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HandWiki. TLR9. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/28849 (accessed on 25 September 2026).
HandWiki. TLR9. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/28849. Accessed September 25, 2026.
HandWiki. "TLR9" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/28849 (accessed September 25, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, October 11). TLR9. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/28849
HandWiki. "TLR9." Encyclopedia. Web. 11 October, 2022.
TLR9
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Biology:TLR9

Toll-like receptor 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR9 gene. TLR9 has also been designated as CD289 (cluster of differentiation 289). It is a member of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family. TLR9 is an important receptor expressed in immune system cells including dendritic cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, and other antigen presenting cells. TLR9 preferentially binds DNA present in bacteria and viruses, and triggers signaling cascades that lead to a pro-inflammatory cytokine response. Cancer, infection, and tissue damage can all modulate TLR9 expression and activation. TLR9 is also an important factor in autoimmune diseases, and there is active research into synthetic TLR9 agonists and antagonists that help regulate autoimmune inflammation.

toll-like receptor inflammation immune system cells

References

  1. "Entrez Gene: TLR9 toll-like receptor 9". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=54106. 
  2. "Role of TLR9 in Oncogenic Virus-Produced Cancer". Viral Immunology 30 (2): 98–105. March 2017. doi:10.1089/vim.2016.0103. PMID 28151089.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1089%2Fvim.2016.0103
  3. "DNA Sensing via TLR-9 Constitutes a Major Innate Immunity Pathway Activated during Erythema Nodosum Leprosum". Journal of Immunology 197 (5): 1905–13. September 2016. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1600042. PMID 27474073.  https://dx.doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.1600042
  4. "Toll-like receptor 7 and TLR9 dictate autoantibody specificity and have opposing inflammatory and regulatory roles in a murine model of lupus". Immunity 25 (3): 417–28. September 2006. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2006.07.013. PMID 16973389.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.immuni.2006.07.013
  5. "Increased Toll-Like Receptors Activity and TLR Ligands in Patients with Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases". Frontiers in Immunology 7: 578. December 2016. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2016.00578. PMID 28018345.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5145898
  6. "DNA methylation governs the dynamic regulation of inflammation by apoptotic cells during efferocytosis". Scientific Reports 7: 42204. February 2017. doi:10.1038/srep42204. PMID 28169339. Bibcode: 2017NatSR...742204N.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5294421
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  8. "Translation of hemodynamic stress to sterile inflammation in the heart". Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 24 (11): 546–53. November 2013. doi:10.1016/j.tem.2013.06.004. PMID 23850260.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tem.2013.06.004
  9. "Toll-like receptor 9 prevents cardiac rupture after myocardial infarction in mice independently of inflammation". American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 311 (6): H1485–H1497. December 2016. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00481.2016. PMID 27769998.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5206340
  10. "Eat dirt: CpG DNA and immunomodulation of asthma". Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society 4 (3): 283–8. July 2007. doi:10.1513/pats.200701-019AW. PMID 17607014.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2647631
  11. "Phase Ib trial of a targeted TLR9 CpG immunomodulator (CPG 7909) in advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC)". Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2004 ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings (Post-Meeting Edition) 22 (14S). July 2004. http://www.asco.org/ASCOv2/Meetings/Abstracts?&vmview=abst_detail_view&confID=26&abstractID=2313. 
  12. "Adjuvant activity of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides". International Reviews of Immunology 25 (3–4): 135–54. 2006. doi:10.1080/08830180600743057. PMID 16818369. https://zenodo.org/record/1234447. 
  13. MOLOGEN AG: First patient recruited in combination study with lefitolimod and Yervoy. July 2016 http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160713005520/en/MOLOGEN-AG-patient-recruited-combination-study-lefitolimod
  14. "Dynavax Presents Updated Data for SD-101 in Combination with KEYTRUDA(R) (pembrolizumab) Highlighting an ORR in 7 out of 7 Patients Naive to an Anti-PD-1 or Anti-PD-L1 Therapy (NASDAQ:DVAX)" (in en). http://investors.dynavax.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=1028885. 
  15. Intratumoral IMO-2125 in combination with ipilimumab demonstrating an ORR of 44% in melanoma patients refractory to anti-PD1 therapy vs 10-13% response rate with ipilimumab monotherapy http://ir.iderapharma.com/news-releases/news-release-details/idera-pharmaceuticals-presents-positive-phase-1-data
  16. U.S. FDA Grants Fast Track Designation for Idera Pharmaceuticals’ tilsotolimod in Combination with Ipilimumab for Treatment of PD-1 Refractory Metastatic Melanoma http://ir.iderapharma.com/news-releases/news-release-details/us-fda-grants-fast-track-designation-idera-pharmaceuticals-imo
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  18. "Constitutively Bound EGFR-Mediated Tyrosine Phosphorylation of TLR9 Is Required for Its Ability To Signal". Journal of Immunology 200 (8): 2809–2818. April 2018. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1700691. PMID 29531172.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5893352
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