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Procrastination involves voluntarily or habitually delaying unpleasant tasks for later. It is characterized by short-term benefits and long-term costs. The COVID-19 pandemic set specific circumstances that may have influenced procrastination behavior. Procrastination behavior was related to anxiety, distress, time management, self-control, and other variables. There is limited information about interventions to prevent or decrease procrastinating behaviors in the context of confinement or in the living conditions generated by the pandemic.
Article Title | Author (year) | Type | Country | Objectives | Instruments for Measuring Procrastination | Conclusion and Recommendations | Quality Assessment Based on “QualSyst” [38] |
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COVID-19 fear in sports sciences students and its effect on academic procrastination behavior | Biricik and Sivrikaya [11] | Scientific article | Turkey | To examine the COVID-19 fear levels of the students of the faculty of sports sciences and their academic procrastination behavior in terms of various variables and to determine the correlation between them. | Academic Procrastination Scale [33] | There was a weak positive correlation between COVID-19 fear and academic procrastination behavior. Students who worked out during the pandemic had less fear of COVID-19; however, this had a weak effect on reducing academic procrastination behavior. Higher education institutions should provide aid for students to overcome negative emotions and improve academic performance. | 1.55 |
Distance learning during the corona-lockdown: some psychological and pedagogical aspects. | Valieva [28] | Conference Paper | Russia | To summarize and analyze factors that, to a certain extent, influenced the effectiveness of distance learning for educators. | Author’s questionnaire of irrational procrastination | The teacher’s ability to procrastinate can play a certain role in the issue of adjustment to rapidly changing conditions in the distance mode; other times, quick decision-making may be crucial. | 1.22 |
Effects of COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown on lifestyle and mental health of students: A retrospective study from Karachi, Pakistan | Ali et al. [27] | Scientific article | Pakistan | To investigate the correlations between changes in sleep pattern, perception of time, and digital media usage. To explore the impact of these changes on the mental health of students of different educational levels. | Author’s questionnaire | Findings indicate the decline in the mental health of students due to the lockdown. Longitudinal studies on the subject are needed. | 1.73 |
Examining the relationship between academic procrastination behaviors and problematic Internet usage of high school students during the COVID-19 pandemic period | Tezer et al. [10] | Scientific article | Turkey | To examine the relationship between academic procrastination behaviors and problematic Internet usage of high school students during the COVID-19 Pandemic. | Academic Procrastination Scale [33] | Results show that academic procrastination behavior and problematic internet usage have a positive correlation. | 1.64 |
A preliminary study of online learning: the influence of the class approaches and the personality of students | Sun et al. [23] | Scientific article | China. | To answer these questions (1) Will different formats of online courses generate different learning effects? and (2) What kinds of students are best fitted in each of these approaches? | Tuckman’s Procrastination Scale [34] | Procrastination is negatively correlated with a person’s openness, conscientiousness, and extraversion; however, it is positively correlated with a person’s neuroticism. More studies are needed to design a self-reflection scale that could be used for online learning to improve the reliability and validity of the data. | 1.73 |
Identifying resilience factors of distress and paranoia during the COVID-19 pandemic | Mækelæ et al. [22] | Pre-print. | Brazil, Colombia, Germany, Israel, and Norway | To study resilience, a successful adaptation despite risk and adversity, in five countries: Brazil, Colombia, Germany, Israel, and Norway. | Authors questionnaire | Thriving, keeping a regular schedule, engaging in physical exercise and less procrastination served as factors protecting mental well-being. Procrastinators had a higher score on general distress than participants who spent no or little time procrastinating. | 1.36 |
Influence of poor digital competence on procrastination of university teachers | Kosycheva et al. [21] | Scientific article | Russia | To describe the possible ways of evaluating digital competence and digital literacy of university teaching staff and underline the importance of university teachers’ ICT skills development. | Tuckman’s Procrastination Scale [34] | Procrastination in teachers is correlated to working conditions; digital competence and digital competence beliefs; fear of failure and tasks aversiveness. | 1.18 |
Learning during COVID-19: the role of self-regulated learning, motivation, and procrastination for perceived competence | Pelikan et al. [32] | Scientific article | Austria | To investigate differences in students who perceived themselves as high vs. low in competence with respect to these constructs. | Passive procrastination adapted from Procrastination Questionnaire for Students [36] | Students who experienced themselves as highly competent use SRL strategies procrastinated less. | 1.60 |
Academic anxiety and self-handicapping among medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic: a moderated mediation model | Jia et al. [24] | Pre-print | China | To examine the mediating role of procrastination and moderating role of hardiness in the association between academic anxiety and self-handicapping during the COVID-19 pandemic. | The General Procrastination Scale [35] | Academic anxiety was positively correlated with procrastination and self-handicapping, and negatively correlated with hardiness. Procrastination was positively correlated with self-handicapping and negatively correlated with hardiness; hardiness was negatively correlated with self-handicapping. Furthermore, procrastination partially mediated the relationship between academic anxiety and self-handicapping, and both the effects of academic anxiety on self-handicapping and the mediating effect of procrastination were moderated by hardiness. | 1.45 |
Motives and consequences of social network sites: teachers in Greece a case study | Gougas and Malinova [25] | Scientific article | Greece. | To evaluate the hedonic use, utilitarian use, socializing, procrastination, job escapism, and work productivity of the specific professional team from the use of social network sites (SNSs). | Authors’ questionnaire | Hedonic use of SNS is correlated with procrastination to analyze the relationship between the motives for use of SNSs. | 1.18 |
Academic procrastination during the COVID-19 pandemic: the control, parenting style, and family factors | Rahdadella and Latifah [26] | Conference Paper | Indonesia | To identify individual characteristics, family characteristics, parenting styles, self-control, and academic procrastination and analyze the influence of individual characteristics, family characteristics, parenting styles, and self-control towards academic procrastination in undergraduate students. | Procrastination Academic Scale for Students [37] | The birth order and mother’s permissive parenting style positively affected academic procrastination. Additionally, the father’s education and the student’s self-control had a significantly negative effect on academic procrastination. It is important to improve self-control and not apply a dominant permissive parenting style, to prevent procrastination. | 1.81 |
The nature of the manifestation of procrastination, level of anxiety and depression in medical students in a period of altered psycho-emotional state during forced social distancing because of pandemic COVID-19 and its impact on academic performance | Romash [8] | Scientific article | Ukraine | To investigate and evaluate the level of anxiety, depression, and the nature of the manifestation of procrastination in medical students Faculty of Medicine and the Faculty of Training Foreign Citizens of Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University in a period of altered psychoemotional state during the period of forced social distancing and its impact on academic performance. | The General Procrastination Scale [35] | Procrastination occurs in the surveyed medical students in the period of altered psychoemotional state during forced social distancing. Results show that in the group with low procrastination, the success rate is higher than in groups with medium and high procrastination. | 1.45 |
The psychological and behavioral side-effects of coronavirus outbreak (COVID-19) on the Algerian researchers’ scientific work and academic plans: The case of master two and PhD students | Khiari and Khiari [31] | Scientific article | Algeria | To investigate thoughts, feelings, and perspectives of 202 male and female Master Two and PhD students about how the lockdown impacted their research and on what levels. | Author’s questionnaire | Coronavirus crisis and the quarantine have negative effects on their mood, spirits, and psychological well-being, which leads to procrastination and loss of motivation. | 1.60 |