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HandWiki. MSU Temperature Measurements. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/28535 (accessed on 16 September 2026).
HandWiki. MSU Temperature Measurements. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/28535. Accessed September 16, 2026.
HandWiki. "MSU Temperature Measurements" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/28535 (accessed September 16, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, October 09). MSU Temperature Measurements. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/28535
HandWiki. "MSU Temperature Measurements." Encyclopedia. Web. 09 October, 2022.
MSU Temperature Measurements
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Engineering:MSU_temperature_measurements

Microwave sounding unit temperature measurements have been obtained from the troposphere since 1979, when they were included within NOAA weather satellites. By comparison, the usable balloon (radiosonde) record begins in 1958 but has less geographic coverage and is less uniform. Satellites do not measure temperature. They measure radiances in various wavelength bands, which must then be mathematically inverted to obtain indirect inferences of temperature. The resulting temperature profiles depend on details of the methods that are used to obtain temperatures from radiances. As a result, different groups that have analyzed the satellite data have obtained different temperature trends. Among these groups are Remote Sensing Systems (RSS) and the University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH). The satellite series is not fully homogeneous - the record is constructed from a series of satellites with similar but not identical instrumentation. The sensors deteriorate over time, and corrections are necessary for satellite drift in orbit. Particularly large differences between reconstructed temperature series occur at the few times when there is little temporal overlap between successive satellites, making intercalibration difficult. To compare to the trend from the surface temperature record (approximately +0.07 °C/decade over the past century and +0.15-0.16 °C/decade since 1979) it is most appropriate to derive trends for the part of the atmosphere nearest the surface, i.e., the lower troposphere. Doing this, through January 2012: An alternative adjustment introduced by Fu et al. (2004) finds trends (1979–2011) of +0.14 °C/decade when applied to the RSS data set and +0.11 °C/decade when applied to the UAH data set . Using the T2 channel (which include significant contributions from the stratosphere, which has cooled), Mears et al. of Remote Sensing Systems (RSS) find (through January 2012) a trend of +0.082 °C/decade. Spencer and Christy of the University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH), find a smaller trend of +0.046 °C/decade. A no longer updated analysis of Vinnikov and Grody found +0.20 °C/decade (1978–2005). Another satellite temperature analysis is provided by NOAA/NESDIS STAR Center for Satellite Application and Research and use simultaneous nadir overpasses (SNO) to remove satellite intercalibration biases yielding more accurate temperature trends. The SNO analysis finds a 1979-2011 trend of +0.128 °C/decade for T2 channel. The satellite records have the advantage of greater spatial coverage, whereas the radiosonde record is longer. There have been complaints of data problems with both records, and difficulty reconciling climate model predictions with the observed data.

climate model temperature analysis intercalibration

References

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  2. 2.0.CO;2. Bibcode: 1998JCli...11.2016..  https://dx.doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0442%281998%29011%3C2016%3AAOTMPF%3E2.0.CO%3B2" id="ref_2">Christy, John R.; Spencer, Roy W.; Lobl, Elena S. (1998). "Analysis of the Merging Procedure for the MSU Daily Temperature Time Series". Journal of Climate 11 (8): 2016–2041. doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<2016:AOTMPF>2.0.CO;2. Bibcode: 1998JCli...11.2016..  https://dx.doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0442%281998%29011%3C2016%3AAOTMPF%3E2.0.CO%3B2
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  6. Remote Sensing Systems http://www.ssmi.com/msu/msu_data_description.html
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  9. "UAHTLT". "MONTHLY MEANS OF LOWER TROPOSPHERE LT5.4". UAH. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120717025455/http://vortex.nsstc.uah.edu/data/msu/t2lt/tltglhmam_5.4. Retrieved 13 February 2012. 
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  13. "State of the Climate Upper Air Annual 2011". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/upper-air/2011/13. Retrieved 2012-02-21. 
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  17. Llanos, Miguel (2000-01-13). "Panel weighs in on global warming: Earth’s surface is warmer, they say, even if upper air isn’t". MSNBC. Archived from the original on 2006-04-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20060427072934/http://www.msnbc.com/news/356875.asp?cp1=1. 
  18. http://www.remss.com/papers/MSU_Nature_Article.pdf
  19. http://www.agu.org/journals/ABS/2000/2000GL011719.shtml
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  27. Liu, Quanhua; Fuzhong Weng (2009). "Recent Stratospheric Temperature Observed from Satellite Measurements". SOLA 5: 53–56. doi:10.2151/sola.2009-014. Bibcode: 2009SOLA....5...53L. http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/sola/5/0/53/_pdf. Retrieved 2010-02-15. 
  28. United Nations Environment Programme http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/060.htm
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