1. Economic Freedom

As a citizen among a free society, one would have the ability to organize in voluntary associations such as the free market. This freedom of choice is key to establishing a free society and individuals would gain more prosperity due to lack of restrictions on trade. The role of government regarding these freedoms is also vital to a free society. Early proponents of the free market, such as James Madison, "understood that getting the rules right and allowing markets to expand would increase personal and economic freedom".^[1] Further, there has been much debate regarding the level of state involvement in the market as there was a strong belief in the 19th century that "the market should be seen as a self-regulating mechanism and that the state's role was to remove itself as far as possible from intervening in it or regulating it".^[2]

The ideal supporting this self-regulation is known as laissez-faire, in which the government creates regulations for the sole purpose of protecting property rights against theft and aggression while allowing the market to self-regulate. Adam Smith is quoted saying that in a free society "every man, as long as he does not violate the laws of justice is perfectly free to pursue his own interest his own way, and to bring both his industry and capital into competition with those of any other order of men".^[3] The reasoning for desiring reduced government regulation has come from the view that "the protection of the masses has in all times been the pretence of tyranny – the plea of monarchy, of aristocracy, of special privilege of every kind [...] slave owners justified slavery as protecting the slaves".^[4]

While It has been argued that free society should consist of low government involvement and regulation, arguments do remain to the contrary. It has been suggested that in a society that involves free market large governments and their involvement is a good thing as it ensures social justice as well as equality. While this view does exist "the truth is that while the [2008] economic crisis may have created an opening for a more active government and increased scepticism about the desirability of unrestrained free markets, supporters of an activist state have yet to offer a coherent and compelling argument in its favour".^[5] As such, the current free market view holds that government regulations shall be kept at a minimum, existing solely to protect its citizens and their property rights from harm. While recent debate has recurred regarding this issue, this remains the consensus when referring to free market.

2. Freedom of Speech

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak freely without censorship or limitation.^[6] Although it varies from one country to another, freedom of speech established a formal acknowledgement by the laws of most nations.^[2] The European Enlightenment was the cause of freedom of speech. In 1689, England's Bill of Rights granted "freedom of speech in Parliament". In 1789, the French Revolution declared the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. Freedom of speech was explicitly declared as an undeniable right.^[2] Years later, freedom of speech was followed by challenges and limitations. These challenges and limitations include offensiveness, agitation, speech that involves looming lawless action, commercial speech and child pornography.^[2] Along with the freedom of speech rises the hate speech which is any kind of speech or act that may display violence or prejudicial actions against a single person or group. This type of speech has been forbidden and categorized as a deviance act or crime.^[7]

According to the Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969) landmark decision, the Supreme Court discarded the previous test of "clear and present danger", ruling that an American citizen right to freedom of (political) speech is almost absolute.^[8] The court ruled that the government could not constitutionally punish abstract advocacy of force or law violation. In another Supreme Court ruling, hate speech was also determined to be protected by the First Amendment in the United States as decided in R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul (1992) in which the court ruled that hate speech is permissible except in the case of imminent violence.^[9] The case involved the hateful crime of a 14-year old white boy who illegally burned a cross on the lawn of the only African American family in a St. Paul, Minnesota neighborhood. The state law improperly prosecuted the boy for the motivation of his actions rather than on his criminal behavior, seeking to punish the youth for the content of his message and not for his criminal actions. Some of the legal principles cited in the R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul case involved the free speech protection that prevents the government from proscribing speech,^[10] or even expressive conduct,^[11] because of disapproval of the ideas expressed.^[12] Historically, governments have attempted to impede free speech by arbitrarily defining unpopular speech as dangerous or threatening to society, designating what is and what is not acceptable. Such laws are often "used by politically powerful factions to suppress speech that criticizes them" and "can be abused for political ends".^[13]

3. Freedom of Religion

Freedom of religion is defined as the right to practice religion in public or private.^[14] This also includes having full freedom to convert religion or to not follow a religion at all. This is also known as "freedom from religion". In 1791, the First Amendment states "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances". There are two parts to the language that assures the freedom of religion. The first part is Establishment Clause, which was created to forbid the federal government from proclaiming and supporting a national religion financially.^[15] The second part is the Free Exercise Clause, which states "Congress cannot prohibit the free exercise of religious practices". Some parts of the world, such as Myanmar, lack the existence of religious freedom.^[6]