Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1 -- 4668 2022-09-28 15:42:34 |
2 update references and layout Meta information modification 4668 2022-09-30 10:30:47 |

Video Upload Options

Do you have a full video?

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Mykhalevych, A.;  Polishchuk, G.;  Nassar, K.;  Osmak, T.;  Buniowska-Olejnik, M. β-glucan in Dairy and Milk-Based Products. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/27907 (accessed on 28 March 2024).
Mykhalevych A,  Polishchuk G,  Nassar K,  Osmak T,  Buniowska-Olejnik M. β-glucan in Dairy and Milk-Based Products. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/27907. Accessed March 28, 2024.
Mykhalevych, Artur, Galyna Polishchuk, Khaled Nassar, Tetiana Osmak, Magdalena Buniowska-Olejnik. "β-glucan in Dairy and Milk-Based Products" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/27907 (accessed March 28, 2024).
Mykhalevych, A.,  Polishchuk, G.,  Nassar, K.,  Osmak, T., & Buniowska-Olejnik, M. (2022, September 28). β-glucan in Dairy and Milk-Based Products. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/27907
Mykhalevych, Artur, et al. "β-glucan in Dairy and Milk-Based Products." Encyclopedia. Web. 28 September, 2022.
β-glucan in Dairy and Milk-Based Products
Edit
β-glucan is a polysaccharide found naturally in the cell walls of cereals, yeasts, seaweeds, bacteria, and fungi. The physicochemical, functional, and technological properties of β-glucan are extremely different, depending on the source of origin. This polysaccharide is used in the therapeutic, cosmetic, fitness, and professional sports fields. Interest in β-glucan has arisen because it is a powerful immunostimulant, prebiotic, and dietary fiber. Interest in the use of β-glucan in the food industry is associated not only with its positive impact on the health of consumers but also with its functional and technological properties, which significantly improve the consumer characteristics of food products. The use of oat β-glucan in the food industry became possible when the EFSA confirmed in 2010 that the daily consumption of oat β-glucan in the amount of 3 g can reduce the risk of coronary disease and have a positive effect on the cardiovascular system, provided that a diet with low saturated fat content is followed. β-glucan made from yeast has been recognized as a novel ingredient and authorized for release since 2011.
polysaccharides ice cream cheese fermented milk products milk drinks β-glucan

1. The Use of β-glucan in the Technology of Dairy Drinks and Fermented Milk Products

1.1. Non-Fermented Milk Drinks

The production of chocolate milk is usually associated with the use of carrageenan as a stabilizer capable of reducing the gravitational settling of cocoa powder particles. Bandana Chatterjee and Tinkal Patel [1] proved that the use of oat β-glucan in the amount of 3% in combination with carrageenan increases the viscosity, has a favorable effect on the sensory indicators of chocolate milk, and also enriches the product with dietary fiber, which allows positioning such a drink as functional.
In the technology of milk with fillers—banana, chocolate, vanilla, strawberry—it is possible to use barley β-glucan, since it has a chemical structure similar to oat β-glucan. In addition, it is possible to completely replace carrageenan with β-glucan as it is an effective structure-former, which has been proven in experimental work with meat emulsions [2].
Oat β-glucan can act as a substitute for guar gum. Eva Vasquez-Orejarena et al. [3] developed a composition for a high-protein milk drink in which oat flour was used as a stabilizer and a source of β-glucan. It was established that the combination of milk protein isolate in the amount of 2.5% and 1.9% of oat flour (0.75 g oat β-glucan per 1 serving) provided high-suspension stability for the drink (> 80%) and viscosity inherent in liquid drinks (< 50 mPa·s) with stabilizers [3]. An increase in the amount of oat flour led to a significant increase in the viscosity of protein drinks (from 51 to 100 mPa·s), which negatively affects their taste perception. Researchers have repeatedly drawn the attention of manufacturers to the fact that the design of recipes for new drinks, in particular milk drinks, with dietary fiber, such as β-glucan, requires a systematic approach to determining the rational dose of the additive [4]. The functional properties of dietary fiber and marketing promotion make it a popular product, which immediately affects the desire of manufacturers to include it in the composition of products and position them as healthy or enriched [5]. However, exceeding the rational dose of β-glucan in cereals leads to the formation of a sandy consistency of the product, an aftertaste of oatmeal, or dryness in the mouth [6].

1.2. Fermented Dairy Products

The use of oat β-glucan in fermented milk drinks (kefir, yogurts, rhazhenka, acidophilic milk, etc.) is promising due to the fact that it allows the improvement of the physicochemical parameters of the product, in particular, to increase viscosity, reduce acidity, prevent consistency defects (the separation of free water and the delamination of the product) [7], as well as provide original taste properties. Thus, it was indicated that 0.6% of oat β-glucan in the composition of kefir, yogurt, and fermented milk drinks based on buttermilk and skimmed milk significantly increases the viscosity, especially in yogurt [8]. Furthermore, it was found that kefir drink and fermented milk had the best taste properties, while yogurt acquired a pronounced extraneous aftertaste of rice porridge. A dose of 0.6% oat β-glucan excessively increases the viscosity of the drink, which makes it impossible for the fermentation process to take place effectively. Xiaoqing Qu et al. [7] claim that a dose of oat β-glucan at the level of 0.3% somewhat changes the chemical structure of three-dimensional mesh structure of yogurt due to the fact that oat β-glucan slows down the interaction with casein, which shortens the fermentation process by 16 min and increases the taste properties of the product. At the same time, a study by other scientists indicates that oat β-glucan in the amount of 1.4% does not provide proper structuring of yogurt and leads to a liquid consistency of the product [9], which can be explained by a specific combination of lactic acid cultures [10], a reduced fermentation temperature (36 °C), and an increased dose of polysaccharide, which was due to the desire to position the product as functional in terms of its dietary fiber content, but without a scientific explanation of the product formulation, it is impossible. Thus, the addition of oat β-glucan to milk before fermentation slows protein aggregation due to phase separation between milk proteins and β-glucan, which leads to a decrease in gelation [11]. Therefore, when using cereal β-glucan with relatively high content, it is advisable to additionally use probiotic strains of microorganisms that will ensure proper gel formation. Furthermore, the increased amount of oat β-glucan has a positive effect on the growth and development of microorganisms such as L. Paracasei [9].
The influence of cereal β-glucan on the development and vital activity of probiotic organisms in the composition of fermented milk and milk-based drinks was also noted by other scientists. María Isabel Chávez de la Vega et al. [12] reported that oat β-glucan affects the proteolytic activity of Lb. Rhamnosus GG during milk fermentation. In order to achieve the maximum impact on the development of Lb. Rhamnosus GG, β-glucan content should be 22.46 g per 1 liter of milk [12]. Poorva Sharma et al. [13] established that the number of bacterial cells of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus during fermentation of mixtures with whey protein concentrate (70%) and oat β-glucan significantly increases during the first 10 hours of the process. Similar are the conclusions regarding the significant influence of oat β-glucan on the vital activity of Lactobacillus plantarum B28 in the composition of a probiotic drink made from oats [14].
Most scientists confirm that one of the main advantages of using cereal β-glucans as part of fermented milk products is their effect on syneresis [15], which is especially relevant in the production of low-fat or skimmed fermented milk products. The difference in the degree of influence of oat or barley β-glucan on the viscosity of yogurts [16] can be explained by the composition of their formulations. It was established that, in the presence of starch, the hydrophobicity of the hydrogen bonds of amylose and β-glucan occurs, which leads to the destabilization of the spatial network and, as a result, the liquid consistency of the drink [17]. This shows once again that the ingredients in products with β-glucan need to be backed up by science.
The use of β-glucan from baker’s yeast in the technology of milk drinks allows obtaining healthy products. Eunice Mah et al. [18] developed a milk drink with 0.1% β-glucan from dispersed yeast, which was included in the diet of marathon runners. It has been established that the consumption of such a drink during the 91st day reduces the symptoms of a cold a few days after intense exertion, which allows reducing training gaps after a marathon and recovering strength sooner. Eunice Mah et al. [18] investigated soluble and insoluble β-glucan from Wellmune® brand yeast at 0.1% in a milk drink that improved symptoms in marathon runners. The results of the conducted research confirm that not all β-glucan is able to show immunomodulating properties. In particular, this is more characteristic of β-glucans from fungi and yeast [19]. The yeast preparation, Wellmune®, is widely used in various fields of the food industry and pharmaceuticals [20][21], but it is understudied in the technology of milk drinks, in particular for therapeutic and medicinal purposes.
The use of brewer’s yeast as a source of β-glucan is rational not only from the point of view of improving the physicochemical parameters of the product but also from the point of view of implementing the principles of sustainable development of brewing enterprises [22]. Brewer’s yeast is a by-product of beer production, the volume of which is extremely large, which can have a negative impact on the environment [23][24].
β-glucan from brewer’s yeast was studied in the range of 0 to 2% in the composition of skimmed milk yogurt [25]. It was established that its dose at a level of 1.5% improves the rheological properties, in particular, it allows to obtain the viscosity value and consistency characteristic of yogurt with high-fat content. The possibility of using β-glucan from brewer’s yeast as a milk fat replacer was investigated by Anna Piotrowska et al. [26] in the formulation of yogurt with 3% fat. Among the range of β-glucan (0.15–0.9%) chosen for the study, the best dose was 0.3%, which provided a rich milky taste, viscous consistency, and milky smell. Such a result of the sensory evaluation was possible only because the yogurt was not low-fat.
In general, the use of β-glucan from edible mushrooms in dairy beverage technologies is quite limited due to the lack of information on its properties in food systems based on dairy raw materials, as well as the complex production technology (paste- or gel-like form).
The use of β-glucan from microalgae in food technology is also poorly researched. One such representative is Euglena gracilis, which contains a significant amount of β-glucan (> 50%) [27]. The use of this microalgae became possible when the NDA in 2020 recognized the safety of dried whole cells of Euglena gracilis as an innovative ingredient, which confirmed the regulation of the European Commission [28]. The permissible levels of use of Euglena gracilis in fermented milk drinks are as follows: yogurt–no more than 150 mg/100 g, yogurt drinks–no more than 93.75 mg/100 g [29].
The effect of biologically active substances of Euglena gracilis on the vital activity of lactobacilli is known, but scientists have not yet determined what role β-glucan plays in this process. Junjie Dai et al. [30] believe that β-glucan support for the growth of bacteria such as Lactobacillus acidophilus is mediated because it is not a major probiotic molecule in Euglena [31]. This data may be important in the development of fermented milk drink formulations with β-glucan from microalgae Euglena gracilis.
The effectiveness of bacterial β-glucan was evaluated in yogurt by Niamh Kearney et al. [32], who used the strain Lactobacillus paracasei NFBC 338 containing the Pediococcus parvulus glycosyltransferase gene responsible for β-glucan production. This technology makes it possible to reduce the syneresis of the fermented clot due to the high moisture-binding capacity of β-glucan and to improve the texture of yogurt due to the increase in viscosity. However, the influence of β-glucan on the vital activity of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus was not detected, although the recombinant probiotic culture maintained high viability (> 108 CFU mL−1) during 28 days of yogurt storage. The improvement in the structure of yogurts when using different lactobacteria as a source of β-glucan can be explained by their production of exopolysaccharides, in particular β-glucan capable of inhibiting casein aggregation, which increases its stability and affects the viscosity of the final product [33].

2. The Use of β-glucan in Cheese and Cheese-like Products Technology

2.1. Oat and Barley β-glucan

β-glucan use of various origins in cheese technology is not as popular as in dairy beverages, which is due to the specific properties of β-glucan in these food systems. Scientists are becoming more interested in it, though, because it can structure mixtures during the fermentation of milk curd and actively bind whey, which leads to a higher yield of the finished product [34][35].
The most studied in the technology of cheese and cheese-like product manufacturing is cereal β-glucan, which, despite its ability to imitate the taste of milk fat, has certain limitations due to the deterioration of sensory indicators of protein-containing products [36]. Thus, Pantelis Volikakis et al. [37] investigated the effect of oat β-glucan in amounts of 0.7 and 1.4% in the technology of white-brined cheese with a reduced fat content (70% lower than in the full-fat analog) on quality indicators. The ability of β-glucan to reduce active acidity and increase the yield of the finished product by preventing whey separation during 90 days of storage was noted, which undoubtedly affects the texture of the product [37]. However, its use leads to a significant deterioration in taste and appearance. Other studies have also reported the possibility of an aftertaste of oat flour and a gray color, which significantly impairs the consumer properties of the product. Thus, the use of cereal β-glucan in cheese technology should be limited and should be combined with natural dyes and/or food flavor fillers to make a product with an interesting and unique taste and smell [38]. The fat replacer "Nutrim" based on oat β-glucan in the form of a hydrocolloid suspension was studied in samples of low-fat cheddar cheese (mass fraction of fat: 3.47 and 6.84%) [39]. Although the control sample had a higher yield of finished product compared to the experimental samples, an improvement in cheese texture was noted. Using scanning microscopy, it has been proven that a β-glucan-based milk fat replacer contributes to the formation of a uniform texture with small moisture droplets, which is associated with the high fat- and water-holding capacity of the polysaccharide presented in the form of a suspension [40][41].
The combination of β-glucan and phytosterols makes it possible to obtain an effective replacer for milk fat in low-fat cream cheese technology [42]. β-glucan provides a significant increase in viscosity, while phytosterols reduce the coefficient of friction, which contributes to the easy and plastic spreading of the cheese. This combination makes it possible to effectively use the advantages of both components and obtain a low-fat product with sensory properties similar to a high-fat counterpart. The combination of phytosterols, β-glucan, and the probiotic culture of L. Rhamnosus allowed for an increase in the content of diacetyl compounds, which contribute to the formation of the buttery taste of the low-fat cream swirl [43]. In addition, the combination of β-glucan and phytosterols provides an open product structure with evenly distributed cell walls of L. Rhamnosus in a casein matrix [43].
That is why the search for options for combining polysaccharides with other technological ingredients has extraordinary practical value, especially in the technology of low-fat products [44][45].
Barley β-glucan has been investigated in the composition of functional low-fat Dahi cheese based on buffalo milk [46]. The mass fraction of the additive at a level of 0.5% ensures the most harmonious combination of individual organoleptic indicators. Adding more barley β-glucan makes the product less similar to traditional cheese because it makes the structure too hard. This happens when β-glucan binds too much whey [47], and it also changes the color of the cheese, which has been seen in other studies [25][35]. R. Elsanhoty et al. [48] note the possibility of using up to 5% of barley β-glucan in low-fat labneh cheese technology, which effectively masks fat reduction (up to 50%) and significantly improves the viability of probiotic cultures Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 and Bifidobacteria lactis Bb12 included in the composition of the starter preparation. An interesting detail of the obtained data is the excellent microbiological indicators, despite the increased yield of the finished product due to the retention of whey [49]. Other scientists have reported on the ability of barley β-glucan to influence the fermentation time of milk cheese mixtures because, at a high degree of gelation between the polysaccharide and the casein micelles of milk, it is significantly reduced [50], which, presumably, can be one of the aspects of enzyme preparation economy and requires additional experimental studies.
The high gelling ability of barley β-glucan has also been investigated in the technology of curd, in particular, due to the urgency of finding natural functional and technological ingredients capable of reducing the volume of raw material losses during production. Carmen M. Tudorica et al. [51] established that barley β-glucan not only reduces the loss of raw materials due to effective water retention [52] but also increases the viscous and elastic characteristics of curd, increases the yield of the finished product, and significantly reduces the duration of the technological process due to the high water-binding capacity and the structuring ability of β-glucan. Furthermore, unlike oat β-glucan, it acts like milk fat, which gives the product a better taste and makes it possible to use more of it [51].
The use of barley β-glucan in the technology of pasta filata cheeses requires small doses, which is associated with a negative effect on the elasticity of the cheese mass in the process of kneading and forming products, as well as melting during the use of the finished product [53]. A rational dose of barley β-glucan (0.2%) was established in the technology of low-fat mozzarella, which ensures the high elasticity of the cheese mass due to an increase in the mass fraction of moisture in the product and masks the lack of fat [53].

2.2. β-glucan from Yeast

Although yeast β-glucan has a strong immunostimulant effect and helps protect the body from infectious and viral diseases, its use in cheese technology is problematic because yeast is an undesirable component of the microflora in such products and can cause a variety of texture defects, such as swelling and the appearance of cracks [54][55]. However, β-glucans are more likely to be used in a line of alternative cheeses and products that taste like cheese that are meant to help vegans, vegetarians, people with high cholesterol, and people who like to try new things in their diets.
Kerry Group P. L. C. (Ireland) offers for use high-quality β-glucan from baker’s yeast, which can be used in the production of cheeses, fermented milk products, and sports drinks [56]. The advantage of this β-glucan is its high content of vitamin B12, which is especially important for vegans and vegetarians because it is the most deficient in people who do not consume food of animal origin [57]. "Hyeast Biotech" (China) offers a highly purified preparation of yeast β-glucan, which has a pronounced immunoprotective effect [58]. Such an additive is widely used in vegan pasty cheeses or other cheese substitutes that have a texture and taste similar to their dairy counterparts without the specific odor of yeast due to the high degree of purity [59]. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a significant potential to produce β-glucan. However, its microstructural mesh can be much smaller than certain bacterial species, which should be considered when choosing a food system [60]. Considering that Saccharomyces cerevisiae is popular for use in the production of pizza, cheese casseroles, and pasta due to their cheesy taste, β-glucan isolated from them can have a positive effect on the taste properties of cheeses. The preservation capacity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae biomass was also reported, which may be related to the content of protein peptides [61][62]. Such a property can be interesting, for example, in the production of cheese with mold.

2.3. β-glucan from Microorganisms

The isolation of β-glucan is also possible from such microorganisms as Pediococcus parvulus 2.6, Aspergillus spp., Oenococcus oeni IOEB0205, Xanthomonas campestris, Lactobacillus diolivorans G77, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Botryosphaeria rhodina, and Bacillus natto [63][64].
β-glucan produced from X. campestris has the smallest dimensions of the microstructural network, which affects the presence of biologically active substances. It is somewhat higher in β-glucans from S. cerevisiae and B. natto, and the lowest biological activity in β-glucan is from A. oryzae.
Bacillus subtilis natto is used in Asian countries in the technology of fermented products, in particular cheese-like products based on legumes [65]. Cyclic β-glucans from Agrobacterium, Bradyrhizobium, and Rhizobium spp. are considered more soluble and bioavailable, but they have not been studied in cheese technology, which outlines the scope of scientific interest in them.

2.4. β-glucan from Edible Mushrooms

The use of β-glucan from edible mushrooms is limited due to insufficient awareness of their immunomodulating and preventive properties and a lack of scientific data on their use in cheese technology [66]. However, considering the fact that cereal β-glucan is not widely used in the composition of these products, edible mushrooms can be a promising source of β-glucans [67].
In addition, β-glucan extracts from the edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus in the amount of 0.4% were used in the production of non-fat cheese based on sheep’s milk [68]. In general, the texture of the cheese was improved by the β-glucan use of Pleurotus ostreatus, but for this, the duration of ripening must be at least 180 days. The most important advantage of its use is the possibility of reducing the mass fraction of fat by up to 50% in cheese, which does not affect the change in organoleptic indicators. This is partly due to the ability of β-glucan to mimic the taste of milk fat [46] and, on the other hand, to the pasty form of β-glucan obtained from Pleurotus ostreatus [68]. β-glucan in a form other than powder may pose some problems, but this technology has a place and needs to be improved because of the demand for high-quality, low-fat functional products that taste like their high-fat counterparts [69].
Kondyli et al. [70] continued a series of experiments with β-glucan from Pleurotus ostreatus in the technology of a functional pasty cheese-like product based on sheep’s milk. At a mass fraction of 0.4%, β-glucan did not significantly affect the biological value of the finished product, but allowed the improvement of its structure by increasing viscosity [70]. However, due to the high moisture-binding capacity of β-glucan, the pasty cheese-like product contains more moisture than its counterparts, which affects the water activity in this food system and, accordingly, the duration and storage conditions of the finished product. In addition, the product was distinguished by a bright and attractive color. Khorshidian et al. [71] recommended not exceeding the dose of β-glucan in dairy products by more than 1%. However, other scientists proved that the permissible dose of β-glucan in yogurt can be 1.5% [25], which outlines the contradiction between the existing scientific data and requires clarification for each product technology individually [70].

3. The Use of β-glucan in the Technology of Ice Cream and Frozen Desserts

3.1. Oat and Barley β-glucan

Traditional ice cream is a high-calorie product with a fairly high content of sugars (up to 15–16% sucrose and 4.2–5.5% lactose) and fat (up to 16%), which limits its use for people who are overweight, lactose-intolerant, diabetic or who follow low-fat diets [72][73]. Considering the fact that this dessert is common in most countries of the world, scientists are developing new types of ice cream with reduced fat, milk sugar, probiotics, protein, and sour milk content [74]. A sharp drop in taste quality in low-fat or non-fat frozen desserts is a big problem that needs a complex solution [75][76]
Scientists have said many times that polysaccharides can act like they do not have any fat, and when they are combined with protein ingredients and treated specially, they become good replacements for milk fat [77].
Oat β-glucan is similar to guar gum in its technological and functional properties [78], which allows it to be used in ice cream recipes not only as a milk fat mimetic but also to partially or completely replace the stabilizer.
Marek Aljewicz et al. [78] investigated the possibility of reducing the mass fraction of fat in classic ice cream from 10 to 2.5% using highly purified oat β-glucan. A dose of β-glucan at the level of 1% provides a product that is maximally close to the control sample with high-fat content in terms of sensory indicators [78]. Oat β-glucan increases the overrun and viscosity of ice cream mixes. However, in the case of excessive structuring, the aeration of mixtures with air during freezing may deteriorate, which will reduce overrun and increase the hardness of ice cream. Due to its high moisture-binding and water- and fat-holding capacity, β-glucan in excess effectively structures mixtures, which impairs the uniform distribution of the air phase in the thickness of the product [79][80]. In order to increase the aeration of mixtures during freezing, it is advisable to use inulin, which can reduce the hardness of ice cream, which is one of the recommendations for the use of β-glucan in frozen desserts [81][82].
Lazaridou et al. [83] also dealt with the issue of reducing the effect of β-glucan hardness in food systems. It was established that the addition of polyols to barley β-glucan solutions slows cryostructuring and leads to the formation of weaker and less thermostable cryogels, compared to control systems without polyols. On the other hand, mechanical deformation tests revealed an increase in the hardness and strength of β-glucan cryogels with the inclusion of polyols in the following order: sucrose, fructose < glucose, xylose < sorbitol, which requires further scientific research in the technology of frozen desserts.
The use of cereal β-glucan in the amount of less than 0.5% in ice cream technology may not be justified in general because such a dose will not make it possible to achieve a technological effect. It is well known that using 0.4% barley β-glucan in the production of ice cream based on buffalo milk with 4.17% fat not only produces the desired result but also reduces overall quality, particularly due to the unsatisfactory texture of the product [84][85]. A similar conclusion was reached by another group of scientists, who determined the dose of oat β-glucan at the level of 0.6% to be the most acceptable among the range of 0.1–0.6% for use in low-fat ice cream, which provides ice cream with a rich milky taste due to increased viscosity, which prevents the defect of a watery and empty taste [86].
Rahil Rezaei et al. [87] reported that oat β-glucan was able to regulate the textural properties of frozen soy yogurt by increasing viscosity. In addition, an overall increase in quality was observed when the fermentation process of the mixture was prolonged since the presence of soybeans is an inhibitory factor for the duration of fermentation of such mixtures [88]. With higher concentrations of oat β-glucan in the technology of frozen soy yogurt, the duration and temperature of ice cream mixture ripening are subject to the refinement of technological modes, which will significantly affect the quality of the product. The introduction of β-glucan in the amount of up to 1–2% allows reducing the duration of ripening from 24 to 13 h (at a temperature of 2 °C), which ensures the high viscosity and moderate hardness of the product after freezing [87]. An increase in temperature up to 6 °C does not make it possible to reach the optimal viscosity value within 24 hours and negatively affects the quality of the frozen dessert.

3.2. β-glucan of Bacterial Origin

As in the case of cereal β-glucan use, β-glucan of bacterial origin also leads to an increase in the resistance of ice cream to melting, which is probably related to the formation of a stable polysaccharide matrix, inside which molecules retain free moisture. However, Marek Aljewicz et al. [10] reported that a dose of β-glucan isolated from Agrobacterium sp. at a level of 1% provides the same resistance to melting value as 0.5% highly purified oat β-glucan, which suggests a less pronounced ability of bacterial β-glucan to retain free moisture. This can be a technological advantage of bacterial β-glucan because the resulting ice cream will be less hard than when using cereal β-glucan. For a significant decrease in the mass fraction of fat in ice cream, β-glucan from Agrobacterium sp. cannot completely mask its absence, which may somewhat limit its use.
The source of β-glucan can be bacteria such as Alcaligenes spp., Agrobacterium spp., Paenibacillus spp., Rhizobium spp., Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida spp., fungi such as Aureobasidium pullulan, and Poria cocos. However, β-glucan from bacteria and fungi has not yet been explored in ice cream production. Scientists should look into whether or not they could be used to make frozen desserts because their chemical makeup includes biologically active substances and complexes that can reveal protective functions in the human body. Triveni P. Shukla and Gregory J. Halpern [89] proposed a way to reduce the mass fraction of fat in ice cream by replacing it with an emulsified liquid shortening composition containing a gel of dietary fiber, water, and lipid, as well as additional bioactive components, including yeast β-glucan [90]. Using yeast β-glucan makes it possible to make low-calorie ice cream that also has health benefits [91]. This type of ice cream will be in high demand among modern consumers.

References

  1. Chatterjee, B.; Patel, T. Increased Sensory Quality and Consumer Acceptability by Fortification of Chocolate Flavored Milk with Oat Beta Glucan. Int. J. Clin. Biomed. Res. 2016, 2, 25–28.
  2. Vasquez Mejia, S.M.; de Francisco, A.; Manique Barreto, P.L.; Damian, C.; Zibetti, A.W.; Mahecha, H.S.; Bohrer, B.M. Incorporation of β-glucans in meat emulsions through an optimal mixture modeling systems. Meat Sci. 2018, 143, 210–218.
  3. Vasquez-Orejarena, E.; Simons, C.T.; Litchfield, J.H.; Alvarez, V.B. Functional Properties of a High Protein Beverage Stabilized with Oat-β-Glucan. J. Food Sci. 2018, 83, 1360–1365.
  4. Lumaga, R.B.; Azzali, D.; Fogliano, V.; Scalfi, L.; Vitaglione, P. Sugar and dietary fibre composition influence, by different hormonal response, the satiating capacity of a fruit-based and a β-glucan-enriched beverage. Food Funct. 2012, 3, 67–75.
  5. Chakraborty, P.; Witt, T.; Harris, D.; Ashton, J.; Stokes, J.R.; Smyth, H.E. Texture and mouthfeel perceptions of a model beverage system containing soluble and insoluble oat bran fibres. Food Res. Int. 2019, 120, 62–72.
  6. Lyly, M.; Ohls, N.; Lähteenmäki, L.; Salmenkallio-Marttila, M.; Liukkonen, K.-H.; Karhunen, L.; Poutanen, K. The effect of fibre amount, energy level and viscosity of beverages containing oat fibre supplement on perceived satiety. Food Nutr. Res. 2010, 54, 2149.
  7. Qu, X.; Nazarenko, Y.; Yang, W.; Nie, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Li, B. Effect of Oat β-Glucan on the Rheological Characteristics and Microstructure of Set-Type Yogurt. Molecules 2021, 26, 4752.
  8. Liutkevičius, A.; Speičienė, V.; Alenčikienė, G.; Mieželienė, A.; Kaminskas, A.; Abaravičius, J.A.; Vitkus, D.; Jab, V. Oat β-glucan in milk products: Impact on human health. Agric. Food 2015, 3, 74–81.
  9. Jaworska, D.; Królak, M.; Przybylski, W.; Jezewska-Zychowicz, M. Acceptance of Fresh Pasta with β-Glucan Addition: Expected Versus Perceived Liking. Foods 2020, 9, 869.
  10. Aljewicz, M.; Majcher, M.; Nalepa, B. A Comprehensive Study of the Impacts of Oat β-Glucan and Bacterial Curdlan on the Activity of Commercial Starter Culture in Yogurt. Molecules 2020, 25, 5411.
  11. Lyly, M.; Salmenkallio-Marttila, M.; Suortti, T.; Autio, K.; Poutanen, K.; Lähteenmäki, L. Influence of Oat β-Glucan Preparations on the Perception of Mouthfeel and on Rheological Properties in Beverage Prototypes. Cereal Chem. 2003, 80, 536–541.
  12. Kontogiorgos, V.; Tosh, S.; Wood, P. Phase behaviour of high molecular weight oat β-glucan/whey protein isolate binary mixtures. Food Hydrocoll. 2009, 23, 949–956.
  13. de la Vega, M.I.C.; Alatorre-Santamaría, S.; Gómez-Ruiz, L.; García-Garibay, M.; Guzmán-Rodríguez, F.; González-Olivares, L.G.; Cruz-Guerrero, A.E.; Rodríguez-Serrano, G.M. Influence of Oat β-Glucan on the Survival and Proteolytic Activity of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in Milk Fermentation: Optimization by Response Surface. Fermentation 2021, 7, 210.
  14. Sharma, P.; Trivedi, N.; Gat, Y. Development of functional fermented whey–oat-based product using probiotic bacteria. 3 Biotech 2017, 7, 272.
  15. Aboushanab, S.A.S.; Vyrova, D.V.; Selezneva, I.S.; Ibrahim, M.N.G. The potential use of β-Glucan in the industry, medicine and cosmetics. AIP Conf. Proc. 2019, 2174, 020198.
  16. Angelov, A.; Gotcheva, V.; Kuncheva, R.; Hristozova, T. Development of a new oat-based probiotic drink. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2006, 112, 75–80.
  17. Kaur, R.; Riar, C.S. Sensory, rheological and chemical characteristics during storage of set type full fat yoghurt fortified with barley β-glucan. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2020, 57, 41–51.
  18. Mah, E.; Kaden, V.N.; Kelley, K.M.; Liska, D.J. Beverage Containing Dispersible Yeast β-Glucan Decreases Cold/Flu Symptomatic Days After Intense Exercise: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J. Diet. Suppl. 2020, 17, 200–210.
  19. Jirdehi, S.; Qajarbeygi, Z.; Khaksar, P. Effect of prebiotic β-glucan composite on physical, chemical, rheological and sensory properties of set-type low-fat Iranian yoghurt. Egypt J. Basic Appl. Sci. 2013, 3, 205–210.
  20. Rahar, S.; Swami, G.; Nagpal, N.; Nagpal, M.A.; Singh, G.S. Preparation, characterization, and biological properties of β-glucans. J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res. 2011, 2, 94–103.
  21. Talbott, S.; Talbott, J. Effect of BETA 1, 3/1, 6 GLUCAN on Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Symptoms and Mood State in Marathon Athletes. J. Sports Sci. Med. 2009, 8, 509–515.
  22. McFarlin, B.K.; Carpenter, K.C.; Davidson, T.; McFarlin, M.A. Baker’s Yeast Beta Glucan Supplementation Increases Salivary IgA and Decreases Cold/Flu Symptomatic Days After Intense Exercise. J. Diet. Suppl. 2013, 10, 171–183.
  23. Jaeger, A.; Arendt, E.K.; Zannini, E.; Sahin, A.W. Brewer’s Spent Yeast (BSY), an Underutilized Brewing By-Product. Fermentation. 2020, 6, 123.
  24. Karlović, A.; Jurić, A.; Ćorić, N.; Habschied, K.; Krstanović, V.; Mastanjević, K. By-Products in the Malting and Brewing Industries—Re-Usage Possibilities. Fermentation 2020, 6, 82.
  25. Mejri, W.; Bornaz, S.; Sahli, A. Formulation of non-fat yoghurt with β-glucanfrom spent brewer’s yeast. J. Hyg. Eng. Des. 2014, 8, 163–173.
  26. Piotrowska, A.; Waszkiewicz-Robak, B.; Swiderski, F. Possibility of beta-glucan from spent brewer’s yeast addition to yoghurts. Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci. 2009, 59, 299–302.
  27. Vanegas-Azuero, A.-M.; Gutiérrez, L.-F. Physicochemical and sensory properties of yogurts containing sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) seeds and β-glucans from Ganoderma lucidum. J. Dairy Sci. 2018, 101, 1020–1033.
  28. Danilov, R.A.; Ekelund, N.G.A. Effects of pH on the growth rate, motility and photosynthesis inEuglena gracilis. Folia Microbiol. 2001, 46, 549–554.
  29. EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens); Turck, D.; Castenmiller, J.; De Henauw, S.; Hirsch-Ernst, K.I.; Kearney, J.; Maciuk, A.; Mangelsdorf, I.; McArdle, H.J.; Naska, A.; et al. Safety of dried whole cell Euglena gracilis as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. EFSA J. 2020, 18, e06100.
  30. The European Parliament; The Council of the European Union. Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on novel foods, amending Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Regulation (EC) No 258/97 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1852/2001; OJ L 327, 11.12.2015; The European Parliament and The Council of the European Union: Brussel, Belgium, 2015; pp. 1–22.
  31. Dai, J.; He, J.; Chen, Z.; Qin, H.; Du, M.; Lei, A.; Zhao, L.; Wang, J. Euglena gracilis Promotes Lactobacillus Growth and Antioxidants Accumulation as a Potential Next-Generation Prebiotic. Front. Nutr. 2022, 9, 864565.
  32. Nakashima, A.; Sasaki, K.; Sasaki, D.; Yasuda, K.; Suzuki, K.; Kondo, A. The alga Euglena gracilis stimulates Faecalibacterium in the gut and contributes to increased defecation. Sci. Rep. 2021, 11, 1074.
  33. Kearney, N.; Stack, H.M.; Tobin, J.T.; Chaurin, V.; Fenelon, M.A.; Fitzgerald, G.F.; Ross, R.; Stanton, C. Lactobacillus paracasei NFBC 338 producing recombinant beta-glucan positively influences the functional properties of yoghurt. Int. Dairy J. 2011, 21, 561–567.
  34. Avramia, I.; Amariei, S. Spent Brewer’s Yeast as a Source of Insoluble β-Glucans. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 825.
  35. Li, X.-W.; Lv, S.; Shi, T.-T.; Liu, K.; Li, Q.-M.; Pan, L.-H.; Zha, X.-Q.; Luo, J.-P. Exopolysaccharides from yoghurt fermented by Lactobacillus paracasei: Production, purification and its binding to sodium caseinate. Food Hydrocoll. 2020, 102, 105635.
  36. Singh, M.; Kim, S.; Liu, S.X. Effect of Purified Oat β-Glucan on Fermentation of Set-Style Yogurt Mix. J. Food Sci. 2012, 77, E195–E201.
  37. Volikakis, P.; Biliaderis, C.G.; Vamvakas, C.; Zerfiridis, G.K. Effects of a commercial oat-β-glucan concentrate on the chemical, physico-chemical and sensory attributes of a low-fat white-brined cheese product. Food Res. Int. 2004, 37, 83–94.
  38. Sahan, N.; Yasar, K.; Hayaloglu, A.A.; Karaca, O.B.; Kaya, A. Influence of fat replacers on chemical composition, proteolysis, texture profiles, meltability and sensory properties of low-fat Kashar cheese. J. Dairy Res. 2008, 75, 1–7.
  39. Santipanichwong, R.; Suphantharika, M. Carotenoids as colorants in reduced-fat mayonnaise containing spent brewer’s yeast β-glucan as a fat replacer. Food Hydrocoll. 2007, 21, 565–574.
  40. Konuklar, G.; Inglett, G.E.; Carriere, C.J.; Felker, F.C. Use of a beta-glucan hydrocolloidal suspension in the manufacture of low-fat Cheddar cheese: Manufacture, composition, yield and microstructure. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2004, 39, 109–119.
  41. Mishra, N. Cereal β Glucan as a Functional Ingredient. In Innovations in Food Technology; Mishra, P., Mishra, R.R., Adetunji, C.O., Eds.; Springer: Singapore, 2020; pp. 109–122.
  42. Wen, P.; Zhu, Y.; Luo, J.; Wang, P.; Liu, B.; Du, Y.; Jiao, Y.; Hu, Y.; Chen, C.; Ren, F.; et al. Effect of anthocyanin-absorbed whey protein microgels on physicochemical and textural properties of reduced-fat Cheddar cheese. J. Dairy Sci. 2021, 104, 228–242.
  43. Ningtyas, D.W.; Bhandari, B.; Bansal, N.; Prakash, S. Texture and lubrication properties of functional cream cheese: Effect of β-glucan and phytosterol. J. Texture Stud. 2018, 49, 11–22.
  44. Ningtyas, D.W.; Bhandari, B.; Bansal, N.; Prakash, S. The viability of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus (non-encapsulated and encapsulated) in functional reduced-fat cream cheese and its textural properties during storage. Food Control 2019, 100, 8–16.
  45. Ningtyas, D.W.; Bhandari, B.; Bansal, N.; Prakash, S. Flavour profiles of functional reduced-fat cream cheese: Effects of β-glucan, phytosterols, and probiotic L. rhamnosus. LWT 2019, 105, 16–22.
  46. Bhaskar, D.; Khatkar, S.K.; Chawla, R.; Panwar, H.; Kapoor, S. Effect of β-glucan fortification on physico-chemical, rheological, textural, colour and organoleptic characteristics of low fat dahi. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2017, 54, 2684–2693.
  47. Giha, V.; Ordoñez, M.J.; Villamil, R.A. How does milk fat replacement influence cheese analogue microstructure, rheology, and texture profile? J. Food Sci. 2021, 86, 2802–2815.
  48. Elsanhoty, R.; Zaghlol, A.; Hassanein, A. The Manufacture of Low Fat Labneh Containing Barley β-Glucan 1-Chemical Composition, Microbiological Evaluation and Sensory Properties. Curr. Res. Dairy Sci. 2009, 1, 1–12.
  49. Karp, S.; Wyrwisz, J.; Kurek, M.A. The impact of different levels of oat β-glucan and water on gluten-free cake rheology and physicochemical characterisation. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2020, 57, 3628–3638.
  50. Brennan, C.; Tudorica, C.M. The Role of Complex Carbohydrates and Non-Starch Polysaccharides in the Regulation of Postprandial Glucose and Insulin Responses in Cereal Foods. J. Nutraceuticals Funct. Med. Foods. 2003, 4, 49–55.
  51. Tudoricặ, C.M.; Kuri, V.; Brennan, C.S. Nutritional and Physicochemical Characteristics of Dietary Fiber Enriched Pasta. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 50, 347–356.
  52. Tudorica, C.M.; Jones, T.E.R.; Kuri, V.; Brennan, C.S. The effects of refined barleyβ-glucan on the physico-structural properties of low-fat dairy products: Curd yield, microstructure, texture and rheology. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2004, 84, 1159–1169.
  53. Vithanage, C.R.; Mishra, V.K.; Vasiljevic, T.; Shah, N.P. Use of β-glucan in development of low-fat Mozzarella cheese. Milchwiss. -Milk Sci. Int. 2008, 130, 48–51.
  54. Osmak, T.; Mleko, S.; Bass, O.; Mykhalevych, A.; Kuzmyk, U. Enzymatic hydrolysis of lactose in concentrates of reconstituted demineralized whey, intended for ice cream production. Ukr. Food J. 2021, 10, 277–288.
  55. Samuelsen, A.B.C.; Schrezenmeir, J.; Knutsen, S.H. Effects of orally administered yeast-derived beta-glucans: A review. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2014, 58, 183–193.
  56. Daly, D.F.M.; McSweeney, P.L.H.; Sheehan, J.J. Split defect and secondary fermentation in Swiss-type cheeses—A review. Dairy Sci. Technol. 2010, 90, 3–26.
  57. Kerry Health and Nutrition Institute. Available online: https://khni.kerry.com/ (accessed on 12 July 2022).
  58. Rizzo, G.; Laganà, A.S.; Rapisarda, A.M.C.; La Ferrera, G.M.G.; Buscema, M.; Rossetti, P.; Nigro, A.; Muscia, V.; Valenti, G.; Sapia, F.; et al. Vitamin B12 among Vegetarians: Status, Assessment and Supplementation. Nutrients 2016, 8, 767.
  59. Hyeast Biotech. Available online: https://www.hiyeast.com/ (accessed on 13 July 2022).
  60. Kholts-Shitinger, C.; Klapkholts, S.; Varadan, R.; Kazino, M.; Braun, P.; Ajzen, M.; Kon, E.; Privot, D. Non-dairy cheese replica comprising a coacervate. Russia Patent RU 2672489 C2, 15 November 2018.
  61. Utama, G.L.; Dio, C.; Sulistiyo, J.; Chye, F.Y.; Lembong, E.; Cahyana, Y.; Verma, D.K.; Thakur, M.; Patel, A.R.; Singh, S. Evaluating comparative β-glucan production aptitude of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus oryzae, Xanthomonas campestris, and Bacillus natto. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 2021, 28, 6765–6773.
  62. Pereira, P.R.; Freitas, C.S.; Paschoalin, V.M.F. Saccharomyces cerevisiae biomass as a source of next-generation food preservatives: Evaluating potential proteins as a source of antimicrobial peptides. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 2021, 20, 4450–4479.
  63. Abbas, C.A. Production of Antioxidants, Aromas, Colours, Flavours, and Vitamins by Yeasts. In Yeasts in Food and Beverages; Querol, A., Fleet, G., Eds.; Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg, 2006; Volume 10, pp. 285–334.
  64. El Ghany, K.A.; Hamouda, R.A.; Mahrous, H.; Elhafe, E.A.; Ahmed, F.A.H.; Hamza, H.A. Description of Isolated LAB Producing β-glucan from Egyptian Sources and Evaluation of its Therapeutic Effect. Int. J. Pharmacol. 2016, 12, 801–811.
  65. Pérez-Ramos, A.; Mohedano, M.L.; Pardo, M.; López, P. β-Glucan-Producing Pediococcus parvulus 2.6: Test of Probiotic and Immunomodulatory Properties in Zebrafish Models. Front. Microbiol. 2018, 9, 1684.
  66. Hitosugi, M.; Hamada, K.; Misaka, K. Effects of Bacillus subtilis var. natto products on symptoms caused by blood flow disturbance in female patients with lifestyle diseases. Int. J. Gen. Med. 2015, 8, 41–46.
  67. Patel, Y.; Naraian, R.; Singh V., K. Medicinal properties of Pleurotus species (Oyster mushrooms): A review. World J. Fungal Plant Biol. 2012, 3, 1–12.
  68. Kondyli, E.; Pappa, E.C.; Kremmyda, A.; Arapoglou, D.; Metafa, M.; Eliopoulos, C.; Israilides, C. Manufacture of Reduced Fat White-Brined Cheese with the Addition of β-Glucans Biobased Polysaccharides as Textural Properties Improvements. Polymers 2020, 12, 2647.
  69. Lim, J.; Inglett, G.E.; Lee, S. Response to Consumer Demand for Reduced-Fat Foods; Multi-Functional Fat Replacers. Jpn. J. Food Eng. 2010, 11, 147–152.
  70. Kondyli, E.; Pappa, E.C.; Arapoglou, D.; Metafa, M.; Eliopoulos, C.; Israilides, C. Effect of Fortification with Mushroom Polysaccharide β-Glucan on the Quality of Ovine Soft Spreadable Cheese. Foods 2022, 11, 417.
  71. Mantovani, M.S.; Bellini, M.F.; Angeli, J.P.F.; Oliveira, R.J.; Silva, A.F.; Ribeiro, L.R. β-Glucans in promoting health: Prevention against mutation and cancer. Mutat. Res. Mutat. Res. 2008, 658, 154–161.
  72. Polishchuk, G.; Kuzmyk, U.; Osmak, T.; Kurmach, M.; Bass, O. Analysis of the nature of the composition substances of sour-milk dessert with plant-based fillers. East. -Eur. J. Enterp. Technol. 2021, 6, 68–73.
  73. Belemets, T.; Kuzmyk, U.; Gryshchenko, R.; Osmak, T. Determination of optimal technological parameters of obtaining stevia extract in technology of sour dairy desserts. East. -Eur. J. Enterp. Technol. 2022, 4, 60–67.
  74. Bandini, L.G.; Vu, D.; Must, A.; Cyr, H.; Goldberg, A.; Dietz, W.H. Comparison of High-Calorie, Low-Nutrient-Dense Food Consumption among Obese and Non-Obese Adolescents. Obes. Res. 1999, 7, 438–443.
  75. Sapiga, V.; Polischuk, G.; Osmak, T.; Mykhalevych, A.; Maslikov, M. Scientific explanation of the composition and technological modes of manufacture of dairy ice cream with vegetable puree. Ukr. J. Food Sci. 2019, 7, 83–91.
  76. Akbari, M.; Eskandari, M.H.; Davoudi, Z. Application and functions of fat replacers in low-fat ice cream: A review. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2019, 86, 34–40.
  77. Venables, A.; Frangella, J.; Poulterer, B.; Ruszkay, T. Frozen desserts and methods for manufacture thereof. U.S. Patent 20,070,098,868 A1, 3 May 2007.
  78. Bealer, E.J.; Onissema-Karimu, S.; Rivera-Galletti, A.; Francis, M.; Wilkowski, J.; Salas-de la Cruz, D.; Hu, X. Protein–Polysaccharide Composite Materials: Fabrication and Applications. Polymers 2020, 12, 464.
  79. El Khoury, D.; Cuda, C.; Luhovyy, B.L.; Anderson, G.H. Beta glucan: Health benefits in obesity and metabolic syndrome. J. Nutr. Metab. 2012, 2012, 851362.
  80. Aljewicz, M.; Florczuk, A.; Dąbrowska, A. Influence of β-Glucan Structures and Contents on the Functional Properties of Low-Fat Ice Cream During Storage. Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci. 2020, 70, 233–240.
  81. Fan, R.; Zhou, D.; Cao, X. Evaluation of oat β-glucan-marine collagen peptide mixed gel and its application as the fat replacer in the sausage products. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0233447.
  82. BahramParvar, M.; Tehrani, M.M. Application and Functions of Stabilizers in Ice Cream. Food Rev. Int. 2011, 27, 389–407.
  83. Kurek, M.A.; Wyrwisz, J.; Wierzbicka, A. Optimization of beta-glucan and water content in fortified wheat bread using Response Surface Methodology according to staling kinetics. LWT 2017, 75, 352–357.
  84. Lazaridou, A.; Vaikousi, H.; Biliaderis, C. Effects of polyols on cryostructurization of barley β-glucans. Food Hydrocoll. 2008, 22, 263–277.
  85. Abdel-Haleem, A.M.H.; Awad, R.A. Some quality attributes of low fat ice cream substituted with hulless barley flour and barley ß-glucan. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2015, 52, 6425–6434.
  86. Shibani, F.; Asadollahi, S.; Eshaghi, M. The effect of beta-glucan as a fat substitute on the sensory and physico-chemical properties of low-fat ice cream. J. Food Saf. Processing 2021, 1, 71–84.
  87. Rezaei, R.; Khomeiri, M.; Kashaninejad, M.; Mazaheri-Tehrani, M.; Aalami, M. Potential of β-d-glucan to enhance physicochemical quality of frozen soy yogurt at different aging conditions. Iran. Food Sci. Technol. Res. J. 2019, 15, 1–12.
  88. Abdullah, M.; Rehman, S.; Zubair, H.; Saeed, H.M.; Kousar, S.; Shahid, M. Effect of Skim Milk in Soymilk Blend on the Quality of Ice Cream. Pak. J. Nutr. 2003, 2, 305–311.
  89. Burkus, Z.; Temelli, F. Stabilization of emulsions and foams using barley β-glucan. Food Res. Int. 2000, 33, 27–33.
  90. Shukla, T.; Halpem, G. Ice creams comprising emulsified liquid shortening compositions comprising dietary fiber gel, water and lipid. WIPO Patent WO 2005046357 A1, 29 June 2005.
  91. Durmaz, Y.; Kilicli, M.; Toker, O.S.; Konar, N.; Palabiyik, I.; Tamtürk, F. Using spray-dried microalgae in ice cream formulation as a natural colorant: Effect on physicochemical and functional properties. Algal Res. 2020, 47, 101811.
More
Information
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register : , , , ,
View Times: 587
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 30 Sep 2022
1000/1000