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References

1. Sean Carroll, Sr Research Associate - Physics, California Institute of Technology, June 22, 2006 C-SPAN broadcast of Cosmology at Yearly Kos Science Panel, Part 1 https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN
2. Bednorz, Adam (November 2013). "Relativistic invariance of the vacuum". The European Physical Journal C 73 (12): 2654. doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-013-2654-9. Bibcode: 2013EPJC...73.2654B.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-013-2654-9
3. David Delphenich (2006). "Nonlinear Electrodynamics and QED". arXiv:hep-th/0610088. //arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0610088
4. Walter Dittrich; Gies H (2000). Probing the quantum vacuum: perturbative effective action approach. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-67428-3. https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-3-540-45585-X. 
5. Mourou, G. A., T. Tajima, and S. V. Bulanov, Optics in the relativistic regime; § XI Nonlinear QED, Reviews of Modern Physics vol. 78 (no. 2), 309-371 (2006) pdf file. http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/RevModPhys.78.309
6. Klein, James J. and B. P. Nigam, Birefringence of the vacuum, Physical Review vol. 135, p. B1279-B1280 (1964). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v135/i5B/pB1279_1
7. Holger Gies; Joerg Jaeckel; Andreas Ringwald (2006). "Polarized Light Propagating in a Magnetic Field as a Probe of Millicharged Fermions". Physical Review Letters 97 (14): 140402. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.140402. PMID 17155223. Bibcode: 2006PhRvL..97n0402G.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.97.140402
8. Davis; Joseph Harris; Gammon; Smolyaninov; Kyuman Cho (2007). "Experimental Challenges Involved in Searches for Axion-Like Particles and Nonlinear Quantum Electrodynamic Effects by Sensitive Optical Techniques". arXiv:0704.0748 [hep-th]. //arxiv.org/archive/hep-th
9. Myron Wyn Evans; Stanisław Kielich (1994). Modern nonlinear optics, Volume 85, Part 3. John Wiley & Sons. p. 462. ISBN 978-0-471-57548-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=25LX8F2ybCsC&pg=PA462. "For all field states that have classical analog the field quadrature variances are also greater than or equal to this commutator." 
10. David Nikolaevich Klyshko (1988). Photons and nonlinear optics. Taylor & Francis. p. 126. ISBN 978-2-88124-669-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=IPfwdhR4TaYC&pg=PA126. 
11. Milton K. Munitz (1990). Cosmic Understanding: Philosophy and Science of the Universe. Princeton University Press. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-691-02059-4. https://books.google.com/?id=HkOg14hXqi8C&pg=PA132.#v=onepage&q&f=false. "The spontaneous, temporary emergence of particles from vacuum is called a "vacuum fluctuation"." 
12. For an example, see P. C. W. Davies (1982). The accidental universe. Cambridge University Press. pp. 106. ISBN 978-0-521-28692-3. https://archive.org/details/accidentaluniver0000davi. 
13. A vaguer description is provided by Jonathan Allday (2002). Quarks, leptons and the big bang (2nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 224 ff. ISBN 978-0-7503-0806-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=kgsBbv3-9xwC&pg=PA224. "The interaction will last for a certain duration Δt. This implies that the amplitude for the total energy involved in the interaction is spread over a range of energies ΔE." 
14. This "borrowing" idea has led to proposals for using the zero-point energy of vacuum as an infinite reservoir and a variety of "camps" about this interpretation. See, for example, Moray B. King (2001). Quest for zero point energy: engineering principles for 'free energy' inventions. Adventures Unlimited Press. pp. 124 ff. ISBN 978-0-932813-94-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=0RmkmrFxHM0C&pg=PA124. 
15. Quantities satisfying a canonical commutation rule are said to be noncompatible observables, by which is meant that they can both be measured simultaneously only with limited precision. See Kiyosi Itô (1993). "§ 351 (XX.23) C: Canonical commutation relations". Encyclopedic dictionary of mathematics (2nd ed.). MIT Press. pp. 1303. ISBN 978-0-262-59020-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=azS2ktxrz3EC&pg=PA1303. 
16. Paul Busch; Marian Grabowski; Pekka J. Lahti (1995). "§III.4: Energy and time". Operational quantum physics. Springer. pp. 77ff. ISBN 978-3-540-59358-4. https://archive.org/details/operationalquant00busc. 
17. For a review, see Paul Busch (2008). "Chapter 3: The Time–Energy Uncertainty Relation". in J.G. Muga. Time in Quantum Mechanics. Lecture Notes in Physics. 734 (2nd ed.). Springer. pp. 73–105. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-73473-4_3. ISBN 978-3-540-73472-7. Bibcode: 2002tqm..conf...69B.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-73473-4_3
18. Astrid Lambrecht (2002). Hartmut Figger. ed. Observing mechanical dissipation in the quantum vacuum: an experimental challenge; in Laser physics at the limits. Berlin/New York: Springer. p. 197. ISBN 978-3-540-42418-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=0DUjDAPwcqoC&pg=PA197&dq=%22vacuum+state%22. 
19. Fowler, R., Guggenheim, E.A. (1965). Statistical Thermodynamics. A Version of Statistical Mechanics for Students of Physics and Chemistry, reprinted with corrections, Cambridge University Press, London, page 224.
20. Partington, J.R. (1949). An Advanced Treatise on Physical Chemistry, volume 1, Fundamental Principles. The Properties of Gases, Longmans, Green and Co., London, page 220.
21. Wilks, J. (1971). The Third Law of Thermodynamics, Chapter 6 in Thermodynamics, volume 1, ed. W. Jost, of H. Eyring, D. Henderson, W. Jost, Physical Chemistry. An Advanced Treatise, Academic Press, New York, page 477.
22. Bailyn, M. (1994). A Survey of Thermodynamics, American Institute of Physics, New York, ISBN:0-88318-797-3, page 342.
23. Jauch, J.M., Rohrlich, F. (1955/1980). The Theory of Photons and Electrons. The Relativistic Quantum Field Theory of Charged Particles with Spin One-half, second expanded edition, Springer-Verlag, New York, ISBN:0-387-07295-0, pages 287–288.
24. Milonni, P.W. (1994). The Quantum Vacuum. An Introduction to Quantum Electrodynamics, Academic Press, Inc., Boston, ISBN:0-12-498080-5, page xv.
25. Milonni, P.W. (1994). The Quantum Vacuum. An Introduction to Quantum Electrodynamics, Academic Press, Inc., Boston, ISBN:0-12-498080-5, page 239.
26. Schwinger, J.; DeRaad, L.L.; Milton, K.A. (1978). "Casimir effect in dielectrics". Annals of Physics 115: 1–23. doi:10.1016/0003-4916(78)90172-0. Bibcode: 1978AnPhy.115....1S.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0003-4916%2878%2990172-0
27. Milonni, P.W. (1994). The Quantum Vacuum. An Introduction to Quantum Electrodynamics, Academic Press, Inc., Boston, ISBN:0-12-498080-5, page 418.
28. Jaffe, R.L. (2005). Casimir effect and the quantum vacuum, Phys. Rev. D 72: 021301(R), http://1–5.cua.mit.edu/8.422_s07/jaffe2005_casimir.pdf