Clinical Indications to Germectomy in Pediatric Dentistry

Version	Summary	Created by	Modification	Content Size	Created at	Operation
1		Marta Mazur	+ 2482 word(s)	2482	2022-01-11 04:12:07	\|
2	format correct	Bruce Ren	Meta information modification	2482	2022-01-25 02:21:48	\|

This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/ijerph19020740

Germectomy is a procedure often required in patients at developmental age. It is defined as the surgical removal of the third molar at a very specific stage of development.

germectomy oral surgery clinical indications oral health dentistry

1. Introduction

Demirjian’s classification system distinguishes the third molar development based on shape and it divides the entire process into eight stages: A–D, which represent the crown formation from the appearance of the cusps to the crown completion, and stages E–H, which represent root formations from radicular bifurcation to apical closing ^[1]. In this scenario, it is possible to provide a definition of germectomy of the third mandibular molar: it is the surgical removal of the third molar at the developmental stage of B, C and D.

Moreover, based on the retrospective radiographic study by Jung and Cho, who analyzed the panoramic radiographs of 2490 patients aged between 6 and 24, it is possible to strongly correlate the developmental stages of third molars to the chronological age of patients. In fact, the stages B, C and D of mandibular third molars are correlated to an age range from 10 to 16 in most of the cases ^[2].

A very recent update of a Cochrane review firstly published in 2012, aiming to find out whether asymptomatic and disease-free wisdom teeth should be removed or left alone and checked at regular intervals, in a large age group of patients, ranging from teenagers to adults, showed that no evidence is present about clinical indications to prophylactic removal. Moreover, based on this review, it is worth saying that pediatric oral surgery is not presented in the literature in an autonomous manner, and in fact, developmental patient problems are often treated alongside those of adult patients, leading to data loss and confusion in epidemiological representation and indications to treatment ^[3].

Treatment of a developmental patient can often be multidisciplinary and may involve several specialists, such as a pediatric dentist, orthodontist and oral surgeon. Providing clear indications for a germectomy can be of great help to all these specialists in order to better manage the therapeutic plan for the young patient. Ideally, it would be advisable that, e.g., after the end of orthodontic treatment in a teenager, they could have a stable dental situation without the need for further intervention.

2. Orthodontic Indications

2.1. Mandibular Anterior Crowding

In this systematic review, five studies ^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8] have been found to motivate germectomy based on orthodontic indications, such as (a) morphostructural alterations or ectopic impactions, (b) to gain space in the posterior segments of the lower jaw when distalization of first and second molars is necessary, (c) in case of excessive anteroposterior mandibular growth or severe dentoalveolar discrepancy and (d) to prevent relapse after orthodontic therapy, one of which ^[4] focused on the anterior crowding.

Frontal crowding is a frequently found complaint among orthodontic patients, before and after orthodontic treatment. A study by Robinson et al. in 1859 recognized eruption of a wisdom tooth as the decisive cause of anterior crowding ^[9]. Furthermore, several studies questioned the cause-and-effect correlation between third molar eruption and anterior crowding ^[10]^[11]^[12].

Scientific literature in this area did not show unambiguous views: Bergstrom and Jensen ^[13] and Vego ^[14] were in favor of recognizing the relationship of cause and effect, while Kaplan ^[15], Ades et al. ^[16] and Lifschitz and Thilander ^[17] did not recognize this relationship.

Southard et al. showed that the measures of the contact points after the extraction of wisdom teeth remained unchanged between the two lower dental arches, left and right, with and without extraction, respectively ^[18]. In addition, Pirttiniemi et al. measured the length of the dental arches on plaster models, immediately and one year after wisdom tooth extraction. His results showed that the extraction of the third molar allowed the distal movement of the second molar, but without affecting the anterior dimension of the arch ^[19].

This systematic review included the randomized controlled trial by Harradine et al., where anterior crowding was assessed at 66 months after the end of orthodontic therapy in two groups of patients, one of which underwent germectomy and the other did not. The results showed no statistically significant differences between the two groups, with no rationale for a germectomy to prevent anterior segment crowding ^[4].

Even the most recent studies published after 2010 emphasized the persistence of the dichotomous view. In fact, a study by Esan and Schepartz, published in 2017 ^[20], which aimed to assess the relationship among LM3 impaction, agenesis and anterior crowding, evaluated mandibles and maxillae of 535 black South African males in the Raymond A. Dart Collection of Human Skeletons, University of the Witwatersrand. The results showed that third molar impaction played a role in anterior crowding as subjects with impaction had more moderate-to-extreme crowding than those with agenesis ^[20].

By contrary, a study by Cotrin et al. published in 2020 ^[21], which aimed to evaluate the influence of mandibular third molars on relapse of mandibular anterior crowding in orthodontically treated patients, evaluated the orthodontic records of 108 subjects at three different stages (pre- and post-orthodontic treatment and post retention phase). The authors concluded that the presence or absence of mandibular third molars did not affect the recurrence of anterior mandibular crowding in orthodontically treated patients ^[21].

Finally, Vasir et al., in a systematic review, showed that the role of the mandibular third molar in late crowding of incisors remains debated. Vasir et al. concluded that the analyzed studies showed a small but statistically significant relationship, and therefore, the clinical findings must be further assessed ^[22]. In addition, Genest-Beucher et al., in a very recent systematic review aiming to evaluate the impact of the LM3 on mandibular dental anterior crowding, showed that 83% of examined articles did not find any significant relationship between LM3 and mandibular dental anterior crowding ^[23]. However, the methods and designs of these analyzed studies were questionable.

2.2. Lower Second Molar Impaction

One study included in this review correlated LM3 (lower third molar) germectomy and LM2 (lower second molar) impaction ^[8].

A clinical indication for germectomy is the impaction of LM2 caused by LM3. This indication for germectomy was analyzed, for example, in the study by Vedtofte and Andreasen ^[24], in which the authors described the incidence of LM2 impaction between 0.6 and 3 every 1000 patients. The authors evaluated the profile radiographs and orthopantomograms from 19 patients with an age range from 8 to 16 years. Although the study group was limited, the results showed that arrested eruption of LM3 occurred more frequently in subjects with a Class II sagittal jaw relationship with a smaller mandibular gonial angle. Interestingly, none of the patients with arrested eruption of LM2 had agenesis of the LM3 ^[24].

On the contrary, the clinical study by Cassetta et al., which was included in the present qualitative evaluation, aimed to assess the influence of germectomy in a limited group of fourteen subjects with mesially angulated and impacted LM2, who were randomly assigned to a brass wire ligature treatment with or without a germectomy. In both groups, the brass wire technique was effective for LM2 uprighting, while the germectomy group reported a worsening in quality of life after surgery ^[8].

However, delaying or abstaining from a third molar germectomy, which has already caused angulation and impaction of LM2 requiring orthodontic treatment for uprighting, would always result in the inclusion of the third molar with a potential mesial tilt towards the second molar. In our opinion, the postponement of germectomy may be related to the following clinical problems: 1. the development of caries and periodontal disease affecting LM2; 2. more complex delayed LM3 extraction with possible iatrogenic consequences resulting from root development in the proximity of the mandibular canal.

2.3. Molar Distalization

Correction of class II and III malocclusions may require molar distalization that can be achieved through the use of temporary anchorage device (TAD). Molar distalization involves not only proper anchorage, but also the presence of available space distal from the second molar. In this sense, extraction of asymptomatic involved third molars is indicated, even if this movement may be hindered by the displacement of the roots of the second molar within the lingual bone cortex of the mandible ^[25].

2.4. Orthognathic Surgery

The presence of impacted third molars was discussed as a possible cause of an unfavorable postoperative course following mandibular sagittal osteotomy. The indication for early third molar extraction depends on the surgeon’s preferences and orthodontic needs and is scheduled at least 6–9 months prior to orthognathic surgery to allow complete bone maturation at the extraction site ^[26].

3. Infectious and/or Cariogenic Causes and Prophylaxis

Three studies included in the present review correlated extraction of LM3 with infectious and cariogenic causes and with prophylaxis ^[27]^[28]^[29].

3.1. Infectious and Cariogenic Causes

The study by Adeyemo et al. was conducted in Nigeria between 2001 and 2006, where the authors retrospectively reviewed 1763 patients who had LM3 extraction and the indications for extraction were analyzed ^[28]. Caries and their complications, recurrent pericoronitis and prophylactic extraction were the major reason for LM3 extraction in 63.2%, 26.3% and 0.6% of the subjects, respectively. It is worth noting that the Nigerian clinical scenario does not reflect the European or American one; moreover, the enrolled subjects were not representative of patients at developmental age uniquely, as the reported age range was 15–92. Young adolescents enrolled in this study were 62 out of 1763 (0.03%) and the vast majority of LM3 extraction was for caries (54.8%) and pericoronitis (45.2%), while orthodontics and prophylactic reasons were not accounted for at all among the youngest group of the study population. The authors concluded that prophylactic extraction is not a common practice in the Nigerian health care system ^[28].

However, this study cannot reflect the clinical realities of the Western world. Indeed, a descriptive study conducted in Spain on 319 subjects who required LM3 removal showed that prophylaxis was the principal indication of third molar extraction (51.0%), followed by orthodontic reasons ^[30]. Again, the age of the subjects enrolled in this latter study ranged between 14 and 79 years, highlighting the impossibility to report data on extraction of lower third molars in patients at developmental age, specifically.

3.2. Infectious Causes and Prophylaxis

The study included in this review was conducted at the University of Bern over a 5-year period ^[27]. It analyzed data of 316 patients with a mean age of 33.3 years (range 11–81), who received treatment for deep abscess and cyst formation or mandibular angle fracture in relation to lower LM3 and compared it with a control group of 300 patients with disease-free LM3 removed for prophylactic reasons, in order to assess if these disorders were related to the position of the lower wisdom tooth (angulation, relation to the occlusal plane and to the ascending ramus of the mandible). The conclusions of this study showed that the position of LM3 was a significative risk factor for the development of complications related to unerupted LM3. Moreover, the authors stated that in the cases that present a “high positional risk”, prophylactic removal of LM3 should be justified. Interestingly, this study did not report the enrolled subjects’ characteristics, such as gender and age range, so again, based on the findings of this study, it is impossible to carry out clinical indications for the patients at developmental age ^[27].

No clinical studies are available on patients at developmental age, and prophylaxis indication to LM3 removal are presented in groups of subjects with very different age range and different-non comparable clinical conditions (LM3 inclusion, LM3 vertical position, LM2 impaction and LM2 and LM3 free and not free from disease). In this scenario, it is not possible to describe evidence-based clinical recommendation. In fact, today, costs of germectomy against non-removal and surgery risks should be evaluated specifically focusing on patients at developmental age. For example, Edwards et al. ^[31] evaluated the cost, effectiveness and cost effectiveness of removal and retention of asymptomatic, disease free third molars, and they concluded that mandibular third molar retention is less costly to the NHS (National Health Service), more effective for the patient and more cost-effective to both parties than removal. However, should the likelihood of developing pericoronitis, periodontal disease and caries increase substantially then removal becomes the more cost-effective strategy. Interestingly, in this work, the authors underlined that the decision tree did not include an analysis of differences in surgical morbidity with age or changes in increase of disease with age, because the existing evidence available in relation to these issues is scarce. The authors affirmed that the surgical morbidity probably does not increase with age ^[31]. The conclusions of Edwards et al. do not agree with the results obtained by D’Angeli et al. ^[6], who conducted a two-year clinical study after germectomy and showed that postoperative complications after mandibular third molar germectomy during adolescence occur in a significantly reduced percentage of patients, so this oral surgery procedure may become a reliable surgical technique during adolescence ^[6]. The authors of this review attribute more credibility to D’Angeli’s clinical findings, because he conducted a study focused on germectomy in patients at developmental age. D’Angeli’s findings are in accordance with the study by Chiapasco et al., who showed that the incidence of complications and side effects was 2.6% in the group with an age range from 9–16 years old versus 7.4% in the group older than 24 years old ^[5].

The management of post-surgical complications after surgical removal of LM3, as periodontal status and increased mobility of LM2, pain, swelling, trismus and temperature has been significantly improved in the last years through the use of novel techniques. Among all the new techniques, it is worth highlighting how kinesiotaping can meet with greater approval, especially in patients of developmental age, as is already known in sports and by the media ^[32]^[33]^[34]^[35].

The study by Zhang et al. ^[29] retrospectively evaluated the incidence of complication on a large group of young patients (518), with a mean age of 17 years old, age range 10–23 years, and compared it with a group of 532 adult patients who underwent the same treatment, LM3 extraction. The results of the study showed that the total and nerve complication rate was 2.48% and 0% in the youngest group, compared with 10% and 1.6% in the adult patient’s group, respectively. The authors supported the early removal of LM3, in particularly in the orthodontic patient, but they underlined the importance of a team approach including orthodontist, periodontist, oral surgeon and pediatric dentist for children ^[29].

Moreover, the growth prevision and the risk of inclusion can be assessed through the evaluation of LM3 position on the orthopanoramic X-ray at the end of the developmental age. Indeed, a recent study by Lauesen et al. confirmed that delayed root development of LM3 at age 15 could be associated with impaction during adulthood ^[36]. In the context of prophylactic indications to germectomy, LM3 eruption prediction systems are important. These systems can provide information on the possibility of LM3 impaction in adulthood. The analyzed parameters can be skeletal, dental or type of growth ^[37]^[38]^[39]^[40].

In general, as the patient ages, the complexity of the intervention increases as well, due to greater root development, greater bone density, and thus, a greater risk of iatrogenic damage to the vessels and the nervous system. Pogrel defined the age of 25 as the critical age, beyond which the risk of wisdom tooth extraction increases, also because of the higher risk of infection and periodontal complications distal to the second molar ^[41].

References

Demirjian, A.; Goldstein, H.; Tanner, J.M. A new system of dental age assessment. Hum. Biol. 1973, 45, 211–227.
Jung, Y.H.; Cho, B.H. Radiographic evaluation of third molar development in 6- to 24-year-olds. Imaging Sci. Dent. 2014, 44, 185–191.
Ghaeminia, H.; Nienhuijs, M.E.; Toedtling, V.; Perry, J.; Tummers, M.; Hoppenreijs, T.J.; Van der Sanden, W.J.; Mettes, T.G. Surgical removal versus retention for the management of asymptomatic disease-free impacted wisdom teeth. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2020, 5, CD003879.
Harradine, N.W.; Pearson, M.H.; Toth, B. The effect of extraction of third molars on late lower incisor crowding: A randomized controlled trial. Br. J. Orthod. 1998, 25, 117–122.
Chiapasco, M.; Crescentini, M.; Romanoni, G. Germectomy or delayed removal of mandibular impacted third molars: The relationship between age and incidence of complications. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg. 1995, 53, 418–422.
D’Angeli, G.; Zara, F.; Vozza, I.; D’Angeli, F.M.; Sfasciotti, G.L. The Evaluation of Further Complications after the Extraction of the Third Molar Germ: A Pilot Study in Paediatric Dentistry. Healthcare 2021, 9, 121.
Monaco, G.; Cecchini, S.; Gatto, M.R.; Pelliccioni, G.A. Delayed onset infections after lower third molar germectomy could be related to the space distal to the second molar. Int. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg. 2017, 46, 373–378.
Cassetta, M.; Altieri, F. The influence of mandibular third molar germectomy on the treatment time of impacted mandibular second molars using brass wire: A prospective clinical pilot study. Int. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg. 2017, 46, 905–911.
Robinson, J. The causes of irregularities of the teeth. Dent. Rev. 1859, 268, 85.
Laskin, D.M. Evaluation of the third molar problem. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 1971, 82, 824–828.
Lindauer, S.J.; Laskin, D.M.; Tüfekçi, E.; Taylor, R.S.; Cushing, B.J.; Best, A.M. Orthodontists’ and surgeons’ opinions on the role of third molars as a cause of dental crowding. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial. Orthop. 2007, 132, 43–48.
Tüfekçi, E.; Svensk, D.; Kallunki, J.; Huggare, J.; Lindauer, S.J.; Laskin, D.M. Opinions of American and Swedish orthodontists about the role of erupting third molars as a cause of dental crowding. Angle Orthod. 2009, 79, 1139–1142.
Bergstrom, K.; Jensen, R. Responsibility of the third molar for secondary crowding. Dent. Abstr. 1961, 6, 544.
Vego, L. A longitudinal study of mandibular arch perimeter. Angle Orthod. 1962, 32, 187–192.
Kaplan, R.G. Mandibular third molars and postretention crowding. Am. J. Orthod. 1974, 66, 411–430.
Ades, A.G.; Joondeph, D.R.; Little, R.M.; Chapko, M.K. A long-term study of the relationship of third molars to changes in the mandibular dental arch. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial. Orthop. 1990, 97, 323–335.
Lindqvist, B.; Thilander, B. Extraction of third molars in cases of anticipated crowding in the lower jaw. Am. J. Orthod. 1982, 81, 130–139.
Southard, T.E.; Southard, K.A.; Weeda, L.W. Mesial force from unerupted third molars. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial. Orthop. 1991, 99, 220–225.
Pirttiniemi, P.M.; Oikarinen, K.S.; Raustia, A.M. The effect of removal of all third molars on the dental arches in the third decade of life. CRANIO 1994, 12, 23–27.
Esan, T.; Schepartz, L.A. Third molar impaction and agenesis: Influence on anterior crowding. Ann. Hum. Biol. 2017, 4, 46–52.
Cotrin, P.; Freitas, K.M.S.; Freitas, M.R.; Valarelli, F.P.; Cançado, R.H.; Janson, G. Evaluation of the influence of mandibular third molars on mandibular anterior crowding relapse. Acta Odontol. Scand. 2020, 78, 297–302.
Vasir, N.S.; Robinson, R.J. The mandibular third molar and late crowding of the mandibular incisors—A review. Br. J. Orthod. 1991, 18, 59–66.
Genest-Beucher, S.; Graillon, N.; Bruneau, S.; Benzaquen, M.; Guyot, L. Does mandibular third molar have an impact on dental mandibular anterior crowding? A literature review. J. Stomatol. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg. 2018, 119, 204–207.
Vedtofte, H.; Andreasen, J.O.; Kjaer, I. Arrested eruption of the permanent lower second molar. Eur. J. Orthod. 1999, 21, 31–40.
Kim, S.J.; Choi, T.H.; Baik, H.S.; Park, Y.C.; Lee, K.J. Mandibular posterior anatomic limit for molar distalization. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial. Orthop. 2014, 146, 190–197.
Mensink, G.; Verweij, J.P.; Frank, M.D.; Eelco Bergsma, J.; Richard van Merkesteyn, J.P. Bad split during bilateral sagittal split osteotomy of the mandible with separators: A retrospective study of 427 patients. Br. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg. 2013, 51, 525–529.
Werkmeister, R.; Fillies, T.; Joos, U.; Smolka, K. Relationship between lower wisdom tooth position and cyst development, deep abscess formation and mandibular angle fracture. J. Craniomaxillofac. Surg. 2005, 33, 164–168.
Adeyemo, W.L.; James, O.; Ogunlewe, M.O.; Ladeinde, A.L.; Taiwo, O.A.; Olojede, A.C. Indications for extraction of third molars: A review of 1763 cases. Niger. Postgrad. Med. J. 2008, 15, 42–46.
Zhang, Q.B.; Zhang, Z.Q. Early extraction: A silver bullet to avoid nerve injury in lower third molar removal? Int. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg. 2012, 41, 1280–1283.
Fuster Torres, M.A.; Gargallo Albiol, J.; Berini Aytés, L.; Gay Escoda, C. Evaluation of the indication for surgical extraction of third molars according to the oral surgeon and the primary care dentist. Experience in the Master of Oral Surgery and Implantology at Barcelona University Dental School. Med. Oral. Patol. Oral. Cir. Bucal. 2008, 13, E499–E504.
Edwards, M.J.; Brickley, M.R.; Goodey, R.D.; Shepherd, J.P. The cost, effectiveness and cost effectiveness of removal and retention of asymptomatic, disease free third molars. Br. Dent. J. 1999, 187, 380–384.
Trybek, G.; Aniko-Włodarczyk, M.; Preuss, O.; Jaroń, A. Assessment of Electrosensitivity of the Pulp of the Mandibular Second Molar after Surgical Removal of an Impacted Mandibular Third Molar. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 3614.
Trybek, G.; Rydlińska, J.; Aniko-Włodarczyk, M.; Jaroń, A. Effect of Platelet-Rich Fibrin Application on Non-Infectious Complications after Surgical Extraction of Impacted Mandibular Third Molars. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8249.
Aniko-Włodarczyk, M.; Jaroń, A.; Preuss, O.; Grzywacz, A.; Trybek, G. Evaluation of the Effect of Surgical Extraction of an Impacted Mandibular Third Molar on the Periodontal Status of the Second Molar-Prospective Study. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 2655.
Jaroń, A.; Jedliński, M.; Grzywacz, E.; Mazur, M.; Trybek, G. Kinesiology Taping as an Innovative Measure against Post-Operative Complications after Third Molar Extraction-Systematic Review. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 3988.
Lauesen, S.R.; Andreasen, J.O.; Gerds, T.A.; Christensen, S.S.; Borum, M.; Hillerup, S. Association between third mandibular molar impaction and degree of root development in adolescents. Angle Orthod. 2013, 83, 3–9.
Turley, P.K.; Joiner, M.W.; Hellstrom, S. The effect of orthodontic extrusion on traumatically intruded teeth. Am J Orthod. 1984, 85, 47–56.
Turley, P.K.; Crawford, L.B.; Carrington, K.W. Traumatically intruded teeth. Angle Orthod. 1987, 57, 234–244.
Ventä, I.; Murtomaa, H.; Ylipaavalniemi, P. A device to predict lower third molar eruption. Oral. Surg. Oral. Med. Oral. Pathol. Oral. Radiol. Endodont. 1997, 84, 598–603.
Ventä, I. How often do asymptomatic, disease-free third molars need to be removed? J. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg. 2012, 70, S41–S47.
Pogrel, M.A. Coronectomy: Partial Odontectomy or Intentional Root Retention. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg. Clin. N. Am. 2015, 27, 373–382.

© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.

Upload a video for this entry

Information

Subjects: Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine

Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :

Marta Mazur

View Times: 1.1K

Update Date: 25 Jan 2022

Table of Contents

Video Upload Options

Confirm