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Pakravan, S.;  Keynoush, S.;  Daneshyar, E. Urban Agriculture in the Interior Design Studio. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/24483 (accessed on 02 May 2024).
Pakravan S,  Keynoush S,  Daneshyar E. Urban Agriculture in the Interior Design Studio. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/24483. Accessed May 02, 2024.
Pakravan, Sarvenaz, Shahin Keynoush, Ehsan Daneshyar. "Urban Agriculture in the Interior Design Studio" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/24483 (accessed May 02, 2024).
Pakravan, S.,  Keynoush, S., & Daneshyar, E. (2022, June 26). Urban Agriculture in the Interior Design Studio. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/24483
Pakravan, Sarvenaz, et al. "Urban Agriculture in the Interior Design Studio." Encyclopedia. Web. 26 June, 2022.
Urban Agriculture in the Interior Design Studio
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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/su14127392

Urban agriculture as an alternative solution can reduce the future burden on agriculture sector. As a response to this issue, the interior architecture design studio-V (INT 401) proposes a futuristic vision which is based on the notion of urban agriculture. This vision requires a pedagogical framework to be defined for the interior design studio-V. 

residential urban agriculture social sustainability interior architecture

1. Integrating Social Sustainability in the Interior Design Studio

Sustainable development can be considered a development paradigm; it received wide-range attention, while other existing concepts lack such attention and popularity. It seems that sustainable development will remain the prevalent development paradigm for an extended period of time [1][2][3]. Sustainable development should not be considered a contemporary concept. The notion of development or progress is intertwined with human civilization. The idea of progress can be seen throughout history in various eras. As development and progress, sustainability should also be regarded as a historical notion. From ancient civilizations to the postmodern era, the notion of sustainability is evident in different philosophical, social, and economic contexts [4].
The notion of development has been defined and interpreted by various scholars. Development can be defined as evolutionary progress in which the human ability enhances in managing new issues, establishing new goals, and adapting to constant changes [1][4]. In another definition, development is seen as a social condition in which the demand of a specific group of people is satisfied by the sustainable utilization of available natural resources [1][5]. The sustainability phase can be explained as the ability to maintain some entity, process, or outcome over an extended period of time [1][6][7]. Sustainability is regarded as a concept within the development literature with the goals to enhance and maintain human development’s economic, social systems, and ecology [1]. Sustainable development can literally be defined as development that can proceed at a specific time period or permanently [1].
The discourse of sustainable development became prominent by the middle of the twentieth century. By the late 1960s and the beginning of the 1970s, the idea of unlimited economic growth and continuous progress lost its appeal and was considered an illusion or fiction. During this era, it was realized that the notion of continuous progress justified the exploitation of natural resources, which caused irreversible damage to the natural environment. This realization paved the way for the emergence of the sustainable development concept in the 70s [1][4].
The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, organized in Stockholm in 1972, resulted in the introduction of sustainable development and international recognition of sustainable development [7][8]. Afterward, the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), which is known as the Brundtland Commission, published their report entitled “Our common future” [9]. Sustainable development in this report is defined as “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” [9] (p. 41). The most cited definition of sustainable development is suggested by this report [1][4][7][10]. The Brundtland Report argues that the concept of sustainable development can respond to contemporary and future social, environmental, and economic challenges [7][9]. The Brundtland Report suggests that economic growth, environmental preservation/restoration, and social equity can be simultaneously attained. This report proposes that sustainability contains the following three spheres: environment, economy, and society [1][4][9]. These three spheres contain a series of interrelated notions, and it is suggested that future decisions and actions should be based on them [1].
The three bottom-line concept describes the relationship between the three spheres. The three spheres of sustainability must be in mutual balance to achieve sustainability. Creating a balance among the three spheres is not an easy task since each sphere must respect the interests of other spheres not to cause imbalance. It is possible that while one of the spheres becomes sustainable, other spheres become unsustainable [7][11]. It should be mentioned that the sustainable development concept received criticisms from the beginning. In essence, the concept is still under progress and demands further refinements [1][4]. Despite recent critiques and revisions within the classic model of sustainability and its three bottom-line concepts, social sustainability has been recognized as a valid and integral component of sustainable development [12].
In general, social sustainability has been considered as the least conceptually developed pillar of sustainable development. Although social sustainability is under-theorized and under-developed, it is regarded as a valid pillar in sustainable development discourse [12][13][14][15][16][17]. The lack of a conceptual framework or concrete definition for social sustainability should not be regarded as a disadvantage. Rather, it mirrors the complexity of the social aspect of sustainability. It provides a foundation for the researchers to develop place-specific and case-specific frameworks [12].
Social sustainability can be considered a bedrock that can be based on environmental sustainability. The social sphere facilitates the foundation for individuals to define their perception and relation towards the natural world. Environmental sustainability cannot be achieved without a shift in the way humans relate to nature [18]. Social sustainability aims to explore ways to improve the individual’s well-being and quality of life, which establishes practical legacies to shape the individual’s perception and attitude towards nature [19][20]. Furthermore, social sustainability can be considered as a condition and process that can enhance a community’s well-being and quality of life in the present and future [17].
It should be mentioned that the social aspect of sustainability has been given little attention within the discipline of the built environment, particularly the field of interior architecture. Social sustainability focuses on the human aspect of sustainable development. Its goal is to improve the well-being and quality of life of individuals. The design and construction of the interior spaces cannot be separated from their impact on their users. The design of interior spaces should not be regarded as solely focusing on creating physical spaces. Interior spaces can form the way people and their environment interact with each other. The environment that people dwell and experience in their everyday lives can enhance their well-being and quality of life [13][21].
Social sustainability can be considered the ability of people and society’s lifestyle, traditions, and culture to continue to satisfy their current demands and those of the next generations. Social sustainability identifies that the built environment and its design enable experiences and relationships central to the users [21]. The interior environments should satisfy the user’s values, everyday activities, and current and future needs.
The proposed interior design studio framework is intertwined with the following three aspects of social sustainability: development sustainability, bridge sustainability, and maintenance sustainability. Development sustainability encompasses concerns for a wide spectrum of issues, such as satisfying basic needs of individuals in a particular society, including access to healthy food to other issues (education, employment, equity, and justice). Development sustainability argues that individuals start to actively address environmental issues when their basic needs are satisfied [22]. It is unrealistic to anticipate that individuals in society show concerns regarding global warming, environmental degradation, deforestation, or extinction of species when unemployed, homeless, and hungry [16][23]. Practicing urban agriculture at the residential scale and social sustainability shares the following similar outcomes: enhancing access to an affordable and nutritious diet which can ensure that one of the basic needs of the individuals in a society is satisfied. Residential urban agriculture can create jobs and generate additional income by selling surplus products. By creating jobs, the quality of life and well-being of individuals in a society can be enhanced [24].
Bridge sustainability is concerned with exploring ways to promote eco-friendly behavior. The principal goal is to identify the social condition, which is crucial and fundamental to supporting ecological sustainability. The social condition can range from a transformative approach to a non-transformative approach regarding the individual’s relation with the environment. The transformative approach aims to challenge and re-imagine new ways that people relate to the environment. On the other hand, the non-transformative approach encourages small incremental changes without requiring substantial shifts in how individuals relate to the environment [22]. Encouraging urban dwellers to engage in home-based edible gardens to grow fresh food can be considered a non-transformative approach [25][26][27]. The non-transformative approach believes that new technological innovations can be adapted and utilized without demanding change in the lifestyle of the individuals in a society [22].
Considering the context of Kyrenia and Cyprus, the proposed studio framework applies a non-transformative approach. The field work results in local Cypriot houses in the Kyrenia district demonstrate a strong bond between Cypriots and their edible landscapes. The practice of planting and growing vegetables and fruits is popular among Cypriots. Furthermore, sharing vegetables and fruits with friends and family members is another common practice between Cypriots.
The proposed studio framework encourages young interior architects to study local lifestyles and practices and reflect them within their design studio projects. Moreover, the proposed studio framework encourages young interior architects to integrate innovative food production approaches such as hydroponic systems with grow lights or vertical farming within their design projects. The future urban dwellers, especially low-income people, are empowered to cultivate high-quality fresh food with minimum consumption of resources in their residential homes. In this way, their quality of life and well-being can be improved [28].
Maintenance sustainability focuses on practices, traditions, preferences, and places that people are interested in sustaining and improving. Vernacular traditions and practices in a particular society can be considered a foundation on which people’s social networks, leisure opportunities, and living spaces are based. The maintenance of social sustainability is primarily focused on the ways social and cultural traditions and practices with regard to the environment are sustained over time [22]. Field work results demonstrate that local Cypriots residing in the Kyrenia district are interested in maintaining their practice of growing food in their residential edible gardens. The proposed studio pedagogy recognizes and values local practices and encourages young interior architects to integrate them into their design projects.
Within the social sustainability discourse, eco-friendly proposals and frameworks can fail to operate if their implementation within a particular society disrupts local people’s established traditions and patterns of behavior. In fact, local people may actively resist changing their established way of life if they do not relate to the eco-friendly proposals [22]. For any eco-friendly proposal, to be socially sustainable, it should receive widespread social acceptance within a particular society [29]. A successful eco-friendly proposal should reflect a self-conscious culture that actively observes social issues and generates locally informed responses [30].

2. Residential Urban Agriculture

Urban agriculture is generally defined as cultivating food within (intra-urban) or on a city’s urban fringe (peri-urban). Considering peri-urban agriculture as urban agriculture is still a subject under debate. Some researchers limit their definition of urban agriculture to solely cultivating food within the city’s boundary. Researchers regard urban agriculture as food and livestock production within the urban fabric [31][32][33]. Other researchers consider urban agriculture to cultivate food and raise livestock both in the urban fabric and peri-urban areas [32][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43]. Urban agriculture involves producing, processing, and distributing cultivated or raised food products, such as crops and livestock [38]. Urban agriculture can be practiced in balconies, window sills, backyards, rooftops, community gardens, available vacant lots, public spaces, and vacant public lands [42][44][45]. It can be practiced in open spaces or build-up sites, such as residential, industrial, or commercial buildings. The production scale can vary from small-scale enterprises for self-consumption purposes to large-scale commercial productions for market-oriented purposes [38]. Urban agriculture usually focuses on cultivating high-value and perishable products such as leafy vegetables, mushrooms, and herbs grown in small spaces. The production of eggs, poultry, pigs, and fish can also be considered part of the practice [42]. As mentioned before, in this research, residential urban agriculture encompasses cultivating food in interior spaces and spaces adjacent to it. The practice of urban agriculture beyond the residential boundary is outside the scope of this research.
Due to the high land cost and scarce land availability in urban centers, various agricultural strategies and production are proposed in several cities worldwide. These include shifting to above ground, building-borne systems (such as interior spaces, windowsills, balconies, and rooftops), and utilizing non-soil-based production systems (such as hydroponics and containers) [46].
Interior spaces are potential spaces for growing food. Indoor zones that receive direct sunlight, such as window sills, beneath a skylight, or bright rooms, are potential spaces for growing food. South-, east-, and west-facing windows and below skylights are exposed to the maximum amount of natural sunlight for much of the day, especially during spring and summer. Indoor spaces that do not receive direct sunlight, such as basements, can be converted to small-scale indoor farming by utilizing grow lights. These spaces enable the household to cultivate various crops since they are exposed to many hours of bright light during the peak growing period in spring and summer. Edible crops such as herbs, edible flowers, sprouts, roots, leaves, and vegetables can be grown in containers in indoor spaces [47].
Hydroponic systems equipped with grow lights can be incorporated within the interior spaces to cultivate food. Individuals living in flats without outdoor gardens can increase their gardening options by utilizing hydroponic systems in their interior spaces [48]. The hydroponic system is a soilless system. The plants are in direct contact with the nutrient solution without any solid phase. The plant’s roots are either directly put in the nutrient solution or suspended in a medium, e.g., perlite or rock wool. Hydroponic systems are closed systems, which means the entire drainage is recycled and circulates [34][49][50].
Hydroponic systems are advantageous in the sense that it is feasible to cultivate vegetables of good quality through an exact dosage of nutrients. Leafy vegetables (celery, lettuce, basil, and swiss chard), roots (beet, radish, turnip, and carrot), vine crops (cucumber, tomato, squash, pepper, zucchini, and beans), bulbs and tubers (garlic, onion, and potato), stems (asparagus and kohlrabi), culinary herbs (parsley, chives, and coriander), and aromatic and medicinal plants can be grown in hydroponic systems [50][51]. Water, fertilizers, and nutrients are used more effectively than conventional soil-based systems [48][50][52]. Hydroponic systems minimize the fertilizer’s leakage into the environment. Hydroponic systems require substantially less water than traditional cultivation methods and make farming in regions with water scarcity a more viable option. Yield per unit of the cultivated area is usually improved compared to conventional soil-grown systems, based on increased plant density and productivity [50]. Hydroponic systems can extend the growing season [48]. In densely built-up urban areas, where space availability usually limits production, lowspace technologies such as hydroponic systems can be utilized for space-confined growing [48][53]. Basements, interior spaces, balconies, and rooftops can be exploited for growing food. Nutritive crops can be grown in mentioned spaces which are beneficial for a wholesome diet [50].
Types of hydroponic systems installed in interior spaces are as follows: bottle hydroponics, floating raft, wicking bed, nutrient film technique, top drip system, media beds, and aeroponics [48]. The nutrient film technique allows for maximum efficiency in space usage. The lightweight nature of the nutrient film technique allows for vertical expansion. It is ideal for interior spaces such as basements and rooftop installation. The system consists of a frame structure with three to four levels. Channels are positioned on each level. Grow lights are installed on top of the channels. The system can host approximately 200 plants per cubic meter. In this way, the residential unit can host a small-scale vertical farm with artificial lighting [28][54][55].
South-, east-, and west-facing windows are ideal for cultivating crops. A window box can be installed on or near a window sill, both indoor and outdoor. A traditional window box is usually installed outside, below the window. During the winter months, the window boxes should be moved to a protected environment such as indoors or a greenhouse. An indoor window box should be proper drainage and a water collection tray. A window box can be suspended from the ceiling adjacent to the window. Usually, plants require between 2 to 6 h of direct sunlight per day. Depending on plant types and the amount of sunlight requirement, the window boxes can be put beside the properly oriented windows, such as the south-, east-, west-, and north-facing windows [47][56]. Suspended shelves can be installed beside the windows; in this way, the windows’ full length can be utilized for growing crops. Wall shelves can be installed near south-, east-, or west-facing windows. Wall shelves occupy little space in a room and can be utilized to grow crops. LED or fluorescent grow lights can be added to shelves in dark corners to boost plant growth [47][57].
Balconies can be considered as spaces which have the potential of growing food. The preferable direction for balconies regarding sunlight is south, south-east, and south-west. Containers and pots should be located where they receive the maximum daylight; shaded spots should also be avoided. Windscreens can be installed to protect the plants from severe winds. Balcony floors, railings, and adjacent walls are ideal spaces for setting up the edible garden. Containers of various sizes can be arranged on the balcony floor. Balcony railing planters can be installed along the railings. Railing planters are exposed to daylight, and they hang off the balcony. In balconies where space is limited, suspended baskets can be installed to maximize the amount of growing space. Suspended baskets can be hung from the balcony ceiling, adjacent walls, or the balustrades [57][58].
Living walls can be installed on the south-, east-, and west-facing building envelopes. A living wall can be defined as a self-sufficient vertical garden that is installed on building elevations. A living wall consists of a supporting structure that is fixed to the building elevation and containers, vertical modules, pre-vegetated wall panels, or planter boxes filled with soil-based substrate attached to the supporting structure. A living wall includes a built-in watering system to automate the irrigation. All the necessary nutrients are delivered through the irrigation system. Individuals with limited gardening space can cultivate crops by installing the living wall system on their building elevations. A living wall can be installed in a narrow and small space (30 to 60 cm in width and 15 cm in depth). By stacking the containers on top of each other, more yield can be achieved in a smaller footprint [55][57][59][60].
Contemporary urban rooftops are mainly wasted space [53]. Flat roofs inside the dense urban fabric of the cities can be considered as potential spaces for cultivating food and practicing urban farming [46][61]. The rooftops usually have more exposure to solar energy than the ground below, making them ideal spaces for cultivating plants. The potential challenges for practicing rooftop urban agriculture include the following: preventive local policies and building codes, accessibility to the roof, imposing additional load on the building’s structure, utility hook-ups, water leakage, and potential damage to the roof’s insulation layers [62]. Despite these challenges, residential rooftops can be utilized to grow plants by installing soil-based or hydroponic systems [50][55].
Soil-based systems such as rooftop container gardens enable the cultivation of various crops with high intensity levels. Rooftop container gardens consist of containers of various materials and sizes. A variety of plants can be grown in containers. The majority of existing rooftops are not equipped with built-in irrigation systems. Irrigation systems such as micro-sprinklers or drip lines can be added to the rooftops [50][57]. Hydroponic systems also can be added to the rooftops [62].
Greenhouse structures can be incorporated onto the building rooftops [53][63]. The main function is to protect the crops against harsh conditions, including unfavorable temperature, wind, rain, diseases, and pests. The following points should be considered for designing rooftop greenhouses: rooftop greenhouses should permit maximum natural light transmission. The greenhouse location, orientation, covering material, and the structural system should be considered for maximum light transmission. The greenhouse location should be selected considering the neighboring building’s shadow and the shadow of the mechanical types of equipment installed on the roof. In the Mediterranean region, including Cyprus, the preferable orientation is East to West. North to South orientation is not recommended for Cyprus [63].
The greenhouse can host hydroponic systems. Racks of crops can be installed on top of each other vertically. In this way, the amount of cultivated area can be increased. The vertical expansion in multi-rack systems can contribute to higher production volumes. All-year-round crop production can be achieved in a controlled environment, such as a greenhouse. Maximum yield can be achieved by optimizing the plant-growing conditions, such as controlling humidity and air temperature and providing 24 h LED lighting. The greenhouse can provide effective isolation from harsh external climate and reduce the need for pesticides, fertilizers, and herbicides [34][49][61].
A greenhouse can be attached to the elevation of a building. An attached greenhouse can be categorized as a lean-to, even-span, or window-mounted greenhouse. A lean-to greenhouse is basically a half greenhouse that is split along the roof’s peak. It can be utilized where available space is limited. An even-span greenhouse is a full-size greenhouse that is attached to a building. It provides more growing space than the lean-to prototype. A window-mounted greenhouse can be installed on a window; the ideal location is the building’s south or east side. It extends approximately 30 cm outward from the window. It can contain two or three shelves. The south, south-east, or east side is the preferable side for attaching the mentioned greenhouses to a building. The greenhouse should be accessible for people, and utilities such as water and electricity should be supplied. Automatic control can maintain the greenhouse environment by controlling the heating, cooling, ventilation, and lighting [64][65].

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Subjects: Urban Studies
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Sarvenaz Pakravan
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Shahin Keynoush
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Ehsan Daneshyar
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Update Date: 27 Jun 2022
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