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Tian Hua Fen, a herbal powder extract that contains trichosanthin (TCS), was used as an abortifacient in traditional Chinese medicine. In 1972, TCS was purified to alleviate the side effects. Because of its clinical applications, TCS became one of the most active research areas in the 1960s to the 1980s in China. These include obtaining the sequence information in the 1980s and the crystal structure in 1995. The replication block of TCS on human immunodeficiency virus in lymphocytes and macrophages was found in 1989 and started a new chapter of its development.
Time | Country/City | Agent | Target Disease | Effect | ADR 1 | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1989 2 | CA, US 3 | GLQ223 4 | AIDS | - | - | [16] |
1990 | CA, US | GLQ223 | AIDS | No consistent or sustained changes 5 |
No significant toxicity, except one with a severe neurological ADR. | [17] |
1990 | Nottingham, UK; CA, US; FL, US 6 | GLQ223 (Phase I/II) |
AIDS | Serum p24 antigen decreased after one month in 10–18 patients; one converted to negative. | Severe fatigue and myalgias; dementia or even coma in two patients; one death | [18] |
1990 | Shanghai, China | TCS7 | Abortion (10–14 weeks) |
High success rate, better in cervical injections | Increased body temperature; pain at the injection site; alleviated by dexamethasone | [10] |
1991 | CA, US; Pavia, Italy |
GLQ223 | AIDS | Pharmacokinetic study; predictability of elimination and distribution among species | - | [19] |
1991 | Shanghai, China | TCS with dexamethasone | Midterm abortion and anti-early pregnancy | High success rate (>83%) |
Flu-like syndrome; can be alleviated with dexamethasone | [15] |
1992 | Shanghai, China | TCS | AIDS | Reduced p24 antigen, increased CD4 cells | Flu-like syndrome; pain and erythema at the injection sites | [20] |
1993 | Nottingham, UK; CA, US; MD, US 8 | GLQ223 | AIDS | - | Two patients developed coma; multifocal neurological deficits after treatment. | [21] |
1993 | CA, US; WA, US 9 | GLQ223 | AIDS | For patients who received 36 and 50 μg/kg, an increase in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was sustained; Beta-Microglobulin levels increased during the infusion. | Flu-like syndrome with muscle; joint aches; increase in creatinine kinase levels | [22] |
1994 | Shanghai, China | TCS with dexamethasone | Abortion | High success rate (100%) | Flu-like syndrome; alleviated with dexamethasone | [23] |
1994 | Shanghai, China | TCS | Abortion | - | TCS may have a transient effect on the myocardium | [24] |
1994 | Nottingham, UK | GLQ223 combined with zidovudine | AIDS | Significant increase in CD4+ cell levels | Myalgias, fevers, mild elevation in liver function tests; mild-moderate anaphylactic reactions; two with mental status changes | [25] |
2000 | Shanghai, China | TCS | Tubal pregnancy | 92% success rate | Flu-like syndrome | [26] |
2001 | Shanghai, China | TCS | Midterm abortion | High success rate (98%) | Flu-like syndrome | [27] |