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Murano glass is made on the Venetian island of Murano, which has been a glassmaking center for over 700 years. It is also sometimes referred to as Venetian glass. Today Murano is known for its art glass, but it has a long history of innovations in glassmaking in addition to its artistic fame—and was Europe's first major glassmaking center. During the 1400s, Murano glassmakers created cristallo—which was almost transparent and considered the finest glass in the world. Murano glassmakers also developed a white-colored glass (milk glass called lattimo) that looked like porcelain. They later became Europe's finest makers of mirrors. Originally, Venice was controlled by the Eastern Roman Empire, but it eventually became an independent city state. It flourished as a trading center and seaport. Its connections with the Middle East helped its glassmakers gain additional skills, as glassmaking was more advanced in countries such as Syria and Egypt. Although Venetian glassmaking existed as far back as the 8th Century, it became concentrated in Murano by law beginning 1291. Since glass factories often caught fire, this removed much of the possibility of a major fire disaster for the city. Murano glassmakers developed secret recipes and methods for making glass, and the concentration of Venice's glassmaking on the island of Murano enabled better control of those secrets. Murano became Europe's elite glassmaking center, peaking in popularity in the 15th and 16th centuries. Venice's dominance in trade along the Mediterranean Sea created a wealthy merchant class that was a strong connoisseur of the arts. This helped establish demand for art glass and more innovations. The spread of glassmaking talent in Europe eventually diminished the importance of Venice and its Murano glassmakers. A defeat by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1797, and occupation, caused more hardship for Murano's glassmaking industry. Murano glassmaking began a revival in the 1920s. Today, Murano and Venice are tourist attractions, and Murano is home to numerous glass factories and a few individual artists' studios. Its Museo del Vetro (Glass Museum) in the Palazzo Giustinian contains displays on the history of glassmaking as well as glass samples ranging from Egyptian times through the present day.
References
- Zerwick 1990, p. 49
- Shotwell 2002, p. 586
- Toso 2000, p. 25
- The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers is considered the birthplace of glassmaking. Glass was made there before 2000 B.C.[4] Glass was made in Syria as far back as 1700 B.C., and around 100 B.C. the Syrians started glassblowing.[5] The Egyptians were making small glass vessels as far back as 1470 B.C. Their glassmaking became more sophisticated after the founding of Alexandria in 322 B.C.[6]
- Shotwell 2002, p. 587
- While the Murano glassmakers were typically men, records exist beginning in the 1400s of women working in the manufacture of glass in Murano. A record from 1446 describes the employment of a woman who decorated glass and worked for Salvatore Barovier.[8]
- Shotwell 2002, pp. 586-587
- United States Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce 1917, p. 789
- Shotwell 2002, p. 366
- Zerwick 1990, pp. 49-50
- Moore 1935, p. 31
- Dillon 1907, p. 182
- Toso 2000, p. 37
- Toso 2000, p. 45
- In the 1540s, the Murano glassworkers were unhappy with the 35-week work year, complaining that they did not get enough time to work—contrary to typical complaints of too much work.[17]
- Toso 2000, p. 40
- Geary 2008, p. 202
- "Ancient and Modern Venetian Glass of Murano". Harper's New Monthly Magazine (New York: Harper and Brothers). 1882-01-01. https://books.google.com/books?id=yktOAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA183&dq=Giuseppe+Briati+chandelier&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiugpviidndAhWOr1kKHYyQC6E4ChDoAQgrMAE#v=onepage&q=Giuseppe%20Briati%20chandelier&f=false. Retrieved 2018-09-26.
- Shotwell 2002, p. 24
- Toso 2000, p. 97
- Zerwick 1990, pp. 50-51
- Hess, Husband & J. Paul Getty Museum 1999, p. 90
- Chambers et al. 1999, p. 21
- McCray 2002, p. chapter 2 of e-book
- At least three authors agree that Angelo Barovier died in 1460.[8][27] The date of his birth is less certain, but is said to be around 1400.[28]
- Toso 2000, pp. 122-124
- Toso 2000, p. 127
- Angelo Barovier is generally credited with creating cristallo, and was definitely making it in 1455.[31] One set of authors believes that cristallo was an incremental "development that stretched over nearly two centuries."[32] They speculate that Barovier perfected the soda ash purification process used for cristallo, and also discovered the stabilizer.[32]
- Toso 2000, p. 46
- Chambers et al. 1999, p. 22
- Shotwell 2002, p. 110
- Dillon 1907, p. 203
- Hess, Husband & J. Paul Getty Museum 1999, p. 73
- Shotwell 2002, p. 294
- Fuga 2006, p. 257
- Fuga 2006, p. 282
- Shotwell 2002, p. 351
- Moore 1935, p. 48
- "1950s Glassware Reflects Distinct Era". Annapolis Capital: p. 123. 1999-02-19. https://newspaperarchive.com/clyde-c-other-articles-clipping-feb-19-1999-858310.
- Toso 2000, p. 61
- Toso 2000, p. 62
- Toso 2000, p. 64
- Toso 2000, p. 66
- Toso 2000, p. 102
- Zerwick 1990, p. 65
- Toso 2000, p. 103
- Toso 2000, p. 105
- Toso 2000, p. 109
- Madden 2012, p. Ch. 17 of e-book
- "Authenticity of Venetian Glass Sometimes Tough to Distinguish". Capital Entertainment (Annapolis, MD): p. 15. 1998-09-11. https://newspaperarchive.com/clyde-c-other-articles-clipping-sep-11-1998-846723.
- "A Comparison of Earlier and Later Venetian Glass - A Question of Continuity". Corning Museum of Glass. https://renvenetian.cmog.org/node/109. Retrieved 2018-09-28.
- Janssens 2011, p. 26
- Janssens 2011, p. 528
- Janssens 2011, p. 524
- Janssens 2011, p. 523
- Janssens 2011, pp. 531-532
- Janssens 2011, p. 526
- Mentasti 1992, p. 188
- Shotwell 2002, p. 48
- Dorigato 2003, p. 31
- "Tools of the Glassmaker". Corning Museum of Glass. http://www.cmog.org/article/tools-glassmaker. Retrieved 2018-09-30.
- Gable 2004, p. 44
- "Glassmakers of Murano Fight to Survive Influx of Cheap Imitations". The Guardian (2012-01-30). https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/30/italy-murano-glassmaking-industry-imitations. Retrieved 2018-09-03.
