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Year

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A year is the orbital period of a planetary body, for example, the Earth, moving in its orbit around the Sun. Due to the Earth's axial tilt, the course of a year sees the passing of the seasons, marked by change in weather, the hours of daylight, and, consequently, vegetation and soil fertility. In temperate and subpolar regions around the planet, four seasons are generally recognized: spring, summer, autumn and winter. In tropical and subtropical regions, several geographical sectors do not present defined seasons; but in the seasonal tropics, the annual wet and dry seasons are recognized and tracked. A calendar year is an approximation of the number of days of the Earth's orbital period, as counted in a given calendar. The Gregorian calendar, or modern calendar, presents its calendar year to be either a common year of 365 days or a leap year of 366 days, as do the Julian calendars; see below. For the Gregorian calendar, the average length of the calendar year (the mean year) across the complete leap cycle of 400 years is 365.2425 days. The ISO standard ISO 80000-3, Annex C, supports the symbol a (for Latin annus) to represent a year of either 365 or 366 days. In English, the abbreviations y and yr are commonly used. In astronomy, the Julian year is a unit of time; it is defined as 365.25 days of exactly 86,400 seconds (SI base unit), totalling exactly 31,557,600 seconds in the Julian astronomical year. The word year is also used for periods loosely associated with, but not identical to, the calendar or astronomical year, such as the seasonal year, the fiscal year, the academic year, etc. Similarly, year can mean the orbital period of any planet; for example, a Martian year and a Venusian year are examples of the time a planet takes to transit one complete orbit. The term can also be used in reference to any long period or cycle, such as the Great Year.

totalling astronomy dry seasons

References

Shields, Miriam Nancy (1924). "The new calendar of the eastern churches". Popular Astronomy 32: 407. Bibcode: 1924PA.....32..407S. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1924PA.....32..407S
Ziggelaar, A. (1983). "The Papal Bull of 1582 Promulgating a Reform of the Calendar". Gregorian Reform of the Calendar: Proceedings of the Vatican Conference to Commemorate its 400th Anniversary. Vatican City: Pontifical Academy of Sciences. p. 223. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?journal=grc..&year=1983&volume=book&letter=.&db_key=GEN&page_ind=230&plate_select=NO&data_type=GIF&type=SCREEN_GIF&classic=YES.
Richards, E.G. (2013). "Calendars". in Urban, S.E.; Seidelmann, P.K.. Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac (3rd ed.). Mill Valley, CA: University Science Books. pp. 585, 590. ISBN 978-1-891389-85-6. http://aa.usno.navy.mil/publications/docs/c15_usb_online.pdf. Richards does not explicitly say that Anno Domini is the worldwide standard, but does say on page 585 that the Gregorian calendar is used throughout the world for secular purposes.
International Earth Rotation and Reference System Service. (2010).IERS EOP PC Useful constants. http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eop-pc/models/constants.html
Richards, E.G. (2013). Calendars. In S.E. Urban & P.K. Seidelmann (Eds.), Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac (3rd ed.). Mill Valley, CA: University Science Books. p. 586.
"longitude, ecliptic" and "dynamical equinox". (2018). In "Glossary", The Astronomical Almanac Online. United States Naval Observatory. http://asa.usno.navy.mil/SecM/Glossary.html#longitude-ecliptic
Astronomical Almanac for the Year 2011. Washington and Taunton: U.S. Government Printing Office and the U.K. Hydrographic Office. 2009. p. M18 (Glossary). http://asa.usno.navy.mil/SecM/Glossary.html#y.
Astronomical Almanac for the Year 2011. Washington and Taunton: US Government Printing Office and the UK Hydrographic Office. 2009. pp. A1, C2.
Calendar Description and Coordination Maya World Studies Center http://www.mayacalendar.com/descripcion.html
Astronomical Almanac for the Year 2010. Washington and Taunton: U.S. Government Printing Office and the U.K. Hydrographic Office. 2008. p. B3.
U.S. Naval Observatory Nautical Almanac Office and Her Majesty's Nautical Almanac Office (2010). Astronomical Almanac for the year 2011. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. C2, L8.
Simon, J.L.; Bretagnon, P.; Chapront, J.; Chapront-Touzé, M.; Francou, G.; Laskar, J. (February 1994). "Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and planets". Astronomy and Astrophysics 282 (2): 663–683. Bibcode: 1994A&A...282..663S. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994A&A...282..663S
Taff, Lawrence G. (1985). Celestial Mechanics: A Computational Guide for the Practitioner. New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-471-89316-5. Values in tables agree closely for 2000, and depart by as much as 44 seconds for the years furthest in the past or future; the expressions are simpler than those recommended in the Astronomical Almanac for the Year 2011.
Seidelmann, P. Kenneth (2013). Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac. Sean E. Urban (ed.) (3 ed.). Univ Science Books. p. 587. ISBN 978-1-891389-85-6. Tabulates length of tropical year from −500 to 2000 at 500 year intervals using a formula by Laskar (1986); agrees closely with values in this section near 2000, departs by 6 seconds in −500.
"Science Bowl Questions, Astronomy, Set 2". Science Bowl Practice Questions. Oak Ridge Associated Universities. 2009. Archived from the original on March 7, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100307191635/http://www.orau.gov/sciencebowl/teams/files/astrset2.pdf. Retrieved December 9, 2009.
Russ Rowlett. "Units: A". How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement. University of North Carolina. http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictA.html. Retrieved January 9, 2009.
"AGU publications: Grammar and Style Guide". American Geophysical Union. 1 September 2017. Archived from the original on 18 September 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20190918210347/https://www.agu.org/Publish-with-AGU/Publish/Author-Resources/Grammar-Style-Guide#datetime. Retrieved 9 January 2009.
North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature (November 2005). "North American Stratigraphic Code". The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 89 (11): 1547–1591. doi:10.1306/07050504129. http://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Info/NACSN/Code2/code2.html#Article13.
"Special Publication 811 – Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)". National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). 2008. para 8.1. https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/pdf/sp811.pdf.
"ISO 80000-3:2006, Quantities and units". Geneva: International Organization for Standardization. 2006. Part 3: Space and time. http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=31888.
"Unified Code for Units of Measure". Archived from the original on May 20, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080520112256/http://aurora.rg.iupui.edu/UCUM/.
http://aurora.regenstrief.org/~ucum/ucum.html#para-31
Norman E. Holden; Mauro L. Bonardi; Paul De Bièvre; Paul R. Renne; Igor M. Villa (2011). "IUPAC-IUGS common definition and convention on the use of the year as a derived unit of time (IUPAC Recommendations 2011)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 83 (5): 1159–1162. doi:10.1351/PAC-REC-09-01-22. http://doc.rero.ch/record/303694/files/pac-rec-09-01-22.pdf.
Celeste Biever (April 27, 2011). "Push to define year sparks time war". New Scientist 210 (2810): 10. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(11)60955-X. Bibcode: 2011NewSc.210R..10B. https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20423-push-to-define-year-sparks-time-war.html. Retrieved April 28, 2011.
P. Belli (2007). "Investigation of β decay of 113Cd". Phys. Rev. C 76 (6): 064603. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.76.064603. Bibcode: 2007PhRvC..76f4603B. https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevC.76.064603
F.A. Danevich (2003). "α activity of natural tungsten isotopes". Phys. Rev. C 67 (1): 014310. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.67.014310. Bibcode: 2003PhRvC..67a4310D. https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevC.67.014310
North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature. North American Stratigraphic Code (Article 13 (c)). http://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Info/NACSN/Code2/code2.html#Article13. "(c) Convention and abbreviations. – The age of a stratigraphic unit or the time of a geologic event, as commonly determined by numerical dating or by reference to a calibrated time-scale, may be expressed in years before the present. The unit of time is the modern year as presently recognized worldwide. Recommended (but not mandatory) abbreviations for such ages are SI (International System of Units) multipliers coupled with "a" for annus: ka, Ma, and Ga for kilo-annus (103 years), Mega-annus (106 years), and Giga-annus (109 years), respectively. Use of these terms after the age value follows the convention established in the field of C-14 dating. The "present" refers to AD 1950, and such qualifiers as "ago" or "before the present" are omitted after the value because measurement of the duration from the present to the past is implicit in the designation. In contrast, the duration of a remote interval of geologic time, as a number of years, should not be expressed by the same symbols. Abbreviations for numbers of years, without reference to the present, are informal (e.g., y or yr for years; my, m.y., or m.yr. for millions of years; and so forth, as preference dictates). For example, boundaries of the Late Cretaceous Epoch currently are calibrated at 63 Ma and 96 Ma, but the interval of time represented by this epoch is 33 m.y.".
Bradford M. Clement (April 8, 2004). "Dependence of the duration of geomagnetic polarity reversals on site latitude". Nature 428 (6983): 637–640. doi:10.1038/nature02459. PMID 15071591. Bibcode: 2004Natur.428..637C. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature02459
"Time Units". Geological Society of America. Archived from the original on June 16, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160616100504/https://www.geosociety.org/TimeUnits/. Retrieved February 17, 2010.

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