Autism

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1	handwiki	Sirius Huang	--	7147	2022-09-28 01:43:48

The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Medicine:Autism

Kanner autism, or classic autism, is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by challenges with social communication, and by restricted and repetitive behaviors. It is now considered part of the wider autism spectrum. The term 'autism' was historically used to refer specifically to Kanner autism, which is the convention used in this entry, but it is now more commonly used for the spectrum at large. Parents often notice signs of autism during the first three years of their child's life. These signs often develop gradually, though some autistic children experience regression in their communication and social skills after reaching developmental milestones at a normal pace. Autism has been hypothesized to be associated with a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Risk factors during pregnancy include certain infections, such as rubella, toxins including valproic acid, alcohol, cocaine, pesticides, lead, and air pollution, fetal growth restriction, and autoimmune diseases. Controversies surround other proposed environmental causes; for example, the vaccine hypothesis, which although disproven, continues to hold sway in certain communities. Autism affects information processing in the brain and how nerve cells and their synapses connect and organize; how this occurs is not well understood. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) combines forms of the condition, including high functioning autism (HFA), which was formerly known as Asperger syndrome, and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) into the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Several interventions have been shown to reduce symptoms and improve the ability of autistic people to function and participate independently in the community. Behavioral, psychological, education, and/or skill-building interventions may be used to assist autistic people to learn life skills necessary for living independently, as well as other social, communication, and language skills. Therapy also aims to reduce challenging behaviors and build upon strengths. Some autistic adults are unable to live independently. An autistic culture has developed, with some individuals seeking a cure and others believing autism should be accepted as a difference to be accommodated instead of cured. Globally, autism is estimated to affect 24.8 million people (As of 2015). In the 2000s, the number of autistic people worldwide was estimated at 1–2 per 1,000 people. In the developed countries, about 1.5% of children are diagnosed with ASD (As of 2017), up from 0.7% in 2000 in the United States. It is diagnosed four to five times more often in males than females. The number of people diagnosed has increased considerably since the 1990s, which may be partly due to increased recognition of the condition.

social skills autism spectrum disorder high functioning autism

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"Opening a window to the autistic brain". PLOS Biol 2 (8): E267. 2004. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020267. PMID 15314667. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=509312
"Evidence Base Update for Autism Spectrum Disorder". Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 44 (6): 897–922. 2 November 2015. doi:10.1080/15374416.2015.1077448. PMID 26430947. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F15374416.2015.1077448
"Meta-analysis of Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention for children with autism". Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 38 (3): 439–450. May 2009. doi:10.1080/15374410902851739. PMID 19437303. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F15374410902851739
"Behavioural and developmental interventions for autism spectrum disorder: a clinical systematic review". PLOS ONE 3 (11): e3755. 2008. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003755. PMID 19015734. Bibcode: 2008PLoSO...3.3755O. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2582449
"Systematic reviews of psychosocial interventions for autism: an umbrella review". Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 51 (2): 95–104. February 2009. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03211.x. PMID 19191842. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8749.2008.03211.x
"Evidence-based comprehensive treatments for early autism". Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 37 (1): 8–38. January 2008. doi:10.1080/15374410701817808. PMID 18444052. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2943764
"Systematic review of early intensive behavioral interventions for children with autism". American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 114 (1): 23–41. January 2009. doi:10.1352/2009.114:23-41. PMID 19143460. https://dx.doi.org/10.1352%2F2009.114%3A23-41
"An update on pharmacotherapy for autism spectrum disorder in children and adolescents". Current Opinion in Psychiatry 28 (2): 91–101. March 2015. doi:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000132. PMID 25602248. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2FYCO.0000000000000132
"Interventions to address health outcomes among autistic adults: A systematic review". Autism 24 (6): 1345–1359. August 2020. doi:10.1177/1362361320913664. PMID 32390461. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=7787674
"Early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) for young children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD)". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5 (10): CD009260. May 2018. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009260.pub3. PMID 29742275. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6494600
"Outcome of comprehensive psycho-educational interventions for young children with autism". Res Dev Disabil 30 (1): 158–178. 2009. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2008.02.003. PMID 18385012. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ridd.2008.02.003
"Effects of a model treatment approach on adults with autism". J Autism Dev Disord 33 (2): 131–140. 2003. doi:10.1023/A:1022931224934. PMID 12757352. https://dx.doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1022931224934
"Inclusion of Learners with Autism Spectrum Disorders in General Education Settings". Topics in Language Disorders 23 (2): 116–133. 2003. doi:10.1097/00011363-200304000-00005. http://www.nursingcenter.com/pdf.asp?AID=520301.
"Autism Spectrum Disorder: Primary Care Principles". American Family Physician 94 (12): 972–979. December 2016. PMID 28075089. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28075089
"Medication use among children with autism spectrum disorders". Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 17 (3): 348–355. June 2007. doi:10.1089/cap.2006.17303. PMID 17630868. https://dx.doi.org/10.1089%2Fcap.2006.17303
"Pharmacologic treatments for the behavioral symptoms associated with autism spectrum disorders across the lifespan". Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 14 (3): 263–279. September 2012. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2012.14.3/cdoyle. PMID 23226952. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3513681
"Pharmacological treatment options for autism spectrum disorders in children and adolescents". Harvard Review of Psychiatry 16 (2): 97–112. 2008. doi:10.1080/10673220802075852. PMID 18415882. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F10673220802075852
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"Characterizing the Interplay Between Autism Spectrum Disorder and Comorbid Medical Conditions: An Integrative Review.". Front Psychiatry 9: 751. 2019. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00751. PMID 30733689. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6354568
"Complementary and alternative medicine treatments for children with autism spectrum disorders.". Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 17 (4): 803–820, ix. 2008. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2008.06.004. PMID 18775371. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2597185
"Deaths resulting from hypocalcemia after administration of edetate disodium: 2003–2005". Pediatrics 118 (2): e534–36. 2006. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-0858. PMID 16882789. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/118/2/e534.
"Chelation for autism spectrum disorder (ASD)". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (5): CD010766. May 2015. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010766. PMID 26106752. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD010766
"Are therapeutic diets an emerging additional choice in autism spectrum disorder management?". World J Pediatr 14 (3): 215–223. 2018. doi:10.1007/s12519-018-0164-4. PMID 29846886. "Current literature knowledge provides evidence that ketogenic and casein/gluten-free diet may have their own place in our reserve for the therapeutic management of specific subsets of children with autism. (...) More clinical studies about the effect of gluten/caseinfree diet in these patients are available. However, available data arise from studies with small sample size and are still controversial. In general, despite encouraging data, no definite proof still exists. Under this view, the use of therapeutic diets in children with autism should be restricted to specific subgroups, such as children with autism and epilepsy or specific inborn errors of metabolism (ketogenic diet), children with known food intolerance/allergy or even children with food intolerance markers (gluten- and casein-free diet). Their implementation should always be guided by health care practitioners.". https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12519-018-0164-4
"Evidence of the gluten-free and casein-free diet in autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review". J Child Neurol 29 (12): 1718–1727. December 2014. doi:10.1177/0883073814531330. PMID 24789114. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F0883073814531330
"Gluten- and casein-free diets for autistic spectrum disorder". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2): CD003498. April 2008. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003498.pub3. PMID 18425890. "Knivsberg 2002 "monitoring of the compliance with diet was not carried out" (...) "several reports of children 'sneaking food' from siblings or classmates"". http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4164915
"The Gluten-Free/Casein-Free Diet: A Double-Blind Challenge Trial in Children with Autism.". J Autism Dev Disord 46 (1): 205–220. 2016. doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2564-9. PMID 26343026. "20 natural challenges when parents reported that children by mistake consumed foods containing gluten or casein.". https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10803-015-2564-9
"The relationship of autism and gluten". Clin Ther 35 (5): 578–583. 2013. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2013.04.011. PMID 23688532. "At this time, the studies attempting to treat symptoms of autism with diet have not been sufficient to support the general institution of a gluten-free or other diet for all children with autism. There may be a subgroup of patients who might benefit from a gluten-free diet, but the symptom or testing profile of these candidates remains unclear.". https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.clinthera.2013.04.011
"Non-celiac gluten sensitivity: a work-in-progress entity in the spectrum of wheat-related disorders". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 29 (3): 477–491. June 2015. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2015.04.006. PMID 26060112. "autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have been hypothesized to be associated with NCGS [47,48]. Notably, a gluten- and casein-free diet might have a positive effect in improving hyperactivity and mental confusion in some patients with ASD. This very exciting association between NCGS and ASD deserves further study before conclusions can be firmly drawn". https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bpg.2015.04.006
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"Reflections on Recent Research Into Animal-Assisted Interventions in the Military and Beyond". Current Psychiatry Reports 19 (12): 110. November 2017. doi:10.1007/s11920-017-0861-z. PMID 29177710. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11920-017-0861-z
"Can children with autism recover? If so, how?". Neuropsychology Review 18 (4): 339–366. December 2008. doi:10.1007/s11065-008-9075-9. PMID 19009353. https://www.academia.edu/16961306.
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"Transition From School to Adulthood for Youth With Autism Spectrum Disorders: Review and Recommendations". Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities 24 (2): 77–88. 24 March 2009. doi:10.1177/1088357608329827. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F1088357608329827
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"Extending the Minority Stress Model to Understand Mental Health Problems Experienced by the Autistic Population" (in en). Society and Mental Health 10 (1): 20–34. 1 March 2020. doi:10.1177/2156869318804297. http://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/32030/1/Frost_Botha%20and%20Frost%202018.pdf.
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"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet 388 (10053): 1545–1602. 8 October 2016. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMID 27733282. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5055577
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"The epidemiology of autistic spectrum disorders: is the prevalence rising?". Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 8 (3): 151–61. 2002. doi:10.1002/mrdd.10029. PMID 12216059. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fmrdd.10029
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"Incidence of autism spectrum disorders: changes over time and their meaning". Acta Paediatr 94 (1): 2–15. 2005. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2005.tb01779.x. PMID 15858952. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1651-2227.2005.tb01779.x
"Tracing the origins of autism: a spectrum of new studies". Environmental Health Perspectives 114 (7): A412-8. July 2006. doi:10.1289/ehp.114-a412. PMID 16835042. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1513312
"Vaccines are not associated with autism: an evidence-based meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies". Vaccine 32 (29): 3623–9. June 2014. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.085. PMID 24814559. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24814559/.
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"Etiologies underlying sex differences in Autism Spectrum Disorders". Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 35 (3): 255–71. August 2014. doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.03.006. PMID 24705124. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yfrne.2014.03.006
"Prenatal risk factors for autism: comprehensive meta-analysis". Br J Psychiatry 195 (1): 7–14. 2009. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.051672. PMID 19567888. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3712619
"New developments in autism". Psychiatr Clin North Am 32 (1): 1–14. 2009. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2008.10.004. PMID 19248913. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.psc.2008.10.004
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"The role of epilepsy and epileptiform EEGs in autism spectrum disorders". Pediatr Res 65 (6): 599–606. 2009. doi:10.1203/PDR.0b013e31819e7168. PMID 19454962. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2692092
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