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HandWiki. Bile Acid Malabsorption. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/28491 (accessed on 28 July 2024).
HandWiki. Bile Acid Malabsorption. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/28491. Accessed July 28, 2024.
HandWiki. "Bile Acid Malabsorption" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/28491 (accessed July 28, 2024).
HandWiki. (2022, October 09). Bile Acid Malabsorption. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/28491
HandWiki. "Bile Acid Malabsorption." Encyclopedia. Web. 09 October, 2022.
Bile Acid Malabsorption
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Medicine:Bile_acid_malabsorption

Bile acid malabsorption (BAM), known also as bile acid diarrhea, is a cause of several gut-related problems, the main one being chronic diarrhea. It has also been called bile acid-induced diarrhea, cholerheic or choleretic enteropathy, bile salt diarrhea or bile salt malabsorption. It can result from malabsorption secondary to gastrointestinal disease, or be a primary disorder, associated with excessive bile acid production. Treatment with bile acid sequestrants is often effective.

bile acid sequestrants malabsorption bile salt

1. Signs and Symptoms

A persistent (chronic) history of diarrhea, with watery or mushy, unformed stools, (types 6 and 7 on the Bristol stool scale), sometimes with steatorrhea, increased frequency and urgency of defecation are common manifestations, often with fecal incontinence and other gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal swelling, bloating and abdominal pain.[1][2][3][4]

People with this disorder often report impairments of mental health and well-being, including fatigue, dizziness, anxiety about leaving home (primarily due to fear of fecal incontinence), depression, one survey reports.[3] It contributes in delays in diagnosis.[3]

2. Pathogenesis

2.1. Enterohepatic Circulation of Bile Salts

Bile acids (also called bile salts) are produced in the liver, secreted into the biliary system, stored in the gallbladder and are released after meals stimulated by cholecystokinin. They are important for the digestion and absorption of fats (lipids) in the small intestine. Usually over 95% of the bile acids are absorbed in the terminal ileum and are taken up by the liver and resecreted. This enterohepatic circulation of bile acids takes place 4-6 times in 24 hours and usually less than 0.5 g of bile acids enter the large intestine per 24 h. When larger amounts of bile acids enter the large intestine, they stimulate water secretion and intestinal motility in the colon, which causes symptoms of chronic diarrhea.[5]

2.2. Intestinal Absorption of Bile Acids

The ileum is very efficient at absorbing the glyco- and taurine-conjugated forms of the bile salts. The apical sodium-dependent bile salt transporter (ASBT, IBAT, gene symbol SLC10A2) is the first step in absorption at the brush-border membrane. The cytoplasmic ileal bile acid binding protein (IBABP, ILBP, gene symbol FABP6) and the basolateral heterodimer of OSTα and OSTβ transfer bile acids through and out of the cell where they eventually enter the portal vein. These bile acid transporters are all highly expressed in the ileum but not in the liver, jejunum or colon.[6] When expression of these specialized transporters is reduced, the intestine is less efficient at bile acid reabsorption (Type 1 bile acid malabsorption). If intestinal motility is affected by gastro-intestinal surgery, or bile acids are deconjugated by small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, absorption is less efficient (Type 3 bile acid malabsorption). A very small proportion of the patients with no obvious disease (Type 2 bile acid malabsorption) may have mutations in ASBT,[7] but this mutation is not more common in most patients and does not affect function.[8]

2.3. Overproduction of Bile Acids

Primary bile acid diarrhea (Type 2 bile acid "malabsorption") may be caused by an overproduction of bile acids.[5][9] Several groups of workers have failed to show any defect in ileal bile acid absorption in these patients, and they have an enlarged bile acid pool, rather than the reduced pool expected with malabsorption.[10] The synthesis of bile acids in the liver is negatively regulated by the ileal hormone fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19), and lower levels of this hormone result in overproduction of bile acids, which are more than the ileum can absorb.[9]

3. Diagnosis

Several methods have been developed to identify the disorder but there are difficulties with all of them.[11] Diagnosis of bile acid malabsorption is easily and reliably made by the SeHCAT test. This nuclear medicine test involves two scans a week apart and so measures multiple cycles of bile acid excretion and reabsorption. There is limited radiation exposure (0.3 mSv). Retention of SeHCAT at 7 days is normally above 15%; values less than 15%, 10% and 5% predict respectively mild, moderate and severe abnormal retention and an increasing likelihood of response to bile acid sequestrants.[12] This test is not licensed in the USA, and is underutilized even where it is available.[13][14] Older methods such as the 14C-glycocholic breath test are no longer in routine clinical use.

Measurement of 7α-Hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, (C4), a bile acid precursor, in serum, shows the increased bile acid synthesis found in bile acid malabsorption.[15] This test is an alternative diagnostic means when available. Fasting blood FGF19 values may have value in the recognition of the disease and prediction of response.[16]

The various biomarkers give similar diagnostic yields of around 25% in patients with functional bowel disorders with diarrhea.[17] In countries such as the USA, where SeHCAT is not available, fecal bile acids and C4 are available to make the diagnosis.[17]

3.1. Classification

Bile acid malabsorption was first recognized in patients with ileal disease.[18] When other causes were recognized, and an idiopathic, primary form described,[19] a classification into three types was proposed:[20]

  • Type 1: Bile acid malabsorption, secondary to ileal resection, or ileal inflammation (e.g. in Crohn's disease)
  • Type 2: Idiopathic bile acid malabsorption, Primary bile acid diarrhea
  • Type 3: Secondary to various gastrointestinal diseases including cholecystectomy, vagotomy, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, radiation enteropathy, celiac disease, chronic pancreatitis, etc.

4. Treatment

Bile acid sequestrants are the main agents used to treat bile acid malabsorption.[21] Cholestyramine and colestipol, both in powder form, have been used for many years. Unfortunately, many patients find them difficult to tolerate; although the diarrhea may improve, other symptoms such as abdominal pain and bloating may worsen. Colesevelam is a tablet and some patients tolerate this more easily.[22][23][24] A proof of concept study of the farnesoid X receptor agonist obeticholic acid has shown clinical and biochemical benefit.[25] As of March 15, 2016, Novartis Pharmaceuticals is conducting a phase II clinical study involving a farnesoid X receptor agonist named LJN452.[26]

5. Epidemiology

Bile acid malabsorption is common in Crohn's disease but not always recognized. Most people with previous ileal resection and chronic diarrhea will have abnormal SeHCAT tests and can benefit from bile acid sequestrants.[4]

People with primary bile acid diarrhea are frequently misdiagnosed as having irritable bowel syndrome.[13] When SeHCAT testing is performed, the diagnosis of primary bile acid diarrhea is commonly made. In a review of 18 studies of the use of SeHCAT testing in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome patients, 32% of 1223 people had a SeHCAT 7-day retention of less than 10%, and 80% of these reported a response to cholestyramine, a bile acid sequestrant.[12]

Estimates of the population prevalence suggest that 1% of the adult population could have primary bile acid diarrhea (Type 2 bile acid malabsorption).[12]

References

  1. Zhang, Lizhi; Chandan, Vishal S.; Wu, Tsung-Teh (2019) (in en). Surgical Pathology of Non-neoplastic Gastrointestinal Diseases. Springer. p. 226. ISBN 978-3-030-15573-5. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Surgical_Pathology_of_Non_neoplastic_Gas/UgGfDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=&pg=PP226. 
  2. "Update on Bile Acid Malabsorption: Finally Ready for Prime Time?". Current Gastroenterology Reports 20 (3): 10. March 2018. doi:10.1007/s11894-018-0615-z. PMID 29582208.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11894-018-0615-z
  3. null
  4. Sadowski, DC; Camilleri, M; Chey, WD; Leontiadis, GI; Marshall, JK; Shaffer, EA; Tse, F; Walters, JRF (January 2020). "Canadian Association of Gastroenterology Clinical Practice Guideline on the Management of Bile Acid Diarrhea.". Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 18 (1): 24–41.e1. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2019.08.062. PMID 31526844.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cgh.2019.08.062
  5. "Chronic diarrhea caused by idiopathic bile acid malabsorption: an explanation at last". Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 3 (5): 461–4. October 2009. doi:10.1586/egh.09.49. PMID 19817666.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1586%2Fegh.09.49
  6. Dawson, PA; Lan, T; Rao, A (2009). "Bile acid transporters". Journal of Lipid Research 50 (12): 2340–57. doi:10.1194/jlr.R900012-JLR200. PMID 19498215.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2781307
  7. Oelkers, P; Kirby, LC; Heubi, JE; Dawson, PA (1997). "Primary bile acid malabsorption caused by mutations in the ileal sodium-dependent bile acid transporter gene (SLC10A2)". The Journal of Clinical Investigation 99 (8): 1880–7. doi:10.1172/JCI119355. PMID 9109432.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=508012
  8. Montagnani, M; Love, MW; Rössel, P; Dawson, PA; Qvist, P (2001). "Absence of dysfunctional ileal sodium-bile acid cotransporter gene mutations in patients with adult-onset idiopathic bile acid malabsorption". Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 36 (10): 1077–80. doi:10.1080/003655201750422693. PMID 11589382.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F003655201750422693
  9. Walters, JR; Tasleem, AM; Omer, O S; Brydon, WG; Dew, T; le Roux, CW (2009). "A new mechanism for bile acid diarrhea: defective feedback inhibition of bile acid biosynthesis". Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 7 (11): 1189–94. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2009.04.024. PMID 19426836. https://zenodo.org/record/851309. 
  10. van Tilburg, AJ; de Rooij, FW; van den Berg, JW; van Blankenstein, M (1992). "Primary bile acid malabsorption: a pathophysiologic and clinical entity?". Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. Supplement 194: 66–70. doi:10.3109/00365529209096030. PMID 1298051.  https://dx.doi.org/10.3109%2F00365529209096030
  11. "Methods for diagnosis of bile acid malabsorption in clinical practice". Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 11 (10): 1232–9. 2013. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2013.04.029. PMID 23644387.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3783593
  12. "Systematic review: the prevalence of idiopathic bile acid malabsorption as diagnosed by SeHCAT scanning in patients with diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome". Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 30 (7): 707–17. 2009. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04081.x. PMID 19570102.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2036.2009.04081.x
  13. Walters, JR (2010). "Defining primary bile acid diarrhea: making the diagnosis and recognizing the disorder". Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 4 (5): 561–7. doi:10.1586/egh.10.54. PMID 20932141.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1586%2Fegh.10.54
  14. Khalid, U; Lalji, A; Stafferton, R; Andreyev, J (2010). "Bile acid malabsorption: a forgotten diagnosis?". Clinical Medicine 10 (2): 124–6. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.10-2-124. PMID 20437979.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4952080
  15. Brydon, WG; Nyhlin, H; Eastwood, MA; Merrick, MV (1996). "Serum 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one and selenohomocholyltaurine (SeHCAT) whole body retention in the assessment of bile acid induced diarrhoea". European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 8 (2): 117–23. doi:10.1097/00042737-199602000-00005. PMID 8723414.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2F00042737-199602000-00005
  16. "Fibroblast growth factor 19 in patients with bile acid diarrhoea: a prospective comparison of FGF19 serum assay and SeHCAT retention". Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 38 (8): 967–76. 2013. doi:10.1111/apt.12466. PMID 23981126.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fapt.12466
  17. null
  18. Hofmann, AF (1967). "The syndrome of ileal disease and the broken enterohepatic circulation: cholerheic enteropathy.". Gastroenterology 52 (4): 752–7. doi:10.1016/S0016-5085(67)80140-9. PMID 5337211.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0016-5085%2867%2980140-9
  19. Thaysen, EH; Pedersen, L (1976). "Idiopathic bile acid catharsis.". Gut 17 (12): 965–70. doi:10.1136/gut.17.12.965. PMID 1017717.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1411224
  20. Fromm, H; Malavolti, M (1986). "Bile acid-induced diarrhoea". Clinics in Gastroenterology 15 (3): 567–82. doi:10.1016/S0300-5089(21)00739-2. PMID 3742841.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0300-5089%2821%2900739-2
  21. "Systematic review: the management of chronic diarrhoea due to bile acid malabsorption". Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 39 (9): 923–39. May 2014. doi:10.1111/apt.12684. PMID 24602022.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fapt.12684
  22. Wedlake, L; Thomas, K; Lalji, A; Anagnostopoulos, C; Andreyev, HJ (2009). "Effectiveness and tolerability of colesevelam hydrochloride for bile-acid malabsorption in patients with cancer: a retrospective chart review and patient questionnaire". Clinical Therapeutics 31 (11): 2549–58. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2009.11.027. PMID 20109999.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.clinthera.2009.11.027
  23. NICE. "Bile acid malabsorption: colesevelam". http://www.nice.org.uk/advice/ESUOM22/chapter/key-points-from-the-evidence. 
  24. "Colesevelam for the treatment of bile acid malabsorption-associated diarrhea in patients with Crohn's disease: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study". J Crohns Colitis 8 (11): 1471–9. November 2014. doi:10.1016/j.crohns.2014.05.009. PMID 24953836.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crohns.2014.05.009
  25. "The response of patients with bile acid diarrhoea to the farnesoid X receptor agonist obeticholic acid". Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 41 (1): 54–64. January 2015. doi:10.1111/apt.12999. PMID 25329562.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fapt.12999
  26. "To Assess Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of LJN452 in Patients With Primary Bile Acid Diarrhea. - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov". https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02713243?term=ljn452&rank=1. 
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