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HandWiki. Mettā. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/27828 (accessed on 03 October 2026).
HandWiki. Mettā. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/27828. Accessed October 03, 2026.
HandWiki. "Mettā" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/27828 (accessed October 03, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, September 28). Mettā. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/27828
HandWiki. "Mettā." Encyclopedia. Web. 28 September, 2022.
Mettā
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Mettā (Pali) or maitrī (Sanskrit) means benevolence, loving-kindness, friendliness, amity, good will, and active interest in others. It is the first of the four sublime states (Brahmavihāras) and one of the ten pāramīs of the Theravāda school of Buddhism. The cultivation of benevolence (mettā bhāvanā) is a popular form of meditation in Buddhism. It is a part of the four immeasurables in Brahmavihara (divine abidings) meditation. Metta as 'compassion meditation' is often practiced in Asia by broadcast chanting, wherein monks chant for the laity. The compassion and universal loving-kindness concept of Metta is discussed in the Metta Sutta of Buddhism, and is also found in the ancient and medieval texts of Hinduism and Jainism as Metta or Maitri. Small sample studies on the potential of loving-kindness meditation approach on patients suggest potential benefits. However, peer reviews question the quality and sample size of these studies, then suggest caution.

benevolence friendliness loving-kindness

References

  1. Monier Williams, 1964, p. 834, entry for "Maitrī," retrieved 2008-04-29 from "U. Cologne" at http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/serveimg.pl?file=/scans/MWScan/MWScanjpg/mw0834-meSUraNa.jpg.
  2. Thomas William Rhys Davids; William Stede (1921). Pali-English Dictionary. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 540. ISBN 978-81-208-1144-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=0Guw2CnxiucC. 
  3. Robert E. Buswell Jr.; Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013). The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton University Press. p. 624. ISBN 978-1-4008-4805-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ. 
  4. Peter Harvey (2012). An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices. Cambridge University Press. p. 327. ISBN 978-0-521-85942-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=u0sg9LV_rEgC. 
  5. Buddhagosha, 'Vishudimagga' Section 2.98 http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/nanamoli/PathofPurification2011.pdf
  6. [1]
  7. Zeng, Xianglong; Chiu, Cleo P. K.; Wang, Rong; Oei, Tian P. S.; Leung, Freedom Y. K. (2015-01-01). "The effect of loving-kindness meditation on positive emotions: a meta-analytic review". Psychology for Clinical Settings 6: 1693. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01693. PMID 26579061.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4630307
  8. Hofmann, Stefan G.; Petrocchi, Nicola; Steinberg, James; Lin, Muyu; Arimitsu, Kohki; Kind, Shelley; Mendes, Adriana; Stangier, Ulrich (2015-06-02). "Loving-Kindness Meditation to Target Affect in Mood Disorders: A Proof-of-Concept Study" (in en). Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015: 1–11. doi:10.1155/2015/269126. ISSN 1741-427X. PMID 26136807. PMC 4468348. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2015/269126/. 
  9. Zeng, X; Chiu, C. P; Wang, R; Oei, T. P; Leung, F. Y (2015). "The effect of loving-kindness meditation on positive emotions: A meta-analytic review". Frontiers in Psychology 6: 1693. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01693. PMID 26579061.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4630307
  10. Martin G. Wiltshire (1990). Ascetic Figures Before and in Early Buddhism: The Emergence of Gautama as the Buddha. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 248–264. ISBN 978-3-11-009896-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=WXmmkYQf4RwC&pg=PA248. 
  11. Quote: मैत्री करुणा मुदितोपेक्षाणां सुखदुःखपुण्यापुण्यविषयाणां भावनातश्चित्तप्रसादनम् ॥ ३३॥ - Yogasutra 1.33; Source, SanskritDocuments.Org http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_yoga/yogasuutra.html?lang=sa
  12. Martin G. Wiltshire (1990). Ascetic Figures Before and in Early Buddhism: The Emergence of Gautama as the Buddha. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 241–242. ISBN 978-3-11-009896-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=WXmmkYQf4RwC&pg=PA248. 
  13. Peter Harvey (2001). Buddhism. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 247. ISBN 978-1-4411-4726-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=oZCvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA247. 
  14. Harvey B. Aronson (1980). Love and Sympathy in Theravāda Buddhism. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 71. ISBN 978-81-208-1403-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=AYn7WsDccU0C&pg=PA71. 
  15. K N Jayatilleke (2013). Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge. Routledge. pp. 477–479. ISBN 978-1-134-54287-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=6pBTAQAAQBAJ. 
  16. In addition to AN 10.176, other discourses that contain this text include: Discourse for the Brahmans of Sala (Sāleyyaka Sutta, MN 41) (Ñanamoli & Khantipalo, 1993); Discourse for the Brahmins of Verañja (Verañjaka Sutta, MN 42, which is substantially a reiteration of MN 41 in a different locale); Sutta on the To Be Cultivated and Not to Be Cultivated (Sevitabbāsevitabba Sutta, MN 114) (Ñāṇamoli & Bodhi, 2001, p. 917); First Discourse on Hell and Heaven (Paṭhama-niraya-sagga Sutta, AN 10.211); Second Discourse on Hell and Heaven (Dutiya-niraya-sagga Sutta, AN 10.212); First Discourse on Intentional Actions (Paṭhama-sañcetanika Sutta, AN 10.217); Second Discourse on Intentional Actions (Dutiya-sañcetanika Sutta, AN 10.218); as well as in the Paṭisambhidāmagga (see below) and the paracanonical Milinda Pañha. http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.041.nymo.html
  17. Peter Harvey (2012). An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices. Cambridge University Press. p. 279. ISBN 978-0-521-85942-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=u0sg9LV_rEgC. 
  18. See for instance, in the Digha Nikāya alone, The Great Splendor Discourse (Mahāsudassana Sutta, DN 17), v. 2.4 (Walshe, 1995, p. 287); The Great Steward Discourse (Mahāgovinda Sutta, DN 19), v. 59 (Walshe, 1995, p. 312); The Great Lion's Roar to the Udumbarikans Discourse (Udumbarika-Sīhanāda Sutta, DN 19), v. 17 (Walshe, 1995, pp. 390-391); and The Lion's Roar on the Turning of the Wheel Discourse (Cakkavatti-Sīhanāda Sutta, DN 79), v. 28 (Walshe, 1995, p. 405).
  19. This particular English text is from the Nyanaponika (1988) translation of the Simile of the Cloth (Vatthūpama Sutta, MN 7), v. 12. http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.007.nypo.html#t-mn-007-12
  20. Bodhgaya News(n.d.), Majjhima Nikaya, book 1, BJT p. 88, retrieved 2009-08-07 at http://www.bodhgayanews.net/tipitaka.php?title=&record=2987 .
  21. See, for instance, the Discourse to Subha (Subha Sutta, MN 99) (Ñāṇamoli & Bodhi, 2001, pp. 816-17); and, The Threefold Knowledge Discourse (Tevijja Sutta, DN 13), vv. 76-77 (Walshe, 1995, p. 194). See also the Discourse to Dhānañjāni (Dhānañjāni Sutta, MN 97) (Ñāṇamoli & Bodhi, 2001, p. 796), in which a similar statement about union with Brahma is made by the Ven. Sariputta without the trumpeter metaphor.
  22. MN 99 (Ñāṇamoli & Bodhi, 2001, pp. 816-17). In this translation, this text is presented as one paragraph. Here, it was divided into two, thus following the Pāli text presentation, to enhance readability.
  23. Given this text's length, relatively uncomplicated translation and lesser known status (e.g., compared with the Karaniya Metta Sutta), the associated Pāli text is not represented in this main article but here: 'Katamo ca ..., brahmānaṃ sahavyatāya maggo: idha ..., bhikkhu mettāsahagatena cetasā ekaṃ disaṃ pharitvā viharati. Tathā dutiyaṃ, tathā tatiyaṃ, tathā catutthiṃ. Iti uddhamadho tiriyaṃ sabbadhi sabbattatāya sabbāvantaṃ lokaṃ mettā sahagatena cetasā vipulena mahaggatena appamāṇena averena abyāpajjhena pharitvā viharati. Evaṃ bhāvitāya kho ..., mettāya cetovimuttiyā yaṃ pamāṇakataṃ kammaṃ, na taṃ tatrāvasissati. Na taṃ tatrāvatiṭṭhati. Seyyathāpi ..., balavā saṅkhadhamo appakasireneva catuddisā viññāpeyya. Evameva kho ..., evaṃ bhavitāya mettāya ceto vimuttiyā, yaṃ pamāṇakataṃ kammaṃ na taṃ tatrāvasissati. Na taṃ tatrāvatiṭṭhati. Ayampi kho ..., brahmāṇaṃ sahavyatāya maggo. (Bodhgaya News, n.d., Majjhima Nikaya, book 2, BJT p. 730 [MN 99], retrieved 2009-08-07 at http://www.bodhgayanews.net/tipitaka.php?title=&record=3702 .) In this particular Pāli text, the word that is repeatedly elided ("...") is māṇava ("student" or "young man") so that only the text that is common to all of the identified discourses is represented here. (For instance, in MN 97, instead of māṇava, it uses the name of the Brahmin being addressed.)
  24. Cited in Buddhaghosa & Ñāṇamoli (1999), p. 302, Vsm.IX,50. See also Ñanamoli (1987), section 11, "Methodical Practice: from the Patisambhidamagga," where this sentence is translated as: "May all beings be freed from enmity, distress and anxiety, and may they guide themselves to bliss." http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/nanamoli/wheel007.html
  25. In this section of this article, the primary English-language sources are Buddhaghosa & Ñāṇamoli (1999), pp. 301-304, Vsm.IX,49-58; and, Ñanamoli (1987), section 11, "Methodical Practice: from the Patisambhidamagga." The Pali is primarily based on Bodhgaya News (n.d.), Patisambhidamagga 2, BJT pp. 64-80, retrieved 2009-08-07 starting at "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-06-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20100611145457/http://www.bodhgayanews.net/tipitaka.php?title=&record=9611. Retrieved 2010-06-11. .
  26. Metta (Mettanisamsa) Sutta Piyadassi Thera (translator) http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an11/an11.016.piya.html
  27. AN 11.16 (trans. Thanissaro, 1997b). See also AN 8.1 (similarly entitled, Mettānisaṃsa Sutta [SLTP] and Mettā Suttaṃ [CSCD]) which omits the last three of four benefits mentioned in AN 11.16 (that is, it omits "One's mind gains concentration quickly. One's complexion is bright. One dies unconfused..."). http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an11/an11.016.than.html
  28. AN 1.ii.7 (trans. Nyanaponika & Bodhi, 1999, p. 34).
  29. See, e.g. MN 7.12, Snp 1.8/Khp 9: [2], [3].
  30. Maurice Bloomfield, A Vedic Concordance, Harvard University Press, pages 713-717 https://archive.org/stream/vedicconcordance00bloouoft#page/n7/mode/1up
  31. Arthur B Keith, Taittiriya Samhita iv,3,12,i:k, The Veda of the Black Yajus School, Part 2: Kandas IV-VII, Harvard University Press, page 335 https://archive.org/stream/vedablackyajuss00keitgoog#page/n58/mode/2up
  32. Ralph Griffith (1896). The Hymns of the Atharvaveda. E. J. Lazarus. pp. 312–313. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtYoAAAAYAAJ. 
  33. S. Radhakrishnan (1992). Rabindranath Tagore: A Centenary. Sahitya Akademi. p. 387. ISBN 978-81-7201-332-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=9x-Peh32rw8C. 
  34. Martin G. Wiltshire (1990). Ascetic Figures before and in Early Buddhism: The Emergence of Gautama as the Buddha. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 94–95. ISBN 978-3-11-085856-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=6r3pBQAAQBAJ. 
  35. Juan Mascaró (1965). The Upanishads. Penguin. pp. 103–104. ISBN 978-0-14-044163-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=CBcJDBTmd9kC&pg=PA103. 
  36. Kalyan Sen Gupta (2016). The Philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore. Routledge. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-317-02143-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=0USgCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10. 
  37. Nancy Snow (2012). Deen K. Chatterjee. ed. Encyclopedia of Global Justice. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 2155. ISBN 978-1-4020-9160-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=JHFdeluRJDEC&pg=PT2155. 
  38. Christopher Key Chapple (2015). Yoga in Jainism. Routledge. pp. 175. ISBN 978-1-317-57217-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=1TrbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT175. 
  39. Carson, J. W. (2005). "Loving-Kindness Meditation for Chronic Low Back Pain: Results From a Pilot Trial". Journal of Holistic Nursing 23 (3): 287–304. doi:10.1177/0898010105277651. PMID 16049118.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F0898010105277651
  40. "Compassion Meditation May Improve Physical And Emotional Responses To Psychological Stress". 2008. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/10/081007172902.htm. Retrieved 2016-06-07. 
  41. Bishop SR (2002). "What do we really know about mindfulness-based stress reduction?". Psychosom Med 64 (1): 71–83. doi:10.1097/00006842-200201000-00010. PMID 11818588.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2F00006842-200201000-00010
  42. Galante, Julieta; Galante, Ignacio; Bekkers, Marie-Jet; Gallacher, John (2014). "Effect of kindness-based meditation on health and well-being: A systematic review and meta-analysis.". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 82 (6): 1101–1114. doi:10.1037/a0037249. ISSN 1939-2117. PMID 24979314.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0037249
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