Women of the Wall

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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Organization:Women_of_the_Wall

Women of the Wall (Hebrew: נשות הכותל, Neshot HaKotel) is a multi-denominational feminist organization based in Israel whose goal is to secure the rights of women to pray at the Western Wall, also called the Kotel, in a fashion that includes singing, reading aloud from the Torah and wearing religious garments (tallit, tefillin and kippah). Pew Research Center has identified Israel as one of the countries that place "high" restrictions on religion, and there have been limits placed on non-Orthodox streams of Judaism. One of those restrictions is that the Rabbi of the Western Wall has enforced gender segregation and limitations on religious garb worn by women. When the "Women of the Wall" hold monthly prayer services for women on Rosh Hodesh, they observe gender segregation so that Orthodox members may fully participate. But their use of religious garb, singing and reading from a Torah have upset many members of the Orthodox Jewish community, sparking protests and arrests. In May 2013 a judge ruled that a 2003 Israeli Supreme Court ruling prohibiting women from carrying a Torah or wearing prayer shawls had been misinterpreted and that Women of the Wall prayer gatherings at the wall should not be deemed illegal. In January 2016, the Israeli Cabinet approved a plan to designate a new space at the Kotel that would be available for egalitarian prayer and which would not be controlled by the Rabbinate. Women of the Wall welcomed the decision, but the plan faced opposition from other factions, including some ultra-Orthodox members of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's governing coalition, who threatened to withdraw over the government's plan to create non-Orthodox prayer space at the Western Wall in deference to the Women of the Wall. In January 2017, the Israeli High Court ruled that if the government of Israel could not find "good cause" to prohibit women reading from the Torah in prayer services at the Kotel within 30 days, women could do so; they also ruled that the Israeli government could no longer argue that the Robinson's Arch area of the plaza is access to the Kotel. The petition for women to read from the Torah at the Kotel had been brought by a group that split off from the Women of the Wall, calling itself the "Original Women of the Wall". In June 2017, it was announced that the plan approved in January 2016 had been suspended. According to Ronit Kampf, the group's struggle has been "the most covered women's issue in the history of the Israeli media."

multi-denominational gender segregation shawls

References

Sztokman, Elana (January 29, 2014). "Tefillingate: Orthodoxy must not reject its most committed members" (Haaretz). Retrieved October 29, 2014.
Chesler & Haut 2003, p. 184: "A third reason for choosing Orthodox services was out awareness that if we did not adopt Orthodox standards, Orthodox women would not attend our services or, in all likelihood, support our struggle. Non-Orthodox women who have been involved in the Kotel struggle have been most generous in allowing Orthodox practice to prevail, and our services at the Kotel as well as the solidarity services we sponsored elsewhere therefore have been conducted in accordance with Orthodox standards. Despite this many Orthodox women, even those who were active in women's tefillah groups and leaders of Orthodox feminism, remained reticent and ambivalent about our struggle to pray at the Kotel, and Orthodox rabbis, even those who permitted women's tefillah their synagogues, did not support our right to pray in an identical fashion at the Kotel.
Feldman 2011, p. 115: "The movement, which is controversial, even among Orthodox feminists, myself included..."
Amid Violence, Women of the Wall Vote Not to Engage Police This Month Haaretz, Oct 12, 2015 http://www.haaretz.com/jewish/news/1.679974
Rubel 2010, p. 53
2010 Human Rights Report: Israel and the occupied territories. U.S. Department of state. This article incorporates public domain material from this source.
Price 2012
Sharma & Young 1999, p. 207: "Known as "the Women of the Wall," these women, out of deference to the group's Orthodox members, have used traditional liturgical texts and have not considered themselves to be a minyan. Halakhically, at least as understood by Orthodoxy, women cannot constitute or count as members of a prayer quorum. Nonetheless, they have become the target of great opposition and occasional violence from ultra Orthodox Jews. [...] Women of the Wall continue to face opposition from ultra Orthodox Jews who are against women's prayer groups in general.
Baines & Rubio-Marin 2005, p. 214: "The Women of the Wall organization represents a group of observant Jewish women who pray together in a minyan - a religious quorum traditionally reserved for men. This form of collective worship is not acceptable to ultra-Orthodox Jews when practiced by women."
Chambré 2002, p. 12: "But, at the kotel, where tradition trumps individual choice, the guidelines have not changed because they are not only a matter of acknowledging the desires of this group, which itself would radically alter Jewish tradition, but because the group lacks the support of any major religious authority. At the same time, acceding to their requests might also mean giving parity to non-Orthodox denominations."
Feldman 2011, p. 115: "Supporters of the Women of the Wall note the irony that "only in Israel, and at the site most holy to Jews...are Jewish women prohibited from praying aloud in a group with a Torah."
Senate (US) Committee on Foreign Relations 2005, p. 552: "In 2003, the Women of the Wall, a group of more than 100 Orthodox, Conservative, and Reform women, lost their 14-year legal battle to hold formal women's prayer services at the Western Wall. The High Court ruled that the group could not hold prayer services at the Western Wall and instead would be permitted to hold them at nearby Robinson's Arch."
"Israel Approves Prayer Space at Western Wall for Non-Orthodox Jews". The New York Times. 1 February 2016. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/01/world/middleeast/israel-western-wall-prayer.html.
Shimoni, Rebecca. "In landmark decision, High Court rules for women's Western Wall prayer". The Times of Israel. http://www.timesofisrael.com/in-sweeping-decision-high-court-rules-for-womens-western-wall-prayer/. Retrieved 2017-01-13.
Sales, Ben (2017-06-26). "Suspension of Western Wall deal leaves Jewish leaders feeling betrayed – J". Jweekly.com. http://www.jweekly.com/2017/06/26/suspension-of-western-wall-deal-leaves-jewish-leaders-feeling-betrayed/. Retrieved 2017-07-21.
"Israel freezes Western Wall compromise that was to create egalitarian prayer section | Jewish Telegraphic Agency". Jta.org. 2017-06-25. http://www.jta.org/2017/06/25/news-opinion/israel-middle-east/netanyahu-rescinds-pluralistic-western-wall-agreement. Retrieved 2017-07-21.
Maltz, Judy (April 19, 2013). "The new Orthodox face of Women of the Wall". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-features/the-new-orthodox-face-of-women-of-the-wall.premium-1.516416/. Retrieved 27 June 2013. : "Although Women of the Wall is widely associated with the Reform movement, it is very much based on an Orthodox model, says Elana Sztokman, the executive director of the Jewish Orthodox Feminist Alliance, an international organization based in New York."
Skinner Keller, Radford Ruether & Cantlon 2006, p. 584: "Initiated in 1988 by North American women, the Women of the Wall have been trying to pray at the Western Wall in Jerusalem with Torah reading as the women's tefillah (prayer) groups do in America."
Starr Sered 2001, p. 202: "The story of the Women of the Wall began on December 2, 1988, when a group of approximately 100 women participants in the First International Jewish Feminist Conference in Jerusalem held a prayer service at the Western Wall. American-born women for the most part, they were accustomed to the more egalitarian religious practises that characterize American Judaism."
Starr Sered 2010, p. 636: "The Israeli women, most of whom were American-born, pledged to return to the Wall on the first day of each month in order to carry out a prayer service."
Ben-David 2003, p. 26: "It is not surprising that a disproportionate number of the Women of the Wall are, like Ner-David, American immigrants, or part of the larger native English-speaking Israeli community."
Rubel 2010, p. 53: "While noted in Israel, these incidents receive far more attention in the United States. The main reason for the publicity is that the worshipers drawing ire are disproportionately American."
Swirski 1991, p. 298: "Women of the Wall, organized to literally and metaphorically break down the barriers to women's prayer at the Wailing Wall in Jerusalem. Most of the initiators and participants in these activities have been immigrants from English-speaking countries."
Satlow 2006, p. 67: "By and larger, Israeli Orthodox women focus their religious life domestically. The growing difference between the roles of women in Western and Israeli Orthodoxy is in part due to social conditions. Whereas in the United States, for example, the push toward increasing female participation in religious services is primarily driven by highly educated, professional women who experience a gap between their high-status place in the secular world and their confinement behind the mechitza in the synagogue, the achievement of higher education and high-status jobs by Orthodox women in Israel is far rarer."
(Renee Ghert-Zand). Where ‘rock star’ Anat Hoffman turns raging feminist, Times of Israel,(April 20, 2013). ""The whole battle for the Western Wall is an Americanized and American-imported battle for religious moderation and tolerance," explains Shmuel Rosner, senior fellow at the Jewish People Policy Institute and L.A. Jewish Journal columnist. "Women wearing a tallit is not something Israelis are used to. They don't necessarily have negative feelings about it, but it's just strange and feels like it doesn't belong here."" and "Many Israelis dismiss Women of the Wall as foreign interlopers, "but there is something to be said about Women of the Wall appearing non-native," Sztokman offers. "Civil rights and feminism are American imports — and late in coming. But now these things are being adapted to the local context." http://www.timesofisrael.com/where-rock-star-anat-hoffman-turns-raging-feminist/
"Poll: Half of Israelis support Women of the Wall". Haaretz.com. 13 May 2013. http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/poll-half-of-israelis-support-women-of-the-wall.premium-1.523651.
Skinner Keller, Radford Ruether & Cantlon 2006, p. 584
Judy B. "Women of the Wall founding Rabbi Deborah Brin - Nahalat Shalom". http://www.nahalatshalom.org/who-we-are/our-rabbi/78-about/163-women-of-the-wall-founding-rabbi-deborah-brin.html.
"Francine Klagsbrun | Jewish Women's Archive". Jwa.org. 2009-03-01. http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/klagsbrun-francine. Retrieved 2015-09-07.
Szymkowicz, Sarah. "Women Of The Wall". Jewish Virtual Library. https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/WOW.html.
Starr Sered 2010, p. 636
Reiter, Yitzhak (2016-04-02). "Feminists in the Temple of Orthodoxy: The Struggle of the Women of the Wall to Change the Status Quo". Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies 34 (2): 79–107. doi:10.1353/sho.2016.0001. ISSN 1534-5165. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/613732.
Israeli Women Defy Custom, Say a Prayer for Equality, June 5, 2000. http://articles.latimes.com/2000/jun/05/news/mn-37770
""The Israeli Supreme Court Denies Women The Right to Pray at the Western Wall", Findlaw. April 23, 2003". http://writ.news.findlaw.com/colb/20030423.html.
"Backers of women’s prayer at wall weighing options after court ruling, Jewish Telegraph Agency, April 6, 2003". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. http://www.jta.org/page_view_story.asp?intarticleid=12628&intcategoryid=1.
Krieger, Hilary Leila; Izenberg, Dan (31 October 2003). "Women of the Wall Wail Over New Prayer Site". The Jerusalem Post. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-86894411.html.
Sharon, Jeremy (22 May 2012). "Police Detain Women at Kotel Over Prayer Shawls". The Jerusalem Post. http://www.jtsa.edu/News/Top_Stories/Police_Detain_Women_at_Kotel.xml?ss=print.
Challenging Traditions at the Heart of Judaism, New York Times, December 21, 2009. "After a lengthy legal battle, the court ultimately ruled against the women in the interest of public order. Consequently, it is illegal for them to read aloud from the Torah or to wear prayer shawls openly by the wall." https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/22/world/middleeast/22jerusalem.html?_r=0
Women of the Wall urge Jerusalem police to refrain from arrests at upcoming service, Haaretz, (April 10, 2013) "Under pressure from the non-Orthodox Jewish world, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu instructed Sharansky several months ago to draft .." http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/women-of-the-wall-urge-jerusalem-police-to-refrain-from-arrests-at-upcoming-service.premium-1.514734
Rudoren, Jodi (December 25, 2012). "Israel to Review Curbs on Women's Prayer at Western Wall". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/26/world/middleeast/israeli-law-curbing-womens-prayer-up-for-review.html. Retrieved December 25, 2012.
Western Wall plan unveiled to resolve 24-year-old prayer rights dispute, (10 April 2013) https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/10/western-wall-resolve-prayer-rights
Rudoren, Jodi (11 February 2013). "Women Praying at Western Wall in Jerusalem Are Detained". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/12/world/middleeast/Women-Praying-at-Western-Wall-Detained.html. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
Reiter, Yitzhak (Winter 2016). "Feminists in the Temple of Orthodoxy: The Struggle of the Women of the Wall to Change the Status Quo". Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies 34: 80. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/613732.
Jeremy Sharon. MKs slam colleagues who joined Women of the Wall. Jerusalem Post. (March 12, 2013) http://www.jpost.com/Diplomacy-and-Politics/MKs-slam-colleagues-who-joined-Women-of-the-Wall
Gabe Fisher. Female MKs join Women of the Wall prayer service Times of Israel. (March 12, 2013) http://www.timesofisrael.com/female-mks-join-women-of-the-wall-for-prayer-service/
Jonathan Lis. Female Israeli MKs join Women of the Wall; no arrests for first time in months. Haaretz, (March 12, 2013) http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/female-israeli-mks-join-women-of-the-wall-no-arrests-for-first-time-in-months.premium-1.508895
Women win the right to pray like men at Jerusalem's Western Wall, Robert Tait, Daily Telegraph, (April 25, 2013) "Women's rights campaigners won a potential landmark legal victory after a judge ruled that they should be allowed to pray at the Western Wall, Judaism's most sacred site, in a manner previously deemed only fit for men." https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/10018346/Women-win-the-right-to-pray-like-men-at-Jerusalems-Western-Wall.html
Response of the Rabbi of the Western Wall to the Women of the Wall’s Provocative Act http://english.thekotel.org/today/article.asp?ArticleID=162
Women and Orthodox Waver Over Plan for Egalitarian Prayer at Western Wall, Nathan Jeffay, Forward, (May 10, 2013) https://forward.com/articles/176312/women-and-orthodox-waver-over-plan-for-egalitarian/?p=all
Women of the Wall: The Controversy Continues, Israel Movement for Reform & Progressive Judaism, (March 18, 2013) "In January, 2013, WOW, the IMPJ and IRAC joined other organizations in filing a petition with the High Court of Justice against the prime minister and the Western Wall Heritage Foundation, demanding that non-orthodox Jews and women receive equal representation for managing the Wall, and requested the court "remove the control of the holy site from the hands of the Western Wall rabbi." http://www.reform.org.il/eng/About/NewsItem.asp?ContentID=1323
"Reform Rabbis Issue Statement of Outrage at Israel's Arrest of Woman for Holding Torah at Western Wall". Marketwire. http://www.marketwire.com/press-release/Reform-Rabbis-Issue-Statement-Outrage-Israels-Arrest-Woman-Holding-Torah-Western-Wall-1289352.htm.
"Women of the Wall bus ad campaign encourages bat mitzvahs at the Kotel". Haaretz.com. 13 October 2014. http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/.premium-1.620543.
"Women of Wall Push for Bat Mitzvahs at Western Wall". The Jewish Daily Forward. 13 October 2014. http://forward.com/articles/207262/women-of-wall-push-for-bat-mitzvahs-at-western-wal/.
"Ultra-Orthodox Jews attack Jerusalem buses over ad". Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/ultra-orthodox-jews-attack-jerusalem-buses-over-ad/2014/10/21/62c92540-5907-11e4-9d6c-756a229d8b18_story.html.
"Women of the Wall smuggle tiny Torah scroll to Western Wall for Bat Mitzva". http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Women-of-the-Wall-smuggle-tiny-Torah-scroll-to-Western-Wall-for-Bat-Mitzva-379719.
"'Light One Candle with Women of the Wall' (Dec 11) Women of the Wall" http://womenofthewall.org.il/2014/12/light-one-candle/
"Maltz, Judy 'Rabbi bans Women of the Wall's Hanukkah candle-lighting ceremony' (Dec 14, 2014) Haaretz"http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/.premium-1.631730
"Judy Maltz 'Sarah Silverman joins Women activists at Western Wall Hanukkah ceremony: Kotel security confiscates prayer group's menorahs, returned only after complaint lodged with police.' (18 Dec 2014) Haaretz"http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/1.632612
Women Read From Torah Scroll at Western Wall The Forward, 20 April 2015 https://forward.com/news/breaking-news/306250/women-read-from-torah-scroll-at-western-wall/
Women defy Western Wall ban and read from full-size Torah Haaretz, 20 April 2015 http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/.premium-1.652640
In First, Women of the Wall pray with Full-Size Torah scroll The Times of Israel, 20 April 2015 http://www.timesofisrael.com/in-first-women-of-the-wall-pray-with-full-sized-torah-scroll/
Original Women of Wall reject compromise at site The Jerusalem Post, Feb 12, 2016 http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Original-Women-of-Wall-reject-compromise-at-site-443215
Palestinians cry foul The Times of Israel, Feb 1, 2016 http://www.timesofisrael.com/palestinians-cry-foul-over-planned-mixed-gender-western-wall-section/
Knesset ethics panel reprimands haredi lawmaker who slammed Women of the Wall JTA, March 29, 2016 http://www.jta.org/2016/03/29/default/knesset-ethics-panel-reprimands-haredi-lawmaker-who-slammed-women-of-the-wall
Knesset scolds MK for disparaging feminist prayer group The Times of Israel, March 29, 2016 http://www.timesofisrael.com/knesset-scolds-mk-for-disparaging-feminist-prayer-group/
Ethics Committee reprimands MK Porush for his remarks against "Women of the Wall" Knesset, March 29, 2016 https://www.knesset.gov.il/spokesman/eng/PR_eng.asp?PRID=12030
At Western Wall, a clash over women praying. USA Today, (May 10, 2013) https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/05/10/israel-western-wall-women/2149923/
"Haredim Heckle and Harass Women of the Wall during Prayer". The Jerusalem Post. 10 May 2013. http://www.jpost.com/National-News/Thousands-of-haredim-protest-Women-of-Wall-prayer-312747.
Maltz, Judith & Ettinger, Yair. Protesters hurl rocks in clashes over Women of the Wall prayer service at Kotel, Haartez (May 10, 2013). http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/protesters-hurl-rocks-in-clashes-over-women-of-the-wall-prayer-service-at-kotel.premium-1.523333
Nachshoni Kobi. 'Torah tag' sprayed on Women of Wall member's house, Ynet, (May 20, 2013). http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4381895,00.html
Vandals target home of Women of the Wall activist, Times of Israel, (May 20, 2013). http://www.timesofisrael.com/vandals-target-home-of-women-of-the-wall-activist/
Nachshoni Kobi. Chief rabbis threatened over Kotel war, Ynet, (June 4, 2013). http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4387837,00.html
Sharon, Jeremy. Thousands of haredi girls prevent Women of Wall from praying by Western Wall, Jerusalem Post, (July 8, 2013). http://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-News/Thousands-of-haredi-high-school-girls-protest-WoW-prayer-at-Western-Wall-319099
Fiske, Gavriel. Women of the Wall denied access to Kotel, Times of Israel, (July 8, 2013). http://www.timesofisrael.com/women-of-the-wall-denied-access-to-western-wall/
Bennett unveils new platform for egalitarian prayer, Times of Israel, (August 27, 2013). http://www.timesofisrael.com/bennett-unveils-new-platform-for-egalitarian-prayer/
Western Wall egalitarian plaza greeted with skepticism, Times of Israel, (August 25, 2013). http://www.timesofisrael.com/western-wall-egalitarian-plaza-greeted-with-skepticism/
"For the First Time Ever, Women of the Wall Hold Torah Reading at the Kotel". Shalom Life. http://www.shalomlife.com/news/26571/for-the-first-time-ever-women-of-the-wall-hold-torah-reading-at-the-kotel/#?1#?1#WebrootPlugIn#?1#?1#PhreshPhish#?1#?1#agtpwd.
"Maltz, Judy 'Despite warning, rabbi lets Women of the Wall read from Torah for second month'(Nov 23, 2014)"http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/.premium-1.628023
"Comedian Sarah Silverman Supports Women Of The Wall At Hanukkah Menorah Lighting". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/12/18/sarah-silverman-western-wall-hanukkah_n_6351040.html.
Jenkins, Jack (2015-04-21). "Jewish Feminists In Israel Defy Ban, Read From A Full-Size Torah At The Western Wall". http://thinkprogress.org/world/2015/04/21/3649582/jewish-feminists-israel-defy-ban-read-full-size-torah-western-wall/. Retrieved 2015-04-25.
"Emanu-El contingent takes part in historic Women of the Wall Torah service | j. the Jewish news weekly of Northern California". Jweekly.com. http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/74537/emanu-el-contingent-takes-part-in-historic-women-of-the-wall-torah-service/. Retrieved 2015-04-25.
admin. "mideast shorts". http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/77468/mideast-shorts-04-29-16/.
"Six Day War vets, Women of the Wall scuffle with guards at Western Wall". Times of Israel. 20 October 2017. https://www.timesofisrael.com/six-day-war-vets-women-of-the-wall-scuffle-with-guards-at-western-wall.
"Dozens of Israeli Army Veterans of Six-Day War Roughed Up Trying to Bring Torah Scrolls to Western Wall". Haaretz. 20 October 2017. https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-idf-veterans-roughed-up-trying-to-bring-torah-scrolls-to-kotel-1.5459300.
"Women of the Wall Warned It Could Be Thrown Out of Jewish Holy Site". Haaretz. 6 June 2018. https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/women-of-the-wall-warned-it-could-be-thrown-out-of-jewish-holy-site-1.6154971.
Chesler & Haut 2003, pp. 56–57: "But we might also have to go outside both the legal and political system. Would women be willing to do civil disobedience, get arrested? A[nat]: Absolutely! We are hoping that Shas actually passes the bill that would put us in jail for seven years. P[hyllis]: You would sit in jail for seven years? A: We have quite a few women who are willing to become prisoners of conscience. P: Prisoners of conscience . . . A: If the police weren't ready to arrest us for six months, do you think they'd arrest us for seven years? If they did, it would be very good for us, both legally and in terms of media support. Imagine what Amnesty International will do with this!"
"Police Arrest Woman Praying at the Western Wall". ynet. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3807090,00.html.
"The 'Crime' of Praying with a Tallit, and a Plea for Tolerance: First Person". The Jewish Daily Forward. 24 November 2009. http://www.forward.com/articles/119509/,.
"Women of the Wall Leader Interrogated by Police". The Jewish Daily Forward. 6 January 2010. http://www.forward.com/articles/122754/.
"Police arrest Women of the Wall leader for praying with Torah scroll". Haaretz.com. 12 July 2010. http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/police-arrest-women-of-the-wall-leader-for-praying-with-torah-scroll-1.301457.
Women of the Wall website http://womenofthewall.org.il/media-3/press-room-2/,
"3 women arrested while praying at Western Wall in 24 hours". http://972mag.com/breaking-3-women-arrested-while-praying-at-western-wall-in-last-24-hours/57856/.
Sharon, Jeremy. "Police arrest Women of the Wall leader for singing." Jerusalem Post. 17 October 2012. 25 October 2012. http://www.jpost.com/JewishWorld/JewishFeatures/Article.aspx?id=288249
Rudoren, Jodi (11 February 2013). "Women Praying at Western Wall in Jerusalem Are Detained". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/12/world/middleeast/Women-Praying-at-Western-Wall-Detained.html. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
Reiter, YItzhak (Winter 2016). "Feminists in the Temple of Orthodoxy: The Struggle of the Women of the Wall to Change the Status Quo". Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies 34: 89. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/613732.
Reiter, Yitzhak (Winter 2016). "Feminists in the Temple of Orthodoxy: The Struggle of the Women of the Wall to Change the Status Quo". Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies 34: 89. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/613732.
Rocker, Simon. (April 11, 2013). UK rabbis tell Israel: let women pray at the Wall, Jewish Chronicle. http://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/105319/uk-rabbis-tell-israel-let-women-pray-wall
Shimoni, Rebecca (2015-07-18). "Women of the Wall member arrested at Western Wall with Torah". The Times of Israel. http://www.timesofisrael.com/women-of-the-wall-member-arrested-at-western-wall-with-torah/. Retrieved 2017-01-13.
"Leader Arrested with a Torah in the Women's Section". Women of the Wall. 2015-07-17. http://www.womenofthewall.org.il/women-of-the-wall-leader-arrested-with-a-torah-in-the-womens-section/. Retrieved 2017-01-13.
Shimoni, Rebecca (2016-06-07). "Police hold Women of the Wall leader for 'smuggling Torah'". The Times of Israel. http://www.timesofisrael.com/police-hold-women-of-the-wall-leader-for-smuggling-torah/. Retrieved 2017-01-13.
Nachshoni, Kobi (2018-06-15). "Women of the Wall defy AG's ruling, leading to clashes". Ynet. https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5287506,00.html/. Retrieved 2018-06-15.
Lahav, Pnina (2016-01-20) (in en). The Women of the Wall - A Metaphor for National and Religious Identity. Rochester, NY. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2719030.
Reiter, Yitzhak (Winter 2016). "Feminists in the Temple of Orthodoxy: The Struggle of the Women of the Wall to Change the Status Quo". Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies 34: 81–82. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/613732.
Starr Sered 2010, pp. 638–9
Frimer, Arye and Dov, Women's Prayer Services Theory and Practice Tradition, 1998 http://www.daat.ac.il/daat/english/tfila/frimmer1.htm
Price 2012: "The Israeli Orthodox establishment view the Women of the Wall as being a Trojan horse to introduce Jewish pluralism and establish the Reform, Conservative, and Reconstructionist strains of Judaism in Israel."
Starr Sered 2010, p. 642
Starr Sered 2000, pp. 138–9
"Rabbi Yosef condemns Women of the Wall". ynet. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3801872,00.html.
Hirsch & Reinman 2002, p. 179
Unterman 2009, p. 296: "Nehama rejected the argument that women's spiritual needs must be met more fully than convention currently allows. Shira Leibowitz Schmidt recalls that Nehama "unsympathetically labeled as "sport" the untraditional, demonstrative prayer by Women of the Wall..."
Rabbanit Tzviya Eliyahu: Women of the Wall are 'Crazy', Arutz Sheva, (June 06, 2013) http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/168688
Zionist rabbis vs. Women of Wall, Kobi Nachshoni, ynet.com 9 May 2013. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4378184,00.html
Chesler 1996
Raday 2009, p. 231: "However, even academics, intellectuals, and journalists generally committed to a liberal point of view were overtly hostile to the WOW. In newspaper articles and public discussion, they claimed that their actions were a "provocation."
Naveh 2003, p. 130: "The WoW group has also failed to rally support from Israeli women's organizations: their struggle was and is still considered weird and objectionable."
Halkin, Hillel. (June 24, 2013). Women's Prayer Protests at Western Wall Are Just Childish Provocation, Forward. https://forward.com/articles/179034/womens-prayer-protests-at-western-wall-are-just-ch/
Handelman-Smith, Ithamar. Women of the Wall, what do you want?, Haaretz, (May 14, 2013).: "I really don't get this Women of the Wall thing. Is it a tasteless joke, meaningless silliness or an effort to cause aggravation and anger? What's the point of Women of the Wall's praying? What do they hope to achieve beyond provocation, media exposure, ratings and the intoxication of power..." http://www.haaretz.com/opinion/women-of-the-wall-what-do-you-want.premium-1.524057
Starr Sered 1999, p. 217: "The secular newspapers have been antagonistic to the Women of the Wall, thus depriving them of a major social resource."
Starr Sered 2001, p. 203: "Still, secular newspaper reports, editors, and other public figures have also had their say. Interestingly, their stance has not been overly sympathetic to the Women of the Wall,..."
Robinson & Klotz 1989: "The Israeli secular public cannot see why this issue is important to us."
Halperin-Kaddari 2004, p. 170: "Significantly, there has been little sympathy or understanding in the media for the women's cause, perhaps expressing Israeli society's general hostility to feminist causes."
Lahav 2000: "I fear that the general indifference at best, and hostility at worst, of the Jewish secular majority towards the Women of the Wall stems from the hostility to feminism in general. It has long been observed that feminism has not been kindly accepted in Israel."
Starr Sered 1999, p. 211: "The Women of the Wall are themselves seen as a symbol, symbolically desecrating Judaism's holiest site."
Swirski & Safir 1991, p. 16: "In the context of Israeli society, the demands of Women of the Wall represent unprecedented, radical demands. Jews in Israel, including the secular majority, generally accept the domination of Orthodoxy in religious matters, perhaps because they do not perceive it as meaningful to their daily lives."
Lahav 2006, p. 133: "In Israel of the early 1990s, which experienced the surge of religion and the rise of religious political power, WOW's action was perceived as radical and unacceptable."
Starr Sered 2001, p. 203
Greenberg 1999, p. 157: "There has not been as much grass-roots support in Israel for the Women of the Wall."
Lahav 2000: "A deeper reason has to do with the historical attitude of secular Zionism towards religion. From the perspective of the secular majority, Jewish religion is what the orthodox say it is. They fail to see in the women's fight a struggle to open up orthodoxy and make it more egalitarian; if they do, they do not consider it to be of any significance because they do not have an interest in religion anyway."
Lahav 2000: "Politically, the secular majority is interested in the orthodox sector only in as much as it can support their views concerning the peace process. The Left is impatient with the Women of the Wall because they pose yet another obstacle on the road to some Orthodox support of the dovish resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict. The Right supports the orthodox (against the women) because it wishes to strengthen its bond with the religious sector, thereby guaranteeing more support for it hawkish opposition to the formula of land for peace."
Stevens 1990, p. 160: "Therefore be, it resolved that the CCAR encourage its members and their constituencies to support the Women of the Wall by writing to the Ministers of Religion and Justice, the Prime Minister, the Chief rabbis, public figures, and President of Israel about... b) Women having the option of joining prayer groups at the Wall."
In Support of Women of the Wall, URJ, (June 4, 2000). http://urj.org//about/union/governance/reso//?syspage=article&item_id=1945
NYC Prayer Service Supports Women of the Wall, Tablet, (May 10, 2013). http://www.tabletmag.com/scroll/132071/nyc-prayer-service-supports-women-of-the-wall
Almost half of Israeli Jews back Women of the Wall Times of Israel, May 12, 2013 http://www.timesofisrael.com/almost-half-of-israeli-jews-back-women-of-the-wall/
Raday 2007, p. 266
Raday 2007, p. 267

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