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COVID-19: Neurological Considerations in Neonates/Children
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The ongoing worldwide pandemic of the novel human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the ensuing disease, COVID-19, has presented enormous and unprecedented challenges for all medical specialists. However, to date, children, especially neonates, have been relatively spared from the devastating consequences of this infection. Neurologic involvement is being increasingly recognized among adults with COVID-19, who can develop sensory deficits in smell and taste, delirium, encephalopathy, headaches, strokes, and peripheral nervous system disorders. Among neonates and children, COVID-19-associated neurological manifestations have been relatively rare, yet reports involving neurologic dysfunction in this age range are increasing.

COVID-19 Neurologic involvement
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Subjects: Clinical Neurology
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
View Times: 427
Revisions: 3 times (View History)
Update Date: 06 Nov 2020
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    Schematic showing possible CNS entry points and effects of SARS-CoV-2. The SARS-CoV-2 virus attaches to olfactory epithelium using the ACE-2 receptor. After cell entry, the virus replicates and induces a massive immune response leading to excessive cytokine release, comprising a maladaptive immune response. Theoretically, virus particles may reach the CNS retrogradely via cranial nerve pathways: V from corneal epithelium or oropharyngeal cutaneous sensory receptors; I via the cribiform plate, infecting olfactory sensory neurons; VII and IX from tongue chemoreceptors; X via pulmonary mechanoreceptors. Once reaching CNS nuclei including brainstem and cortex, a variety of neurologic signs and symptoms are possible. However, it must be noted that the virus has not been recovered from CSF or brain tissue, making all of these pathways hypothetical at this point. Abbreviations: NP, nasopharynx; GI, gastrointestinal; ACE-2, angiotensin converting enzyme type 2 receptor; PNS, peripheral nervous system; CNS, central nervous system; ICH, intracranial hemorrhage; GBS, Guillain-Barre syndrome; BBB, blood-brain barrier.

     

    Information
    Subjects: Clinical Neurology
    Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
    View Times: 427
    Revisions: 3 times (View History)
    Update Date: 06 Nov 2020
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      Stafstrom, C.E. COVID-19: Neurological Considerations in Neonates/Children. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/2411 (accessed on 24 March 2023).
      Stafstrom CE. COVID-19: Neurological Considerations in Neonates/Children. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/2411. Accessed March 24, 2023.
      Stafstrom, Carl E.. "COVID-19: Neurological Considerations in Neonates/Children" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/2411 (accessed March 24, 2023).
      Stafstrom, C.E. (2020, October 07). COVID-19: Neurological Considerations in Neonates/Children. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/2411
      Stafstrom, Carl E.. "COVID-19: Neurological Considerations in Neonates/Children." Encyclopedia. Web. 07 October, 2020.
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