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Carotenoids, anthocyanins, flavonoids, and other phenolic compounds in vegetables may prevent and counter many common diseases such as high blood pressure, diabetes, cancer, vision loss, heart disease, and several intestinal disorders. Increasing longevity, along with an aging population in Europe, has caused serious concerns about diet-related chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and certain cancers. The European market for fresh Asian vegetables is expected to expand across the EU member states, and the introduction of new vegetables has enormous potential.
Vegetable |
Scientific Names |
Used Parts |
Culinary Uses |
Reference |
Vegetable |
Scientific Names |
Used Parts |
Culinary Uses |
References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mung bean sprouts/Mungo bean sprouts/Small bean sprouts |
Phaseolus aureus/Vigna radiata |
sprouts |
eaten raw, blanched, stir-fried |
Soybean sprouts |
Glycine hispida/G. max |
sprouts |
blanched, boiled |
Vegetable |
Scientific Names |
Used Parts |
Culinary Uses |
Reference |
Vegetable |
Scientific Names |
Used Parts |
Culinary Uses |
References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aralia sprout/Dureup/Fatsia sprout/Korean angelica tree |
Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem./Aralia elata var. elata |
young shoots |
blanched, pickled |
Alangium/Trilobed-leaf alangium |
Alangium platanifolium var. trilobum (Miq.) Ohwi |
young leaves |
eaten raw young leaves, blanched, pickled |
||
Bamboo shoot |
Bambusa spp./Bambusa sp./Dendrocalamus sp./Phyllostachys sp. |
young shoots |
blanched, boiled, pickled, stir-fried |
Ginkgo nut |
Ginkgo biloba |
seeds |
cooked, grilled |
[17] |
|
Burning bush spindle tree |
Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold |
young shoots |
blanched |
[17] |
Blue Japanese oak acorn/Ring-cup oak acorn |
Quercus glauca Thunb. |
acorns |
its starch is cooked and made jelly |
|
Chinese cedar |
Cedrela sinensis Juss. |
young shoots |
blanched, pickled, deep fried |
Konara oak acorn |
Quercus serrata Murray |
acorns |
its starch is cooked and made jelly |
||
Devil’s bush/Siberian-ginseng |
Eleutherococcus senticosus |
young shoots |
blanched |
Sansho pepper/Sichuan pepper |
Zanthoxylum sp. |
husks of seeds |
adding in stews, foods, oiled |
[21] |
|
Matrimony-vine |
Lycium chinense |
young shoots |
blanched young leaf buds |
East Asian arrow root/Kudzu |
Dolichos japonica/Pueraria hirsute/P. lobata (Willd.) Ohwi/P. thunbergiana/ |
roots |
eaten raw, made juice, dried and boiled tea, made jelly, powdered |
||
Sayur manis/weet leaf bush |
Sauropus androgynus |
shoot tips, young leaves |
steamed, grilled, cooked in soups, stir-fried |
[18] |
Vegetable |
Scientific Names |
Used Parts |
Culinary Uses |
Reference |
Vegetable |
Scientific Names |
Used Parts |
Culinary Uses |
References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asian goldenrod |
Solidago virgaurea subsp. asiatica Kitam. ex H. Hara |
young shoots |
blanched |
Komatsuna |
Brassica rapa var. komatsuna/var. perviridis |
leaves, stalks |
eaten raw, stir-fried, boiled, pickled, cooked in soups |
[21] |
|
Asian royal fern/Royal fern |
Osmunda japonica Thunb. |
young shoots |
boiled, stir-fried |
Korean cabbage/Ssamchoo |
Brassica lee ssp. namai cv. Ssamchoo |
leaves, stalks |
eaten raw |
[17] |
|
Bracken/Eastern brakenfern/Tender fern fronds |
Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum (Desv.) Underw. ex A.Heller |
young shoots |
boiled, stir-fried |
Mibuna greens |
Brassica rapa var. japonica/var. nipposinica |
leaves, stalks |
eaten raw |
[21] |
|
Edible aster/Rough aster |
Aster scaber Thunberg |
young shoots |
eaten raw |
Mizuna greens/Potherb-mustard cabbage |
Brassica rapa var. japonica/var. nipposinica |
leaves, stalks |
eaten raw, stir-fried, cooked in soups |
||
Fulvous daylily |
Hemerocallis fulva L. |
young shoots |
blanched |
Sweet potato |
Ipomoea batatas |
leaves, stalks |
blanched |
[17] |
|
Japanese spikenard/Manchurian spikenard/Mountain asparagus/Udo |
Aralia cordata var. continentalis (Kitag.) Y.C.Chu |
young shoots |
blanched, deep fried, cooked as pancakes |
Turnip greens |
Brassica rapa |
leaves, stalks |
boiled, stir-fried, salted |
||
Pea shoots |
Pisum sativum |
young shoots |
stir-fried |
[21] |
Chinese taro/Japanese taro/Taro |
Colocasia esculenta |
stalks |
boiled, stir-fried |
|
Tartarian aster/Tatarinow’s aster |
Aster tataricus L. f. |
young shoots |
blanched |
Citronella grass/Lemon grass |
Cymbopogon citratus |
stalks |
cooked in curries, soups |
[21] |
|
Water shield |
Brasenia schreberi J.F.Gmelin |
young shoots |
eaten raw, cooked in soups, dried, grounded |
Sweet potato |
Ipomoea batatas |
stalks |
blanched, stir-fried, salted |
[16] |
|
Hot pepper |
Capsicum annuum |
young shoots, leaves |
Blanched, cooked in soups and in pancakes |
[17] |
Amaranthus/Chinese spinach/Edible amaranth/Pig weed |
Amaranthus gangeticus/A. mangostanus L./A. tricolor |
young leaves, stems |
blanched, stir-fried, cooked in soups |
|
Komarov’s Russian thistle/Okahijiki |
Salsola komarovii Iljin |
young shoots, leaves |
eaten raw, blanched, steamed |
Ashitaba |
Angelica keiskei |
young leaves, stems |
eaten raw, blanched, cooked in pancakes, pickled |
||
Korean-mint |
Agastache rugosa |
young shoots, leaves |
eaten raw young leaves, blanched, cooked in soups, as pancakes |
[17] |
Coastal hog fennel |
Peucedanum japonicum Thunb. |
young leaves, stems |
eaten raw, pickled, blanched, deep fried |
|
Okinawan spinach/Velvet plant |
Gynura bicolor |
young shoots, leaves |
eaten raw, blanched, stir-fried, deep-fried, cooked in soups, stews |
[21] |
Curled mallow/Mallows |
Malva verticillata/M. verticillata var. crispa L. |
young leaves, stems |
cooked in soups, stir-fried |
|
Stringy stonecrop |
Sedum sarmentosum |
young shoots, leaves |
eaten raw |
East Asian hogweed |
Heracleum moellendorffii Hance |
young leaves, stems |
eaten raw, blanched, pickled, stir-fried |
||
Ceylon spinach/Malabar nightshade/Tsurumurasaki |
Basella alba/B. cordifolia B. rubra/ |
shoots, leaves |
stir-fried, cooked in soups |
Field aster |
Aster yomena (Kitam.) Honda |
young leaves, stems |
blanched, stir-fried, cooked in soups, deep fried |
||
Castor |
Ricinus communis L. |
young leaves |
blanched |
[17] |
Gondre/Korean thistle |
Cirsium setidens (Dunn) Nakai |
young leaves, stems |
cooked in soups, pickled, dried leaves are cooked as side dishes |
|
Mugwort |
Artemesia spp./A. princeps Pampanini/A. vulgaris |
young leaves |
cooked in soups, in rice cakes, pancakes |
Green garlic |
Allium sativum |
young leaves, stems |
eaten raw, blanched, steamed, pickled |
[17] |
|
Chinese chives/Flat chives/Garlic chives |
Allium senescens/A. senescens var. minor/A. thunbergii/A. tuberosum |
leaves |
eaten raw, stir-fried, pickled, cooked in pancakes |
Japanese angelica |
Ligusticum acutilobum |
young leaves, stems |
eaten raw, blanched, pickled |
[17] |
|
Perilla |
Perilla frutescens |
leaves |
eaten raw, pickled, stir-fried |
Japanese atractylodes/Ovate-leaf atractylodes |
Atractylodes japonica/A. ovata (Thunb.) DC. |
young leaves, stems |
eaten raw, blanched, cooked in pancakes |
||
Soybean |
Glycine max (L.) Merr. |
leaves |
blanched, pickled, salted |
[17] |
Lesser solomon’s seal/Solomon’s seal |
Polygonatum odoratum var. pluriflorum (Miq.) Ohwi |
young leaves, stems |
pickled |
|
Asian plantain |
Plantago asiatica L. |
young leaves, stalks |
blanched, cooked in soups, stir-fried |
Riverside wormwood/Selenge wormwood |
Artemisia selengensis Turcz. ex Besser |
young leaves, stems |
blanched |
||
Butterbur/Giant butterbur/Sweet coltsfoot/ |
Petasites japonicus (Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim. |
young leaves, stalks |
blanched, pickled |
Swamp cabbage/Water convolvulus/Water spinach |
Ipomoea aquatica/I. reptans |
young leaves, stems |
Eaten raw, blanched, boiled, stir-fried |
||
Chamnamul/Short-fruit pimpinella |
Pimpinella brachycarpa (Kom.) Nakai |
young leaves, stalks |
blanched |
Three-leaf ladybell |
Adenophora triphylla var. japonica (Regel) H. Hara |
young leaves, stems |
eaten raw, blanched |
||
Deltoid synurus |
Synurus deltoides (Aiton) Nakai |
young leaves, stalks |
blanched, cooked in rice cakes |
Ulleungdo aster |
Aster glehnii F.Schmidt |
young leaves, stems |
blanched, deep fried |
||
Fischer’s ragwort/Gomchwi |
Ligularia fischeri (Ledeb.) Turcz. |
young leaves, stalks |
eaten raw, cooked in soups, picked, blanched |
Water celery/Water dropwort/Water parsley |
Oenanthe javanica/O. stolonifera/ |
young leaves, stems |
eaten raw, blanched, cooked in soups, as pancake |
||
Honewort/Mitsuba |
Cryptotaenia canadensis |
young leaves, stalks |
eaten raw, stir-fried, deep fired, cooked in soups |
[16] |
Chinese broccoli/Chinese kale |
Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra |
leaves, stems |
boiled, steamed, stir-fried |
|
Korean bellflower |
Campanula takesimana Nakai |
young leaves, stalks |
blanched |
Chrysanthemum/Chrysanthemum greens/Crown daisy/Garland chrysanthemum |
Chrysanthemum coronarium |
leaves, stems |
eaten raw, cooked in stews, blanched |
||
Narrow spiked Ligularia/Narrow-head ragwort |
Ligularia stenocephala (Maxim.) Matsum. & Koidz. |
young leaves, stalks |
eaten raw, cooked in soups, picked, blanched |
Stem lettuce |
Lactuca sativa var. augustana/var. asparagina |
leaves, stems |
blanched, stir-fried |
[21] |
|
Pumpkin |
Cucurbita moschata |
young leaves, stalks |
steamed |
[17] |
Manchurian wild rice/Water bamboo/Wild rice |
Zizania latifolia (Griseb.) Turcz. ex Stapf |
swollen stem bases |
eaten raw, stir-fried |
|
Rape |
Brassica napus L. |
young leaves, stalks |
blanched, cooked in soups |
Green onion/Japanese bunching onions/Oriental bunching onion/Scallions/Shallots/Spring onion/Welsh onions |
Allium fistulosum |
leaves, bulbs |
eaten raw, stir-fried, salted, cooked in soups, pancakes |
||
Salt sandspurry |
Spergularia marina (L.) |
young leaves, stalks |
eaten raw, blanched, cooked in pancakes |
[17] |
Korean wild chive Wild garlic |
Allium monanthum Maxim. |
leaves, bulbs |
eaten raw cooked in soups, pickled |
|
Bok choy/Chinese cabbage/Pak choi/White cabbage/White-mustard cabbage |
Brassica campestris var. chinensis/B. rapa var. chinensis |
leaves, stalks |
eaten raw, blanched, stir-fried |
Korean youngia |
Youngia sonchifolia |
young leaves, roots |
salted |
||
Chinese cabbage |
Brassica pekinensis/B. pe-tsai |
leaves, stalks |
eaten raw, salted, cooked in soups, as pancakes, pickled, stir-fried |
Shepherd’s purse |
Capsella bursa-pastoris |
young leaves, roots |
blanched, cooked in soups |
||
Chinese celery |
Apium graveolens |
leaves, stalks |
eaten raw, stir-fired, cooked in soups, steamed, pickled |
Toothed ixeridium/Toothed ixeris |
Ixeridium dentatum (Thunb.) Tzvelev |
young leaves, roots |
blanched, cooked as pancakes, salted |
||
Chinese clover |
Medicago denticulate/M. hispida |
leaves, stalks |
stir-fried |
[21] |
Young radish |
Raphanus sativus L. |
young leaves, roots |
salted |
|
Chinese mustard/Green mustard/Leaf-mustard cabbage/Mustard cabbage/Mustard greens |
Brassica juncea/B. juncea var. rugosa |
leaves, stalks |
salted, pickled, stir-fried |
Korean ginseng sprout |
Panax ginseng Meyer |
young leaves, stems, roots |
eaten raw |
[22] |
|
East Asian wildparsley/Mitsuba/Honewort |
Cryptotaenia canadensis/C. japonica Hassk. |
leaves, stalks |
eaten raw, blanched, stir-fried, deep fired, cooked in soups |
Mioga ginger |
Zingiber mioga (Thunb.) Roscoe |
flower buds |
blanched, cooked in soups, pickled |
[17] |
|
Horseradish/Japanese horseradish/Wasabi |
Eutrema japonica/Wasabia japonica |
leaves, stalks |
eaten raw, cooked in soups, picked, blanched |
[17] |
Banana bud |
Musa spp. |
flowers |
eaten raw, blanched, stir-fried, steamed, cooked in soups, curries |
[18] |
Japanese radish greens/Korean radish greens |
Raphanus sativus |
leaves, stalks |
dried leaves are cooked in soups, stir-fried |
[17] |
Vegetable |
Scientific Names |
Used Parts |
Culinary Uses |
Reference |
Vegetable |
Scientific Names |
Used Parts |
Culinary Uses |
References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Angled gourd/Dishcloth gourd/Vegetable gourd/Luffa/Sponge gourd |
Luffa acutangula |
fruits |
cooked in soups, stir-fried |
Spaghetti marrow |
Cucurbita pepo var. fastigata |
fruits |
steamed, baked, stir-fried |
[21] |
|
Balsam-pear/Bitter gourd/Bitter melon |
Momordica charantia |
fruits |
steamed, stir-fried, cooked in soups, in stews |
Baby corn/Miniature corn |
Zea mays var. rugosa |
corns with cobs |
eaten raw, stir-fried |
[18] |
|
Bottle gourd/Edible bottle gourd/White-flowered gourd |
Lagenaria leucantha/L. siceraria/L. vulgaris/ |
fruits |
eaten raw, dried, stir-fried, cooked in soups |
Asparagus bean/Cow pea/Long bean/Yard long bean/Yard-Long beans |
Dolichos sesquipedalis/Vigna sesquipedalis/Vigna sinensis var. sesquipedalis |
pods |
eaten raw, stir-fried, cooked in stews |
||
Chinese preserving melon/Wax gourd/Winter gourd |
Benincasa cerifera/B. hispida |
fruits |
eaten raw, cooked in soups, in stews, pickled, steamed, stir-fried |
Asparagus pea/Goa beans Winged bean |
Psophocarpus tetragonolobus |
pods |
blanched, stir-fried |
||
Eggplant |
Solanum melongena |
fruits |
steamed, stir-fried, deep fried, pan fried, grilled, cooked in soups, in stews |
Edible-podded peas |
Pisum sativum var. macrocarpon |
pods |
stir-fried |
[16] |
|
Fiery little bird’s-eye chili |
Capsicum frutescens |
fruits |
eaten raw, cooked |
[18] |
Snow pea/Sugar pea |
Pisum sativum var. saccaratum |
pods |
blanched, stir-fried |
[18] |
Finger-length chili |
Capsicum annuum cv. group longum |
fruits |
eaten raw, cooked |
[18] |
Adzuki bean |
Phaseolus angularis/Vigna angularis |
beans |
cooked gruel, sweet paste |
|
Hairy melon/Jointed gourd |
Benincasa hispida var. chieh-gua |
fruits |
eaten raw, steamed, cooked in soups, stir-fried |
[21] |
Borlotti bean/Red-streaked bean |
Phaseolus vulgaris cv. |
beans |
simmered, cooked in soups, stews |
[18] |
Japanese pumpkin/Kabocha squash |
Cucurbita maxima/C. moschata/ some hybrids between the two |
fruits |
Steamed, deep fried, cooked pancakes, porridge |
Cowpeas |
Vigna sinensis/V. unguiculate L. Walp. |
beans |
grounded, cooked gruel, pancakes, jelly |
||
Korean zucchini/Young pumpkin |
Cucurbita moschata |
fruits |
stir-fried, cooked in soups, pancakes |
Jwinunikong |
Rhynchosia nulubilis |
beans |
cooked, roasted, boiled tea |
[17] |
|
Long eggplant |
Solanum melongena var. serpentinum |
fruits |
steamed, stir-fried |
Mungbean |
Vigna radiata |
beans |
grounded, cooked gruel and pancakes, jelly |
||
Oriental cucumber |
Cucumis sativus |
fruits |
eaten raw, salted, pickled |
[21] |
Soya bean/Soybeans |
Glycine hispida/G. max |
beans |
grounded, cooked and made tofu, pastes, sauces, sweets, side dishes |
|
Oriental pickling melon |
Cucumis melo var. conomon |
fruits |
pickled |
[17] |
Sword bean |
Canavalia ensiformis |
beans |
cooked, boiled, steamed, roasted and boiled tea |
|
Oriental pickling melon/Pickling melon |
Cucumis melo var. conomon |
fruits |
Eaten raw, pickled, baked, stir-fried, boiled, cooked in soups |
Twisted cluster bean |
Parkia speciosa |
beans |
stir-fried |
[18] |
|
Papaya |
Carica papaya |
fruits |
eaten raw, simmered, cooked in soups |
[18] |
Perilla seed |
Perilla frutescens |
seeds |
roasted and made oil, roasted or grounded and used as seasonings |
[17] |
Pea eggplant |
Solanum torvum |
fruits |
eaten raw, cooked in curries |
[18] |
Sesame seeds |
Sesame indicum |
seeds |
roasted and made oil, roasted or grounded and used as seasonings |
|
Snake gourd |
Trichosanthes cucumerina var. anguina |
fruits |
stir-fried, cooked in curries |
[18] |
Water caltrop/Water chestnut |
Trapa bicornis /T. bispinosa /T. natans |
seeds |
boiled |
Vegetable |
Scientific Names |
Used Parts |
Culinary Uses |
Reference |
Vegetable |
Scientific Names |
Used Parts |
Culinary Uses |
Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arrowhead/Chinese potato/Swamp potato |
Sagittaria sagittifolia/S. sinensis |
tubers |
boiled, fried, stir-fried, grilled |
Gegeol radish |
Raphanus sativus |
roots, leaves |
salted, pickled |
[17] |
|
Chinese artichoke |
Stachys affinis/S. Sieboldii/S. tubifera |
tubers |
eaten raw, blanched, stir-fried, steamed, pickled |
[21] |
Japanese turnips |
Brassica rapa var. rapifera |
roots, leaves |
eaten raw, boiled, stir-fried, cooked in soups |
[21] |
Chinese potato/Chinese yam/Cinnamon-vine/East Asian mountain yam/Yam |
Dioscorea batatas/D. japonica Thunb./D. opposite |
tubers |
eaten raw, steamed, cooked gruel and pancakes |
Korean radish |
Raphanus sativus |
roots, leaves |
eaten raw, salted, cooked in soups, dried |
||
Baker’s garlic/Rakkyo |
Allium chinense |
bulbs |
pickled |
[21] |
Small radish |
Raphanus sativus L. |
roots, leaves |
salted |
|
Chinese taro/Japanese taro/Taro/ |
Colocasia esculenta |
corms |
cooked in soups, stews, grilled, steamed, simmered |
Balloon-flower |
Platycodon grandifloras (Jacq.) A.DC. |
roots |
eaten raw, boiled as tea |
||
Gonyak |
Amorphophallus konjac |
corms |
Its starch is cooked and made jelly |
[17] |
Bonnet bellflower/Deodeok/Lance Asiabell |
Codonopsis lanceolate (Siebold & Zucc.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Trautv. |
roots |
eaten raw, grilled, salted |
|
Water chestnut |
Eleocharis dulcis (Burm.f.) Trin. ex Hensch./E. tuberosa |
corms |
eaten raw, boiled, pickled, grilled |
Burdock/Great burdock |
Arctium lappa/A. majus/Lappa major, L. edulis |
roots |
blanched, pickled, stir-fried, deep fried, cooked in soups |
||
Lotus roots |
Nelumbo nucifera |
rhizomes |
eaten raw, steamed, stir-fried, pickled |
Horseradish/Japanese horseradish/Wasabi/Wild wasabi |
Eutrema japonica (Miq.) Koidz./Wasabia japonica |
roots |
grated roots are used as seasoning ‘Wasabi’ for Sushi |
||
Daikon |
Raphanus sativus longipinnatus |
roots, leaves |
pickled, simmered, cooked in soups, dried |
Vegetable |
Scientific Names |
Used Parts |
Culinary Uses |
Reference |
Vegetable |
Scientific Names |
Used Parts |
Culinary Uses |
References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Juda’s ear |
Auricularia auricula-judae |
stir-fried |
[17] |
Pine mushroom |
Tricholoma matsutake Sing. |
eaten raw, grilled |
[17] |
||
Lesser rock tripe/Plated rock tripe/Smooth rock tripe |
Manna lichen |
blanched, stir-fried |
[17] |
Straw Mushroom |
Volvariella volvacea |
stir-fried, cooked in soups |
[18] |
||
Oak Mushroom/Shiitake Mushroom |
Lentinus edodes |
stir-fried, cooked in stews, soups, pancakes |
Winter mushroom |
Flammulina velutipes Sing. |
stir-fried, cooked in stews, soups |
[17] |