1. Introduction

Current world requires a huge demand for energy and majority of that energy generation is mainly fossil fuels based. Also, to restraint the carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration in the air, it is time to think for suitable alternatives of fossil fuel-based energy generation and to minimize the CO₂ production. Photovoltaics (PVs) energy generation system can definitely provide an efficient and environmentally friendly solution for a sustainable green earth among all the renewable energy resources. However, the global decarbonisation goal reflects the need for innovative renewable technologies including the development and improvement of solar PV systems with other measures, such as proper business models and behavioural adaptation to reach zero emissions. Since the discovery of solar cells in the 19^th century, they are widely used in various renewable energy generation projects including solar farms, roof-top installations, solar toys, solar windows, solar cars, solar mount street-light, portable solar battery bank systems and spacecraft as well^[1][2][3].

2. Background, Motivation, and Performed work

There are several factors that affecting the performance of solar cells (i.e., mainly the conversion efficiency) including the structural defects to resistance to shading effects still pushing the scientists and researchers around the world to conduct research in this area for the development of various types of solar cells. The light reflection loss is one of the key features that the scientists are trying to improve for all types of solar cells. Different types of solar cells can absorb with different range of light spectra thus also vary the performance and conversion efficiency. However, all types of solar cells suffer less or more for the light reflection losses from its front surface. That is why, various types of thin film anti-reflective (AR) coatings are used to lower this reflection loss but these AR coatings also have limits to absorb a certain light spectrum. In addition, there are some disadvantages on using the AR coating, such as thermal and adhesive mismatch with the substrates, which requires specific choice of material and geometry^[4][5][6][7]. Figure 1 represents a glimpse of various solar cells, basic concept and relation of light guiding towards light trapping into nano-structures.  

Figure 1. This figure is reproduced using the original sources published in References^[1][8][9]; (i) the relative difference in efficiency of a small-area various types of solar cells together with their light absorption range, (ii) a concept of manipulating and guiding the light into a desired direction, (iii) relation in between media dependent angle of incidence and reflection, and (iv) schematic diagram for different types of nano-structured media helpful to engineer the light incidence reflection and trapping inside the nano-structures.

Due to the ability to make gradual changes in refractive index the subwavelength grating (SWG) structures provide excellent antireflective and light trapping properties compared with a planar or flat type thin film. A significant number of research reports have been conducted world-wide and demonstrated using different types of nano-structures, such as diffractive nano-gratings, nanoholes, nanoparticles, double-gratings and random textures for the enhancement of light absorption in solar cells ^{[10][11][12][13][14][15]}. The finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) simulation tool is most commonly used to design, simulate, and analyze the properties of nano-grating structures. The computation is based on the principle of FDTD method, i.e., mesh grid network, and Maxwell's equations. The Opti-wave FDTD simulation results, considering different nano-grating structures, such as triangular, trapezoidal (i.e., hatch top or truncated cone), and rectangular shapes are the main attraction of this encyclopedia entry. The nano-gratings height and aspect ratio are varied during the simulation process in order to find the best condition for capturing more incident light into the GaAs substrate for high conversion efficiency solar cells. A successful development of nanoscopic structure known as Moth's eye that helps to change the refractive index inside the nano-structure medium like the concept of nano-structured gratings and obtained the best light reflection coefficients of optimized nano-structured gratings are shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2. This figure is reproduced using the original simulated results published in Reference ^[1] together with the image of nanoscopic structure of Moth's eye sourced out from the reference ^[16]; (i) image of nanoscopic structure of Moth's eye, and (ii-iv) light reflection spectra obtained for triangular, trapezoidal and rectangular shapes of nano-gratings at different grating-height.

It is confirmed that the increase in nano-grating height leads to a reduction in light reflection, and this trend is satisfied for all nano-grating heights up to a certain range (height). From the simulation performance, we clearly observed that the grating parameters played a significant role in light absorption properties of the nanostructures as can be seen in Figure B (ii, iii, iv). In addition, with the increment of incident angle, the reflection of p-polarized light decreases until it reaches to the minimum reflection level at an angle of 75˚ before it starts to rise again. However, the reflection of s-polarized light always increases for any angle of incidence. The light reflection of un-polarized remains at constant stage from the beginning of 0˚ to 60˚ and then increased exponentially afterwards as observed.

We have demonstrated and reported about the design, simulation and analysis results of the light capturing properties of nano-gratings with different shapes and geometries ^[1]. The optimized nano-structures that can be employed on top of the GaAs solar cells for the enhancement of the light absorption capacity into the solar cells and improving the conversion efficiency of the cells. It was evident from the simulation results that the triangular-shaped nano-grating structures enable to absorb more lights into the GaAs substrate compared with other type of nano-grating shapes. The reason is that a series of consecutive reflections occurs in the grooves (i.e., edges) of the inclined triangular walls and more energy localization happens due to the existence of sharp edges; moreover, using antireflective layer properties, it leads to several-step changes in the refractive indices of the grating geometry. These simulation results confirmed that the use of nano-grating structures enable up to 27% higher light absorption capacity than the conventional or flat type solar cells and thus can increase the conversion efficiency of GaAs solar cells.

3. Conclusion and Prospects

The goal of the work is to focus on the design and simulation of optimized nanostructured gratings suitable for the development of advanced GaAs type solar cells with higher efficiency that can be a step forward towards a self-sustainable green globe.