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1 The results of biological activity studies have shown that SDs, as a tool of drug release, do not constitute a limiting factor for the execution of in vitro and in vivo tests; indeed, they stand out as a promising system in which the active principle and
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Oliveira, V.D.S.; De Almeida, A.S.; Albuquerque, I.D.S.; Duarte, F.�.C.; Queiroz, B.C.S.H.; Converti, A.; Lima, �.A.N.D. Therapeutic Applications of Solid Dispersions. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/2583 (accessed on 16 November 2024).
Oliveira VDS, De Almeida AS, Albuquerque IDS, Duarte F�C, Queiroz BCSH, Converti A, et al. Therapeutic Applications of Solid Dispersions. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/2583. Accessed November 16, 2024.
Oliveira, Verônica Da Silva, Amanda Silva De Almeida, Ingrid Da Silva Albuquerque, Fernanda Ílary Costa Duarte, Bárbara Cristina Silva Holanda Queiroz, Attilio Converti, Ádley Antonini Neves De Lima. "Therapeutic Applications of Solid Dispersions" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/2583 (accessed November 16, 2024).
Oliveira, V.D.S., De Almeida, A.S., Albuquerque, I.D.S., Duarte, F.�.C., Queiroz, B.C.S.H., Converti, A., & Lima, �.A.N.D. (2020, October 14). Therapeutic Applications of Solid Dispersions. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/2583
Oliveira, Verônica Da Silva, et al. "Therapeutic Applications of Solid Dispersions." Encyclopedia. Web. 14 October, 2020.
Therapeutic Applications of Solid Dispersions
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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/pharmaceutics12100933

Solid dispersions (SDs) are a technological strategy to improve the pharmacological potential of natural or synthetic bioactive molecules, due to the increase in its solubility and bioavailability, leading to a possible improvement of its biological activities. In this sense, the review sought to synthesize and critically examine the studies that address SDs with therapeutic applications, evaluated through in vitro and/or in vivo tests. This bibliographic survey shows the significant therapeutic potential of SDs in the context of the most diverse biological activities. Among these, including in vitro and/or in vivo antitumor, antiparasitic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory or cytoprotective activities, while additional activities, such as gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic or antinociceptive, were highlighted by in vivo studies.

Although SDs have already been studied and cited in the literature, the number of studies published with a focus on in vitro and in vivo trials is still relatively small, considering the great potential of these formulations in pharmaceutical technology and with the most diverse applications. The results of biological activity studies showed that SDs, as a drug release tool, is not a limiting factor for the execution of in vitro and in vivo tests. Additionally, it stands out as a promising system in which the active principle and the carrier interact, allowing, in most cases, an increase in the pharmacological potential due to changes in the physicochemical properties of the constituents. Thus, SDs can represent a safe and effective alternative for the development and improvement of drugs directed to a wide range of pharmacological treatments.

solid dispersions drug delivery biological applications

1. Introduction

Many drug candidates have low aqueous solubility, which can make their oral absorption inadequate. According to the literature, approximately 40% of marketed drugs are poorly soluble in water, as are, according to the Biopharmaceutical Classification System, about 40–90% of new drug candidates [1][2][3][4].

The slow dissolution rate and low solubility of some drugs lead to unpredictable bioavailability, non-reproducible clinical response or treatment inefficiency due to low therapeutic plasma levels; therefore, their use must be optimized using formulation strategies capable of improving their administration [5].

Several technological strategies have been developed and employed to circumvent this situation such as complexation with cyclodextrins, particle size reduction by micronization, crystal development, nanotechnology [5], salt formation and solid dispersions (SDs) [6][7]. However, some of these strategies have shown disadvantages including the development of active forms in vivo, high execution cost and considerable levels of toxicity. Some of these limits can be overcome by employing solid dispersions, a viable, well-established and widely-used strategy to increase the dissolution rate and solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs [4][6][7].

SDs can be defined as molecular mixtures of drugs that are not soluble in hydrophilic carriers, which exhibit a drug release profile driven by the polymer properties [8]. The so-called first-generation crystalline SDs, which use crystalline carriers such as urea and sugars including sucrose, dextrose and galactose, have the disadvantage of high thermodynamic stability that prevents a quick release of drugs [9]. In second-generation SDs drugs are dispersed in usually polymeric amorphous carriers [8], while the carriers used in third-generation SDs are surfactants or a mixture of amorphous polymers and surfactants [10].

The use of hydrophilic polymeric matrices to develop SDs for the release of commercial drugs or new drugs candidates has been shown to be a promising alternative able to improve their pharmacokinetic properties [7].

This review deals with SDs, mainly those belonging to the second-generation class that use polymers as carriers. It describes the main in vitro and in vivo activities (Figure 1) of SDs having different compositions and various preparation methods, intending to innovate and enhance the release of poorly water-soluble drugs, as well as improving the biological activities of the loaded bioactive compounds.

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Figure 1. Representation of the application of solid dispersions in biological assays.

2. In Vitro Study of Solid Dispersions in Polymeric Matrices 

This section deals with solid dispersions (SDs) prepared to improve the properties and release of poorly soluble drugs and drug candidates of natural or synthetic origin. The preparation and use of SDs have been reported in several in vitro studies, which have been numerically quantified and classified in Figure 2, based on the biological activities of their active compounds, while the main information on these studies is summarized in Table 1.

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Figure 2. Quantification and classification of in vitro studies on solid dispersions published in the period from 2009 to 2020.

Table 1. In vitro studies on solid dispersions.

Carrier Type  Substance Cell Type  Activity Improved Characteristics  Reference
OHPP Niclosamide PC-3, HeLa, A549 Anticancer SDs showed higher cytotoxicity to target cells (lower IC50) than the niclosamide solution. [11]
OHPP Paclitaxel PC-3, HeLa, A549 Anticancer SDs showed significantly higher cytotoxicity to target
cells (lower IC50) than the paclitaxel solution.		 [12]
PVP/VA
TPGS		 Paclitaxel BT-474, MCF-7, SK-BR-3 Anticancer SDs showed higher cytotoxicity against cancer cells compared to the pure drug. [13]
Brij®L4 Chrysin HT29 Anticancer The higher solubility of chrysin in SDs compared to
water solution increased cytotoxicity.		 [14]
Poloxamer 407 Curcumin (CM) NCIH460, HeLa, HepG2,
MCF-7 and PLP2		 Anticancer Anticancer SDs showed cytotoxicity against all tumor cell lines tested, but no toxic effects on non-tumor cells. [15]
AChE, BChE, GST,
MAO A-B		 Enzyme inhibitory
/Antioxidant		 SD was able to inhibit the activities of AChE, BChE and
GST in aqueous medium.
LPS-stimulated murine
macrophages (RAW 264.7)		 Anti-inflammatory IC50 (inhibitory concentration of 50% NO production by macrophages) > 400 µg/mL.
PVP K30 Zn(II)-curcumin
complex		 HepG2, SK-HEP1 Anticancer SD of Zn(II)-curcumin complex had a potent anticancer effect. [16]
HPMC,
PVP K30,
PEG 6000		 Telaprevir HepG2 Anticancer The antitumor activity was dose dependent and even with the addition of the polymer the drug maintained its efficacy. [17]
Soluplus ® Angelica gigas Nakai HeLa, HEK 293 Anticancer SD at the concentration of 200 µg/mL showed a significant decrease (to only 17.37%) in cell viability. There was no toxicity to normal cells. [18]
Eudragit S-100 Berberine
hydrochloride (HB)		 SW480, HCT116, Caco-2 Anticancer The release of HB from SDs was effective and cell viability was reduced in a dose and time dependent manner. [19]
PVP K30 IIIM-290
Ehrlich ascites
carcinoma cells		 Cytotoxic Despite the reduced amount of IIIM-290 in SD, the IC50
value of SD was lower than that of IIIM-290 alone.		 [20]
Poloxamer 407  Benznidazole Epimastigotes of
Trypanosoma cruzi		 Antichagasic SDs enhanced drug solubility, release kinetics and parasitic activity. [21]
Low-substituted HPC  Benznidazole Epimastigotes and
intracellular amastigotes
of T. cruzi (CL-B5)		 Antichagasic SDs had higher antiparasitic activity against amastigotes than epimastigotes. [22]
Gelucire 50/13 Ursolic acid Trypomastigotes of
T. cruzi Y		 Antichagasic  Increased antiparasitic activity. [23]
PVP K30,PVP/VA,
Kollidon-CL-M,
sodium starch glycolate		 Praziquantel Adult schistosomes of
Schistosoma mansoni		 Antischistosomal Increased solubility, better bioavailability and stronger
antiparasitic activity.		 [24]
PVP K30 Praziquantel Newly transformed
schistosomula of
S. mansoni and adults		 Antischistosomal Increased solubility, reduced dosage especially for
children and increased antiparasitic activity		 [25]
Soluplus, PEG 400,
Lutrol F127 and
Lutrol F68		 Artemether Schizonts of
Plasmodium falciparum 3D7		 Antimalarial Increased dissolution rate, amorphous form, increased
solubility and, mainly, increased antimalarial activity.		 [26]
Soluplus, Kollidon
VA64, Plasdone S630		 Lumefantrine  ITG cells Antimalarial  Increased antiparasitic activity. [27]
Chitosan  Abietic acid Staphylococcus epidermidis Antimicrobial SD exhibited better MIC values against S. epidermidis
than chitosan and abietic acid alone.		 [28]
DPPH radical scavenging Antioxidant SD had higher antioxidant power (IC50 of 0.61 mg/mL)
than abietic acid alone (IC50 of 11 mg/mL).
PVP K30 and HPMCAS Griseofulvin Dermatophytes of
Trichophyton rubrum
NCPF 935		 Antimicrobial SDs significantly reduced biofilm formation when
compared to the control.		 [29]
Pluronic F127  Gatifloxacin Staphylococcus aureus Antimicrobial The gatifloxacin/Pluronic F127 system exhibited
antimicrobial efficacy when compared to commercialized eye drops.		 [30]
PVP K30 Curcumin Salmonella enteritidis Antimicrobial SD had a strong antimicrobial effect on S. enteritidis, while CM alone did not show antimicrobial activity in vitro [31]
HPMC Curcumin Escherichia coli Antimicrobial SD used to prepare phototoxic supersaturated solutions showed significant bactericidal activity against E. coli. [32]
Polaxamer 407 Curcumin E. coli, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa and S. aureus		 Antimicrobial The association between SD and silver nanoparticles
increased CM antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.		 [33]
DPPH radical scavenging Antioxidant
PVP K25  Quercetin DPPH radical scavenging Antioxidant Increased quercetin antioxidant activity in SD (0.61 ± 0.03 ≤ IC50 ≤ 1.00 ± 0.02 µg/mL). [34]
Mannitol  Coenzyme Q10 Intracellular ROS level Antioxidant The SD with the smallest particle size showed the
greatest absorption of UVB radiation as well as the highest antioxidant activity in vitro.		 [35]
PVP K30 Usnic acid DPPH radical scavenging Antioxidant Increased usnic acid solubility and antioxidant activity. [36]
PEG 4000 Luteolin DPPH Antioxidant  Polymers increased luteolin solubility and antioxidant activity. [37]
PVP K30, PEG 6000 and
HPMC 		 α,β-Amyrin LPS-stimulated
macrophages J774 		 Anti-inflammatory SDs enhanced the anti-inflammatory activity of α,β-amyrin. [7]
HPMC Curcumin HepG2  Cytoprotective SDs showed better cytoprotective activity than pure CM and inhibited cell death induced by t-BHP. [38]

OHPP, Octenylsuccinate hydroxypropyl phytoglycogen; IC50, Half inhibitory concentration; PVP/VA, Polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate; TPGS, D-α-toco-pheryl polyethylene glycol-1000-succinate; PVP, Polyvinylpyrrolidone; SD, Solid dispersion; AChE, Acetylcholinesterase; BChE, Butyrylcholinesterase; CM, Curcumin; GST, Glutathione S-transferase; MAO, Monoamine oxidase; LPS, Lipopolysaccharide; NO, Nitric oxide; PEG, Polyethylene glycol; HPMC, Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose; ITG (chloroquine-resistant cell line); DPPH, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate; HPMCAS, Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate; MIC, Minimum inhibitory concentration; ROS, Reactive oxygen species; t-BHP, tert-Butylhydroperoxide.

3. In Vivo Studies of Solid Dispersions in Polymeric Matrices

As already mentioned, solid dispersions (SDs) have been used as a strategy in pharmaceutical technology to circumvent some limitations presented by drugs and new bioactive compounds such as low solubility and bioavailability. In this sense, this section addresses in vivo studies on SDs with different biological activities, as shown in Figura 3 and quantitatively expressed in Figure 4 . The main information about these studies is summarized in Table 2.

Farmacêutica 12 00933 g003 550

Figure 3. In vivo activities of solid dispersions.

Farmacêutica 12 00933 g004 550

Figure 4. Quantification and classification of in vivo studies on solid dispersions published in the period from 2009 to 2020.

Table 2. In vivo studies of solid dispersions.

Carrier Type Substance Animal Dose Activity Improved Characteristics  References
PVP K30 IIIM-290 Swiss male mice
(18–23 g)		 25, 50 and 75 mg/kg Anticancer SD was able to reduce the IIIM-290 dose by at least 1.5-fold thanks to its efficiency in Ehrlich solid tumor model. [20]
Soluplus® 9-Nitrocamptothecin Male
Sprague-Dawley rats
(20 ± 2 g)		 4 mg/kg Anticancer SD showed higher tumor growth inhibitory rate than the pure compound due to improved oral bioavailability. [39]
(+)-Xylitol  (−)-Oleocanthal Athymic nude mice  10 mg/kg Anticancer Treatment with SD showed prevention, lower growth rate and less recurrence of tumor. [40]
PVP K30 Zinc(II)-curcumin
complex		 B-NDG, BALB/c mice  100 mg/kg Anticancer SD reduced tumor size and weight in animals. [17]
PVP K30 Selaginella doederleinii
Hieron		 BALB/c mice  200 mg/kg Anticancer SD reduced tumor size as well as the level of tumor angiogenesis. [41]
Low substituted HPC Benznidazole Female NMRI mice
(25 ± 2 g) 		 25 mg/kg/day  Antichagasic The best SD showed a 96.65% trypanocidal activity, expressed as percentage reduction in the area under the parasitic curve. [22]
PVP K30 Curcumin (CM)  Male Cobb-Vantress
broiler chickens		 1 g/kg of feed Antimicrobial The synergistic effect of 0.05% CM/PVP SD with 0.05% boric acid reduced colonization of Salmonella enteritidis in crop and ceca-cecal tonsils. [31]
PVP K30 Taurine-zinc complex Female
Sprague-Dawley rats
(240–260 g)		 100 and 200
mg/kg/day		 Antioxidant SDs protected rat gastric mucosa from
ethanol-induced injury and increased SOD activity and glutathione level.		 [42]]
Gastroprotective
Kollidon (VA64) Triacetylated
andrographolide (TA)		 Male
Kunming mice		 50, 100 and 200
mg/kg/day		 Anti-inflammatory TA-SD prepared with VA64 significantly improved the drug activity against ulcerative colitis. [43]
PVP K30, Poloxamer 188  Curcumin  Female CD-1 mice 100 mg/kg oral doses Anti-inflammatory CM-SD prepared with PVP decreased matrix metallo-peptidase 9 expression and levels of IL-1β and IL-6 cytokines. [44]
Gelucire®50/13-Aerosil®  Curcumin  Rat  10 to 100 mg/kg Anti-inflammatory A CM-SD dose of 100 mg/kg was more effective than 5 mg/kg indomethacin in reducing edema [45]
HPMC, lecithin
and isomalt		  Curcumin Male
Sprague-Dawley rats		 5 mg/kg Anti-inflammatory A CM-SD dose of 5 mg/kg had greater anti-inflammatory activity than 50 mg/kg curcumin alone. [46]
Crospovidone  Aceclofenac Male
Sprague-Dawley rats		 1 g/cm2
(topical)		 Anti-inflammatory The enhanced drug permeation increased the intensity of the anti-inflammatory response. [47]
PEG 8000  Ibuprofen Wistar rats 20 mg/kg Anti-inflammatory All SDs showed better anti-inflammatory activity than the pure drug, allowing up to 90% edema inhibition after 6 h. [48]
Urea and mannitol Flurbiprofen Rat  11.69 mg/kg Anti-inflammatory SD showed better inhibition of rat paw edema up to 16 h. [49]
Paracetamol Meloxicam Rat - Anti-inflammatory SDs reduced by more than 50% the volume of carrageenan-induced tail edema compared to the physical mixture. [50]
PVP K30 Chelerythrine (CHE) Mice 10 mg/kg Anti-inflammatory SD enhanced CHE anti-inflammatory effect by reducing the levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and NO in mice serum. [51]
HPMC Curcumin Male BABL/c mice 200 and 400 mg/kg Hepatoprotective The best SD increased the hepatoprotective
efficacy of CM. 		 [38]
HPC Nobiletin Male Sprague-Dawley rats (220 g) 2 mg of drug/kg Hepatoprotective SD was more effective than the crystalline drug in rats with acute liver injury [52]
PVP K30  Silymarin Adult male albino rats (150–200 g) 25 mg/kg Hepatoprotective The best SD improved biomarker rates and had a significantly better hepatoprotective effect than the commercial extract [53]
PVP K30  Silymarin Male Sprague-Dawley rats (190–210 g) 50 mg/kg Hepatoprotective SD improved drug solubility and hepatoprotective activity, reducing the AST levels.  [54]
Poloxamer 188 Repaglinide Wistar rats
(150–250 g) )		 (1 mg of drug) Antihyperglycemic SD obtained by the microwave method improved the drug anti-hyperglycemic activity.  [55]
Soluplus1 and PEG 4000 Glimepiride Albino Wistar rats
(200–250 g) 		 0.0285 mg of drug/kg Anti-diabetic SD reduced the glucose level in rats more than the pure drug and a commercial product [5]
PVP K17 Pioglitazone Male Swiss albino mice (25–30 g) 30 mg/kg SD  Antihyperglycemic SD reduced the mean glucose level in mice more than the pure drug and a commercial product. [56]
HPMC  Hecogenin acetate Male Swiss mice
(28–35 g)		 40 mg/kg  Antinociceptive Both the drug alone and its SD with HPMC-reduced mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia induced by crushing of the sciatic nerve in mice. [57]

PVP, Polyvinylpyrrolidone; SD, Solid dispersion; HPC, Hydroxypropyl cellulose; CM, Curcumin; CM/PVP SD, curcumin/polyvinylpyrrolidone solid dispersion; SOD, Superoxide dismutase; PEG, Polyethylene glycol; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; IL, interleukin; NO, Nitric oxide; HPMC, Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose; AST, Aspartate aminotransferase.

4. Conclusions

Solid dispersions are a technological strategy to improve the pharmacological potential of natural or synthetic bioactive molecules, thanks to an increase in their solubility and bioavailability, thus leading to possible enhancement of their biological activities. In this context, this review sought to summarize and critically examine studies conducted with this approach both in vitro and in vivo, which have provided evidence of a significant therapeutic potential that solid dispersions could offer in the context of the most diverse biological activities.

As poorly water-soluble active ingredients incorporated in solid dispersions exhibited improved physicochemical and pharmacological properties, these systems can be targeted in the pharmaceutical industry as possible therapeutic alternatives for certain diseases, with greater selectivity, safety and efficacy than the existing treatments.

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Subjects: Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Verônica da Silva Oliveira
,
Amanda Silva de Almeida
,
Ingrid da Silva Albuquerque
,
Fernanda Ílary Costa Duarte
,
Bárbara Cristina Silva Holanda Queiroz
,
Attilio Converti
,
Ádley Antonini Neves de Lima
View Times: 871
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 22 Oct 2020
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