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HandWiki. Firmware. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/28046 (accessed on 22 September 2026).
HandWiki. Firmware. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/28046. Accessed September 22, 2026.
HandWiki. "Firmware" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/28046 (accessed September 22, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, September 29). Firmware. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/28046
HandWiki. "Firmware." Encyclopedia. Web. 29 September, 2022.
Firmware
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Firmware

In computing, firmware is a specific class of computer software that provides the low-level control for a device's specific hardware. Firmware, such as the BIOS of a personal computer, may contain basic functions of a device, and may provide hardware abstraction services to higher-level software such as operating systems. For less complex devices, firmware may act as the device's complete operating system, performing all control, monitoring and data manipulation functions. Typical examples of devices containing firmware are embedded systems, home and personal-use appliances, computers, and computer peripherals. Firmware is held in non-volatile memory devices such as ROM, EPROM, EEPROM, and Flash memory. Updating firmware requires ROM integrated circuits to be physically replaced, or EPROM or flash memory to be reprogrammed through a special procedure. Some firmware memory devices are permanently installed and cannot be changed after manufacture. Common reasons for updating firmware include fixing bugs or adding features to the device.

computer software non-volatile memory flash memory

References

  1. Opler, Ascher (January 1967). "Fourth-Generation Software". Datamation 13 (1): 22–24. 
  2. "Introduction to Computer Applications and Concepts. Module 3: System Software". Lumen. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/zeliite115/chapter/reading-firmware/. 
  3. Corbet, Jonathan; Rubini, Alessandro; Kroah-Hartman, Greg (2005). Linux Device Drivers. O'Reilly Media. p. 405. ISBN 0596005903. 
  4. "Flashing Firmware". Tech-Faq.com. http://www.tech-faq.com/flashing-firmware.html. 
  5. "HTC Developer Center". HTC. http://developer.htc.com/adp.html. 
  6. "Equation Group: The Crown Creator of Cyber-Espionage". Kaspersky Lab. February 16, 2015. http://www.kaspersky.com/about/news/virus/2015/Equation-Group-The-Crown-Creator-of-Cyber-Espionage. 
  7. "How "omnipotent" hackers tied to NSA hid for 14 years—and were found at last". February 2015. https://arstechnica.com/security/2015/02/how-omnipotent-hackers-tied-to-the-nsa-hid-for-14-years-and-were-found-at-last/. 
  8. "Breaking: Kaspersky Exposes NSA's Worldwide, Backdoor Hacking of Virtually All Hard-Drive Firmware". Daily Kos. February 17, 2015. https://www.dailykos.com/story/2015/02/17/1364910/-Breaking-Kaspersky-Exposes-NSA-s-Worldwide-Backdoor-Hacking-of-Virtually-All-Hard-Drive-Firmware. 
  9. "Shuttleworth Calls for Declarative Firmware". Linux Magazine (162): 9. May 2014. 
  10. Shuttleworth, Mark (March 17, 2014). "ACPI, firmware and your security". http://www.markshuttleworth.com/archives/1332. 
  11. "MalCon 2010 Technical Briefings". http://malcon.org/web/techbrief/malcon-2010-technical-briefings/. 
  12. "Hacker plants back door in Symbian firmware". 2010-12-08. http://www.h-online.com/security/news/item/Hacker-plants-back-door-in-Symbian-firmware-1149926.html. 
  13. "Why the Security of USB Is Fundamentally Broken". 2014-07-31. https://www.wired.com/2014/07/usb-security/. 
  14. "BadUSB - On Accessories that Turn Evil". https://www.blackhat.com/us-14/briefings.html#badusb-on-accessories-that-turn-evil. 
  15. "BadUSB – On accessories that turn evil". 2014-08-07. https://srlabs.de/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/SRLabs-BadUSB-BlackHat-v1.pdf. 
  16. "BadUSB Malware Released — Infect millions of USB Drives". http://hackingpost.com/badusb-malware-infect-millions-of-usb/. 
  17. "The Unpatchable Malware That Infects USBs Is Now on the Loose". WIRED. https://www.wired.com/2014/10/code-published-for-unfixable-usb-attack/. 
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