 755M [42] Unknown 384:32:16 1020 1020 5400 15.7 31.4 up to 2048 86.4 GDDR5 128 752.6 50  
GeForce GTX 760M [43] May 30, 2013 GK106 768:64:16 657 657 4008 10 40.2 2048 64.1 128 964.6 55  
GeForce GTX 765M [44] May 30, 2013 768:64:16 850 850 4008 12.8 51 2048 64.1 128 1.2 1224 75  
GeForce GTX 770M [45] May 30, 2013 960:80:24 811 811 4008 14.1 56.5 3072 96.2 192 1356 75  
GeForce GTX 780M [46] May 30, 2013 GK104 1536:128:32 823 823 5000 24.7 98.7 4096 160.0 256 2369 100  

4. Discontinued Support

Nvidia announced that after Release 390.x drivers, it will no longer release 32-bit drivers for 32-bit operating systems.[47]

Nvidia announced that Kepler notebook GPUs will transition to legacy support from April 2019 onwards and be supported until April 2020.[48] All notebook GPUs from the 7xxM family are affected by this change.

Nvidia announced that after Release 470 drivers, it would transition driver support for the Windows 7 and Windows 8.1 operating systems to legacy status and continue to provide critical security updates for these operating systems through September 2024.[49]

Nvidia announced that all remaining Kepler desktop GPUs would transition to legacy support from September 2021 onwards and be supported for critical security updates through September 2024.[50] The Nvidia GeForce GTX 745, 750 and 750 Ti from the 7xx desktop GPU family would not be affected by this change.

In Windows the last driver to fully support CUDA with 64-Bit Compute Capability 3.5 for Kepler in Windows 7 & Windows 8.1 64-bit is 388.71, tested with latest CUDA-Z and GPU-Z, after that driver, the 64-Bit CUDA support becomes broken for GeForce 700 series GK110 with Kepler architecture.

The last driver where monitor type detection is working properly on Windows XP is 352.86.[51]

References

  1. "NVIDIA Launches Tesla K20 & K20X: GK110 Arrives At Last". AnandTech. November 12, 2012. http://www.anandtech.com/show/6446/nvidia-launches-tesla-k20-k20x-gk110-arrives-at-last/3. 
  2. "DirectX 12: A Major Stride for Gaming - The Official NVIDIA Blog". March 20, 2014. http://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/2014/03/20/directx-12/. 
  3. "GeForce Game Ready Driver For Civilization: Beyond Earth & Lords Of The Fallen Available Now". http://www.geforce.com/whats-new/articles/geforce-344-48-whql-driver-released. 
  4. Kowaliski, Cyril (March 21, 2014). "DirectX 12 will also add new features for next-gen GPUs". The Tech Report. http://techreport.com/news/26210/directx-12-will-also-add-new-features-for-next-gen-gpus. 
  5. "NVIDIA Kepler not fully compliant with DirectX 11.1". http://www.guru3d.com/news_story/nvidia_kepler_not_fully_compliant_with_directx_11_1.html. 
  6. Nvidia Doesn't Fully Support DirectX 11.1 with Kepler GPUs, But… - Bright Side Of News http://www.brightsideofnews.com/news/2012/11/21/nvidia-doesnt-fully-support-directx-111-with-kepler-gpus2c-bute280a6.aspx
  7. "GK110: The True Tank - Nvidia GeForce GTX Titan 6 GB: GK110 On A Gaming Card". February 19, 2013. http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/geforce-gtx-titan-gk110-review,3438-2.html. 
  8. "Nvidia GeForce GTX 780 Ti Review: GK110, Fully Unlocked". November 7, 2013. http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/geforce-gtx-780-ti-review-benchmarks,3663.html. 
  9. Smith, Ryan; T S, Ganesh (February 18, 2014). "The NVIDIA GeForce GTX 750 Ti and GTX 750 Review: Maxwell Makes Its Move". AnandTech: p. 5. http://www.anandtech.com/show/7764/the-nvidia-geforce-gtx-750-ti-and-gtx-750-review-maxwell/5. 
  10. "GeForce GT 705 (OEM)". https://www.geforce.com/hardware/desktop-gpus/geforce-gt-705-oem/specifications. 
  11. "GeForce GT 710 Graphics Card". http://www.geforce.com/hardware/desktop-gpus/geforce-gt-710/specifications. 
  12. "GeForce GT 720 Graphics Card". http://www.geforce.com/hardware/desktop-gpus/geforce-gt-720/specifications. 
  13. "GeForce GT 730 Graphics Card". http://www.geforce.com/hardware/desktop-gpus/geforce-gt-730/specifications. 
  14. "GeForce GT 730 1GB-ZOTAC". ZOTAC. https://www.zotac.com/product/graphics_card/gt-730-1gb. 
  15. "Inno3D GeForce GT 730 2GB GDDR5 LP". Inno3D. http://inno3d.com/products_detail.php?refid=43. 
  16. "GeForce GT 740 Graphics Card". http://www.geforce.com/hardware/desktop-gpus/geforce-gt-740/specifications. 
  17. "GeForce GTX 745 (OEM) - Specifications - GeForce". http://www.geforce.com/hardware/desktop-gpus/geforce-gtx-745-oem/specifications. 
  18. "GeForce GTX 750 Ti Graphics Card from NVIDIA". http://www.geforce.com/hardware/desktop-gpus/geforce-gtx-750/specifications. 
  19. "GeForce GTX 750 EVGA Superclocked 2GB Edition". Game Debate. http://www.game-debate.com/hardware/?gid=2110&graphics=GeForce%20GTX%20750%20EVGA%20Superclocked%202GB%20Edition. 
  20. Kirsch, Nathan (February 28, 2014). "EVGA GeForce GTX 750 with 2GB GDDR5 Memory Announced". Legit Reviews. http://www.legitreviews.com/evga-geforce-gtx-750-2gb-gddr5-memory-announced_136876. 
  21. "GTX750-OC-4GD5". ASUS. http://www.asus.com/Graphics_Cards/GTX750OC4GD5/. 
  22. "GeForce GTX 750 Ti Graphics Card from NVIDIA". http://www.geforce.com/hardware/desktop-gpus/geforce-gtx-750-ti/specifications. 
  23. "GIGABYTE GeForce GTX 750 Ti 4GB WINDFORCE 2X OC EDITION GV-N75TWF2OC-4GI - Newegg.com". https://www.newegg.com/Product/Product.aspx?Item=N82E16814125813. 
  24. "GeForce GTX 760 192-bit(OEM) - Specifications - GeForce". http://www.geforce.com/hardware/desktop-gpus/geforce-gtx-760-oem/specifications. 
  25. "GeForce GTX 760 - Specifications - GeForce". http://www.geforce.com/hardware/desktop-gpus/geforce-gtx-760/specifications. 
  26. "GeForce GTX 760 Ti (OEM) - Specifications - GeForce". http://www.geforce.com/hardware/desktop-gpus/geforce-gtx-760ti-oem/specifications. 
  27. "GeForce GTX 770 - Specifications - GeForce". http://www.geforce.com/hardware/desktop-gpus/geforce-gtx-770/specifications. 
  28. "Nvidia GeForce GTX 780 Ti price and release date revealed - bit-tech.net". http://www.bit-tech.net/news/hardware/2013/10/28/nvidia-geforce-gtx-780-ti-price-and-release/1. 
  29. "GeForce GTX 780 - Specifications - GeForce". http://www.geforce.com/hardware/desktop-gpus/geforce-gtx-780/specifications. 
  30. "GeForce GTX 780 Ti - GeForce". http://www.geforce.com/hardware/desktop-gpus/geforce-gtx-780-ti. 
  31. "GeForce GTX TITAN - Specifications - GeForce". http://www.geforce.com/hardware/desktop-gpus/geforce-gtx-titan/specifications. 
  32. "GeForce GTX TITAN Black - Specifications - GeForce". http://www.geforce.com/hardware/desktop-gpus/geforce-gtx-titan-black/specifications. 
  33. Walker, Justin (March 25, 2014). "Two GPUs, One Insane Graphics Card: Introducing the GeForce GTX TITAN Z". Nvidia Corporation. http://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/2014/03/25/titan-z/. 
  34. "NVIDIA GeForce 705M". http://www.notebookcheck.net/NVIDIA-GeForce-705M.92914.0.html. 
  35. "GeForce 710M - Specifications - GeForce". http://www.geforce.com/hardware/notebook-gpus/geforce-710m/specifications. 
  36. "GeForce GT 720M - Specifications - GeForce". http://www.geforce.com/hardware/notebook-gpus/geforce-gt-720m/specifications. 
  37. "GeForce GT 730M - Specifications - GeForce". http://www.geforce.com/hardware/notebook-gpus/geforce-gt-730m/specifications. 
  38. "GeForce GT 735M - Specifications - GeForce". http://www.geforce.com/hardware/notebook-gpus/geforce-gt-735m/specifications. 
  39. "GeForce GT 740M - Specifications - GeForce". http://www.geforce.com/hardware/notebook-gpus/geforce-gt-740m/specifications. 
  40. "GeForce GT 745M - Specifications - GeForce". http://www.geforce.com/hardware/notebook-gpus/geforce-gt-745m/specifications. 
  41. "GeForce GT 750M - Specifications - GeForce". http://www.geforce.com/hardware/notebook-gpus/geforce-gt-750m/specifications. 
  42. "GeForce GT 755M - Specifications - GeForce". http://www.geforce.com/hardware/notebook-gpus/geforce-gt-755m/specifications. 
  43. "GeForce GTX 760M - Specifications - GeForce". http://www.geforce.com/hardware/notebook-gpus/geforce-gtx-760m/specifications. 
  44. "GeForce GTX 765M - Specifications - GeForce". http://www.geforce.com/hardware/notebook-gpus/geforce-gtx-765m/specifications. 
  45. "GeForce GTX 770M - Specifications - GeForce". http://www.geforce.com/hardware/notebook-gpus/geforce-gtx-770m/specifications. 
  46. "GeForce GTX 780M - Specifications - GeForce". http://www.geforce.com/hardware/notebook-gpus/geforce-gtx-780m/specifications. 
  47. "Support Plan for 32-bit and 64-bit Operating Systems - NVIDIA". http://nvidia.custhelp.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/4604/. 
  48. https://nvidia.custhelp.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/4779
  49. https://nvidia.custhelp.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/5201
  50. https://nvidia.custhelp.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/5202
  51. "Anyway to Change Monitor Type Shown in Nvidia Control Panel? \ VOGONS". https://www.vogons.org/viewtopic.php?p=827282#p827282. 
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