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HandWiki. Social Media and the Arab Spring. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/28562 (accessed on 03 October 2026).
HandWiki. Social Media and the Arab Spring. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/28562. Accessed October 03, 2026.
HandWiki. "Social Media and the Arab Spring" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/28562 (accessed October 03, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, October 09). Social Media and the Arab Spring. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/28562
HandWiki. "Social Media and the Arab Spring." Encyclopedia. Web. 09 October, 2022.
Social Media and the Arab Spring
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Social:Social_media_and_the_Arab_Spring

The role of social media in the Arab Spring, a revolutionary wave of demonstrations and protests in the Middle East and North Africa between 2010 and 2012, remains a highly debated subject. Uprisings occurred both in states with very high levels of Internet usage (such as Bahrain, with 88% of its population online in 2011) and in states with some of the lowest levels of Internet penetration (such as Yemen and Libya).

social media protests revolutionary wave

References

  1. Salem, Fadi; Mourtada, Racha (May 2011). "Civil Movements: The Impact of Facebook and Twitter". http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/dsg/unpan050860.pdf. Retrieved 17 May 2015. 
  2. Howard, Philip N.; Duffy, Aiden; Freelon, Deen; Hussain, Muzammil; Mari, Wil; Mazaid, Marwa (2011). "Opening Closed Regimes: What Was the Role of Social Media During the Arab Spring?". http://pitpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/2011_Howard-Duffy-Freelon-Hussain-Mari-Mazaid_pITPI.pdf. Retrieved 17 May 2015. 
  3. Stepanova, Ekaterina (May 2011). "The Role of Information Communication Technologies in the "Arab Spring"". http://pircenter.org/kosdata/page_doc/p2594_2.pdf. Retrieved 17 May 2015. 
  4. Clayton, Mark; Jacobsen, Katherine (28 August 2013). "Syrian Electronic Army: Who Are They and What Do They Want?". Christian Science Monitor. 
  5. Huang, Carol (6 June 2011). "Facebook and Twitter key to Arab Spring uprisings: report". http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/facebook-and-twitter-key-to-arab-spring-uprisings-report. Retrieved 17 May 2015. 
  6. Cohen, Noam (20 February 2011). "Egyptians Were Unplugged, and Uncowed". https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/21/business/media/21link.html. Retrieved 17 May 2015. 
  7. Soengas, Xose (2013). "The Role of the Internet and Social Networks in the Arab Uprisings-- An Alternative to Official Press Censorship". Communicar 21 (41): 147–155. 
  8. Harlow, Summer (2013). "It Was a "Facebook Revolution": Exploring the Meme-Like Spread of Narratives During the Egyptian Protests". Revista De Communicacion 12: 59–82. 
  9. "Days of Anger: The Egyptian People's Revolution for Bread, Freedom, and Human Dignity". https://tavaana.org/en/content/days-anger-egyptian-peoples-revolution-bread-freedom-and-human-dignity. Retrieved 17 May 2015. 
  10. Eaton, Tim (April 2013). "Internet Activism and the Egyptian Uprisings: Transforming Online Dissent into the Offline World". Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture 9 (2): 3–24. ISSN 1744-6716. https://www.westminster.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/220675/WPCC-vol9-issue2.pdf. Retrieved 17 May 2015. 
  11. Harlow, Summer (2013). "It Was a "Facebook Revolution": Exploring the Meme-Like Spread of Narratives During the Egyptian Protests". Revista De Communicacion 12: 59–82. 
  12. Demidov, Oleg (2012). "Social Networks in International and National Security". Security Index 18 (1): 22–36. doi:10.1080/19934270.2012.634122. ISSN 1993-4270.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F19934270.2012.634122
  13. Zepic, Robert; Dapp, Marcus; Krcmar, Helmut (2016). "Social Media in Political Transition: A Literature Review (PDF Download Available)" (in en). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305045644_Social_Media_in_Political_Transition_A_Literature_Review. 
  14. Gladwell, Malcolm (4 October 2010). "Small Change. Why the revolution will not be tweeted". http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/10/04/small-change-malcolm-gladwell. Retrieved 17 May 2015. 
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