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Sahoo, S.;  Mohapatra, S.;  Dalai, S.P.;  Misra, N.;  Suar, M. Effect of Probiotics on Host-Microbial Crosstalk: A Review on Strategies to Combat Diversified Strain of Coronavirus. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/27519 (accessed on 15 May 2024).
Sahoo S,  Mohapatra S,  Dalai SP,  Misra N,  Suar M. Effect of Probiotics on Host-Microbial Crosstalk: A Review on Strategies to Combat Diversified Strain of Coronavirus. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/27519. Accessed May 15, 2024.
Sahoo, Susrita, Swati Mohapatra, Swayam Prava Dalai, Namrata Misra, Mrutyunjay Suar. "Effect of Probiotics on Host-Microbial Crosstalk: A Review on Strategies to Combat Diversified Strain of Coronavirus" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/27519 (accessed May 15, 2024).
Sahoo, S.,  Mohapatra, S.,  Dalai, S.P.,  Misra, N., & Suar, M. (2022, September 23). Effect of Probiotics on Host-Microbial Crosstalk: A Review on Strategies to Combat Diversified Strain of Coronavirus. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/27519
Sahoo, Susrita, et al. "Effect of Probiotics on Host-Microbial Crosstalk: A Review on Strategies to Combat Diversified Strain of Coronavirus." Encyclopedia. Web. 23 September, 2022.
Peer Reviewed
Effect of Probiotics on Host-Microbial Crosstalk: A Review on Strategies to Combat Diversified Strain of Coronavirus
This is a peer-reviewed entry published in Encyclopedia Journal, full entry can be found at 10.3390/encyclopedia2020076

The scare of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), does not seem to fade away, while there is a constant emergence of novel deadly variants including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta and Omicron. Until now, it has claimed approximately 276,436,619 infections, and the number of deaths surpluses to 5,374,744 all over the world. While saving the life has been a priority during the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the post-infection healing and getting back to normalcy has been undermined. Improving general health conditions and immunity with nutritional adequacy is currently of precedence for the government as well as frontline health workers to prevent and assuage infections. Exploring the role of probiotics and prebiotics in managing the after-effects of a viral outbreak could be of great significance, considering the emergence of new variants every now and then. To enhance human immunity, the recent evidence on the connection between gut microbiota and the broad spectrum of the clinical COVID-19 disease is the reason to look at the benefits of probiotics in improving health conditions. This review aims to sketch out the prospective role of probiotics and prebiotics in improving the standard of health in common people.

probiotics COVID-19 microbiota viruses infection therapeutics
Various acute respiratory tract infections caused by viruses, including respiratory syncytial virus, enterovirus, pneumonia-causing viruses, adenovirus and influenza virus, are the main causes of debility and death worldwide [1]. The main causative agent for these respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are DNA/RNA viruses. However, the RTIs associated with RNA viruses are more virulent in comparison to those that are caused by DNA viruses [2]. Specifically, coronaviruses belong to a highly significant re-emerging RNA virus family, causing serious life-threatening respiratory infections [3]. Ever since the onset of the infectious coronavirus disease (popularly known as COVID-19) in Wuhan city of China, the pandemic has increased rapidly in 57 countries, with over 276 million COVID-19 cases and over 5.37 million deaths reported as of 27 December 2021. Additionally, imposing several socio-economic, proper feedback strategies and rigid public health measures globally, involving social distancing, mask wearing, personal hygiene, quarantines, and lockdowns, the number of infections and death due to SARS-CoV-2 virus are constantly rising [4].
Given the continuous evolution of the virus that leads towards SARS-CoV-2, WHO, in collaboration with researchers, national authorities, institutions and expert networks, monitored the emergence of variants that posed an increased risk to global public health and prompted the characterization as Variants of Interest (VOIs) and Variants of Concern (VOCs). Currently, using comparative assessment strategies, WHO labeled five variants as VOCs Alpha (United Kingdom, September-2020), Beta (South Africa, May-2020), Gamma (Brazil, November-2020), Delta (India, October-2020)and Omicron (Multiple countries, November-2021), while Lambda (Peru, December-2020) and Mu (Colombia, January-2021) were labeled as VOIs.
With the continuous boost from WHO, current ongoing research trends and developmental attempts are completely focused on developing effective therapy to counter the novel virus [5]. In this direction, anticoagulants, convalescent plasma, Hydroxychloroquine, Remdesivir, Vasodilators, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, monoclonal antibodies and Lopinavir/Ritonavir are in distinct phases of trials, research, or approvals. However, none of the above treatments are completely effective against the virus [6][7][8]. In the absence of potent and efficacious vaccines and medicines, the virus is severely transforming and exhibits symptomatic, pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic forms in the affected population. Both asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic exemplifications are certainly one of the principal reasons for the pandemic [9]. Moreover, WHO released an assessment that this novel disease might persist in staying with the global population for a prolonged period. Therefore, proper investment and constant preparedness in public health and other resources are required for supervising the spread and morbidity caused by SARS-CoV-2.
The novel COVID-19 exhibits wide diversity in disease severity, spanning from minor and ill-defined common cold-like symptoms to pneumonia, and then can lead to life-threatening complications such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multiple organ failure [10]. The proliferation and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 are caused through respiratory droplets; however, Ng et al. reported that the gut could also play a major role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 [11]. Moreover, it was also reported that some coronaviruses, including the present SARS-CoV-2, could infect enterocytes, thus plating as a potential reservoir for virus proliferation [12]. Altogether, few clinical reports have revealed that gastrointestinal symptoms are conventional in COVID-19-infected patients, and in few cases, it leads to disease severity [13][14]. In addition, current pandemic control measures and practices to manage pandemics implement long-term effects on the human microbiome across the world, given the imposition of fleeing endemic areas, physical distancing, scapegoating of certain groups, mask-wearing, personal hygiene, quarantines, and lockdowns that influence overall microbial loss and inability for reinoculation. Rapid depletion and reduction of microbes over generations may lead to the extinction of microbial species ancestrally associated with humans; species may be permanently lost from the microbial pool unless reinoculation from other sources occurs [15][16]. In this context, various reports have suggested probiotic strains as promising therapeutics to enhance human immunity, thus inhibiting pathogens colonization and further minimizing the incidence and intensity of the infections. Moreover, little clinical evidence also illustrated the significance of probiotics in preventing viral and bacterial infections, including RTIs, sepsis, and gastroenteritis [17].
Keeping in view the enormous health and economic burden, repurposing the usage of natural compounds such as probiotics and prebiotics can be an effectual therapeutic approach in blocking and/or reducing SARS-CoV-2 severity. In this review, we describe the existing curative and preventive trial studies focused on the usage of probiotics and prebiotics to combat viral infections. Moreover, the possible application of probiotics bacteria as a prophylactic approach against COVID-19 is also outlined in the present study.

References

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  2. Zolnikova, O.; Komkova, I.; Potskherashvili, N.; Trukhmanov, A.; Ivashkin, V. Application of probiotics for acute respiratory tract infections. Ital. J. Med. 2018, 12, 32–38.
  3. Su, S.; Wong, G.; Shi, W.; Liu, J.; Lai, A.C.K.; Zhou, J.; Liu, W.; Bi, Y.; Gao, G.F. Epidemiology, Genetic Recombination, and Pathogenesis of Coronaviruses. Trends Microbiol. 2016, 24, 490–502.
  4. Masud, M.A.; Ahmed, M.; Rahman, M.H. Optimal control for COVID-19 pandemic with quarantine and antiviral therapy. Sens. Int. 2021, 2, 100131.
  5. Cevik, M.; Bamford, C.G.; Ho, A. COVID-19pandemic—Afocusedreviewforclinicians. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2020, 26, 842–847.
  6. Shanmugaraj, B.; Siriwattananon, K.; Wangkanont, K.; Phoolcharoen, W. Perspectives on monoclonal antibody therapy as potential therapeutic intervention for Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). Asian Pac. J. Allergy Immunol. 2020, 38, 10–18.
  7. Agrahari, R.; Mohanty, S.; Vishwakarma, K.; Nayak, S.K.; Samantaray, D.; Mohapatra, S. Update vision on COVID-19: Structure, immunepathogenesis, treatment and safety assessment. Sens. Int. 2021, 2, 100073.
  8. Wang, M.; Cao, R.; Zhang, L.; Yang, X.; Liu, J.; Xu, M.; Shi, Z.; Hu, Z.; Zhong, W.; Xiao, G. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res. 2020, 30, 269–271.
  9. Singh, K.; Rao, A. Probiotics: A potential immunomodulator in COVID-19 infection management. Nutr. Res. 2021, 87, 1–12.
  10. Zaim, S.; Chong, J.H.; Sankaranarayanan, V.; Harky, A. COVID-19 and multiorgan response. Curr. Probl. Cardiol. 2020, 45, 100618.
  11. Ng, S.C.; Tilg, H. COVID-19 and the gastrointestinal tract: More than meets the eye. Gut 2020, 69, 973–974.
  12. Lin, L.; Jiang, X.; Zhang, Z.; Huang, S.; Zhang, Z.; Fang, Z.; Gu, Z.; Gao, L.; Shi, H.; Mai, L.; et al. Gastrointestinal symptoms of 95 cases with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Gut 2020, 69, 997–1001.
  13. Jin, X.; Lian, J.S.; Hu, J.H.; Gao, J.; Zheng, L.; Zhang, Y.M.; Hao, S.R.; Jia, H.Y.; Cai, H.; Zhang, X.L.; et al. Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of 74 cases of coronavirus-infected disease 2019 (COVID-19) with gastrointestinal symptoms. Gut 2020, 69, 1002–1009.
  14. Singh, V.; Allawadhi, P.; Khurana, A.; Banothu, A.K.; Bharani, K.K. Critical neurological features of COVID-19: Role of imaging methods and biosensors for effective diagnosis. Sens. Int. 2021, 2, 100098.
  15. Flandroy, L.; Poutahidis, T.; Berg, G.; Clarke, G.; Dao, M.-C.; Decaestecker, E.; Furman, E.; Haahtela, T.; Massart, S.; Plovier, H.; et al. The impact of human activities and lifestyles on the interlinked microbiota and health of humans and of ecosystems. Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 627, 1018–1038.
  16. Hill, C.; Guarner, F.; Reid, G.; Gibson, G.R.; Merenstein, D.J.; Pot, B.; Morelli, L.; Canani, R.B.; Flint, H.J.; Salminen, S.; et al. Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2014, 11, 506–514.
  17. Baud, D.; Dimopoulou Agri, V.; Gibson, G.R.; Reid, G.; Giannoni, E. Using Probiotics to Flatten the Curve of Coronavirus Disease COVID-2019 Pandemic. Front. Public Health 2020, 8, 186.
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Subjects: Microbiology
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Susrita Sahoo
,
Swati Mohapatra
,
Swayam prava Dalai
,
Namrata Misra
,
Mrutyunjay Suar
View Times: 383
Entry Collection: Encyclopedia of Hygiene
Online Date: 23 Sep 2022
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