Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
José López-López
 + 2081 word(s) 2081 2021-11-12 03:21:22 |
2 format corrected.
Beatrix Zheng
 + 63 word(s) 2144 2021-11-18 03:32:46 |

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Video Production Services to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
No, upload directly Yes

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
López-López, J. Implant Treatment by Guided Surgery Supporting Overdentures. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/16091 (accessed on 16 November 2024).
López-López J. Implant Treatment by Guided Surgery Supporting Overdentures. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/16091. Accessed November 16, 2024.
López-López, José. "Implant Treatment by Guided Surgery Supporting Overdentures" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/16091 (accessed November 16, 2024).
López-López, J. (2021, November 17). Implant Treatment by Guided Surgery Supporting Overdentures. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/16091
López-López, José. "Implant Treatment by Guided Surgery Supporting Overdentures." Encyclopedia. Web. 17 November, 2021.
Implant Treatment by Guided Surgery Supporting Overdentures
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/ijerph182211836

This study aimed to show the clinical outcomes of implants inserted by guided surgery supporting mandibular overdentures in edentulous patients. Patients and methods: Mandibular edentulous patients were diagnosed with an oral examination, cone-beam computerized tomography, and diagnostic casts for intermaxillary relations and treated with overdentures over two implants by guided surgery. After flapless surgery, implants were early loaded with an overdenture at 6 weeks.

guided implant surgery overdenture early loading edentulous mandible

1. Introduction

The prosthodontic rehabilitation of edentulous patients by implant-supported restorations is considered a predictable and successful modality of dental treatment [1][2]. The implant-supported overdenture has become the therapy of choice for the edentulous mandible in geriatric patients [3]. Implant-supported overdentures have been proven to be an effective treatment alternative for restoring fully edentulous patients with a high success rate [4]. Moreover, implant-supported mandibular overdentures provide patients with a significant improvement of oral quality of life compared with conventional removable dentures [5].
Guided implant dentistry has rapidly grown in popularity, and is now widely used as a real alternative to planning for surgical and prosthodontic steps of implant treatment [6][7]. During the last decades, the incorporation of three-dimensional imaging technology by the introduction of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) allowed the acquisition of the bone volume and density of the jaws in a simple protocol and with a considerable reduction of radiation absorbed by the patient [8][9].
The development of specific software in clinical guided implant dentistry provides a virtual method to treatment planning of flapless implant surgery in rehabilitation of totally and partially edentulous patients [10][11]. The accuracy of positioning of the implants in alveolar ridges must be considered an important factor in clinical situations with limited bone volume. In geriatric edentulous patients, the loss of mandibular teeth induces many anatomical changes, particularly regarding its shape, volume, and density. The diagnosis of these bone characteristics by CBCT allows a clinician to select the best implant surgery to achieve good primary stability and fast osseointegration [12][13].
Several studies have reported excellent clinical outcomes of guided implant treatment in fully edentulous patients, demonstrating that this comprehensive approach has a good implant survival and that implant-supported fixed prosthesis can be delivered to the patient [14][15]. The use of CBCT to plan the insertion of implants by surgical guides, aided by specific software, includes the use of a flapless technique with an important reduction of surgery times, postoperative pain, and better patient comfort [16][17].
However, only a few clinical studies have evaluated the efficacy of guided implant dentistry in the treatment of edentulous patients with overdentures [18][19]. There are only several case reports available to document the feasibility of this technique for overdentures [20][21][22][23][24]. This technique of guided flapless implant surgery has been suggested for the geriatric edentulous mandibular patients because CBCT allows that certain anatomical structures (mental foramina, inferior alveolar nerve) are easily identified and protected [12][13][18][21]. The prosthetic approach with overdenture induces the choice of implant position whose characteristics (shape, surface, thread) are consistent with the underlying bone diagnosis (volume and cortical density and trabecular spaces) [20][22]. Additionally, guided implant dentistry minimizes the possibility of postoperative soft tissue loss and reduces the surgery duration compared to patients with conventional flaps [23].

2. Analysis on Results

Twenty-eight implants were inserted in 14 edentulous mandible patients, 9 females, and 5 males. No significant statistical differences were found related to sex and age (chi-square test, p = 0.87208). Four patients (28.6%) had a previous history of periodontitis. Five patients (35.7%) were smokers (Table 1). Nine patients (64.3%) exhibited medical conditions (i.e., diabetes, cardiovascular diseases).
Table 1. Description of patients’ characteristics.
  n %
Females 9 64.3
Males 5 35.7
History of periodontitis 4 28.6
Smokers 5 35.7
Medical conditions 9 64.3
n = patient.
The average follow-up period was 44.7 ± 31.4 months (ranged: 12–84 months). Twenty-eight implants (100%) had a diameter of 4 mm. Twenty implants (71.4%) were 10 mm in length, and 8 (28.6%) were 12 mm. No implant was lost during the follow-up (Table 2). The cumulative survival rate for all implants was 100%.
Table 2. Description of implant’s characteristics.
  n %
4 mm implant diameter 28 100
10 mm implant length 20 71.4
12 mm implant length 8 28.6
Loss of implant 0 0
n = implant.
During the follow-up period, four implants (14.3%) in two patients (14.3%) were associated with peri-implantitis (Table 3). Peri-implantitis was more frequent in those patients with a previous history of periodontitis (50%) and smoking patients (40%).
Table 3. Description of patients with complications.
  n %
Implant loss 0 0
Peri-implantitis 2 14.3
Technical complications 4 28.6
n = implant.
The mean marginal bone loss was 1.25 ± 0.94 mm, ranging from 0.8 to 1.7 mm during the follow-up evaluation (Table 4). In patients less than 70 years, the marginal bone loss was 0.91 ± 0.88 mm compared with 1.50 ± 0.80 for more than 70 years, with statistical differences (ANOVA; p = 0.0077) (Table 4).
Table 4. Mean marginal bone loss of patients.
Age * ≤70 years >70 years  
  0.91 ± 0.88 1.50 ± 0.80 p = 0.0077
Gender Female Male  
  1.21 ± 0.90 1.32 ± 1.04 p = 0.6763
History of periodontitis + -  
  1.40 ± 1.10 1.19 ± 0.88 p = 0.4436
Smokers + -  
  1.32 ± 1.04 1.21 ± 0.90 p = 0.6763
Medical conditions + 1.25
-		  
  1.38 ± 0.93 1.00 ± 0.86 p = 0.1173
Follow-up * ≤5 years >5 years  
  0.93 ± 0.81 1.66 ± 0.58 p = 0.0001
Total 1.25 ± 0.94 (0.8–1.7)  
(*) Statistically significant.
In female patients, the marginal bone loss was 1.21 ± 0.90 compared with 1.32 ± 1.04 in male patients, without statistical differences (ANOVA; p = 0.6763) (Table 4).
In patients with a history of periodontitis, the marginal bone loss was 1.40 ± 1.10 compared with 1.19 ± 0.88 in patients without a history of periodontitis, without statistical differences (ANOVA; p = 0.4436) (Table 4).
In smoking patients, the marginal bone loss was 1.32 ± 1.04; while that in patients without smoking habits was 1.21 ± 0.90 mm. No significant statistical differences were found (ANOVA; p = 0.6763) (Table 4).
In patients with systemic diseases, the marginal bone loss was 1.38 ± 0.93; and 1.00 ± 0.86 for patients without medical conditions without statistical differences (ANOVA; p = 0.1173) (Table 4).
In patients with a follow-up less than 5 years, the marginal bone loss was 0.93 ± 0.81 compared with 1.66 ± 0.58 with a follow-up more than 5 years, with statistical differences (ANOVA; p = 0.0001) (Table 4).
After 6 weeks of healing period, 14 overdentures were performed over 28 implants placed in the patients. Mechanical prosthodontic complications were recorded in four patients (28.5%). (Table 3). Two patients (14.2%) showed resin fracture of a prosthesis, and two patients (14.2%) needed the change of locator-attachment system.

3. Current Insights

The imaging diagnosis by CBCT allows the clinician to reduce the risk of damaging vital structures in mandibular areas with limited residual bone. The surgical placement of implants in the anterior edentulous mandible for overdenture treatment is a predictable option with long-term successful results. However, implant-guided surgery in the atrophic anterior mandible presents several anatomic challenges owing to the vascular and neurologic structures related to this region. The incorporation and development of CBCT have resulted in a better appreciation of the risks involved with surgery in this area [14][15].
Moreover, in the anatomical diagnosis of the edentulous mandible, the assessment of the bone volume and density of the mandible by CBCT allows a practitioner to select the best implant design and surface to achieve good primary stability and speed osseointegration. All patients of the present study were evaluated, by CBCT, before the surgery to assess the specific bone characteristics, as cortical density and trabecular spaces, choosing the best location for the placement of implants, also according to prosthodontic approach with overdentures [12].
In the present study, based on the clinical and CBCT findings and the patient’s expectations, treatment planning was established to place two implants in the anterior mandible by using flapless surgery. Fourteen patients received 28 implants, inserted through a flapless guided surgery. No implants were lost, during the mean clinical follow-up of 44.7 ± 31.4 months. The cumulative implant survival rate was 100%. Flapless implant surgery is a minimally invasive surgical approach that has several important advantages for both the clinician and the patient [14][15]. Flapless guided implant surgery increases the ability to insert implants more precisely, specifically in fully edentulous cases, with an important reduction of surgery duration, better clinical conditions after surgery, and the possibility of placing restorations for immediate loading. Computer-guided dental implant systems also provide necessary information for the prosthetic evaluation of mandibular edentulous patients [18][19][20][21][22][23][24].
Evidence provided by implant-supported mandibular overdenture research on different loading protocols is important. Several systematic reviews have been published about the clinical applicability of conventional-, early-, and immediate-loaded implants for overdenture treatment. Among the studies, the mandibular overdenture design included the use of two, three, and four implants and different attachment systems as locator, bar, and balls [25][26][27].
The mean MBL found by us (1.25 mm) is higher than that reported by Galindo et al. in 2015 [28], who published a 0.6 mm loss (mean distal and mesial) at 6 months; and 1.11 mm at 18 months (mean distal and mesial). Our study has a mean follow-up of 44.7 months (±31.4), and if we analyze other studies, such as the one by Palacios-Garzón et al. [29], they accept a loss of less than 2 mm in the first year. However, we must not forget that losses greater than 0.5 mm in the first year increase the risk of presenting peri-implantitis in the long term by 5.43 times [30]. Both in the cases of peri-implantitis, and with regard to the MBL data, we have not been able to relate them to the height of the locator-attachment system used, all of which is that the literature refers to a higher bone order in the lower systems [31][32].
Computer-guided surgery in the rehabilitation with overdentures, by immediate loading of four implants, of edentulous mandibular patients has been investigated in several studies [18][19][24][27]. During a follow-up of 2 years, 10 consecutive patients were restored with implant-supported overdentures [18]. Patients were treated with four intraforaminal implants using a computer-guided flapless approach. No implant was lost. Patients demonstrate the ability of oral hygiene for maintenance of peri-implant tissue health. The satisfaction of patients was very high. These results reported that computer-assisted implant dentistry can be a predictable protocol for treating elderly edentulous patients with a mandibular overdenture [18]. These satisfying results were confirmed by a recent one-year randomized controlled clinical trial [19]. Thirty mandibular edentulous patients were rehabilitated using overdentures supported by four implants, inserted by guided surgery in canine and second premolar position. These patients were randomly distributed into two groups, performing an immediate loading protocol using resilient stud (locator) or stress-free implant bar (SFI-Bar) attachments. After a one-year follow-up, implant survival in the locator group was 96.6%, while in the group using SFI-Bars, it was 98.3%. The locator showed significantly higher overall satisfaction, satisfaction with retention, comfort, and cleanliness of overdentures compared to bar-overdenture-rehabilitated patients. [19].
Immediate loading of two implants in overdentures by guided surgery, in edentulous mandibular patients, has been investigated in some clinical cases [22][23]. In these clinical situations was necessary high primary implant stability measured by resonance frequency analysis. Implant stability quotient values over 65, which was a prerequisite for the immediate loading, should be accomplished. Locator abutments were inserted on the implants and the metal housings were seated on the locators [23]. Another type of used retention system of overdentures was magnetic attachments [22].
In the present study, after guided placement of implants, the treatment planning was the early delivery of implant-retained overdentures at 6 weeks. No implants were lost, during the clinical follow-up. The cumulative implant survival rate was 100%. Early loading of two implants placed in edentulous mandibular patients can be a reliable and predictable technique for implant-supported overdentures [25][26]. Although all three loading protocols (conventional, early, immediate) provide high survival rates of treatment with overdentures, early- and conventional-loading protocols are still better documented than immediate loading and seem to result in fewer implant failures during the first year of clinical follow-up [25].
Marginal bone loss in overdentures by guided surgery implants has been reported in a recent study [19]. The marginal bone loss of immediately loaded implants ranged from 0.68 to 0.83 mm after a 1-year clinical follow-up. Similar mean values were obtained in locator (0.83 ± 0.10 mm) and bar retention systems (0.87 ± 0.13 mm). Marginal bone loss was significantly higher at 12 months compared with 6 months. This increased marginal bone loss can be due to the bone response to overdenture loading and bone maturation combined with functional occlusal forces [19]. In the present study, the mean marginal bone loss was 1.25 ± 0.94 mm during a follow-up period of 44.7 ± 31.4 months. Clinical outcomes showed a higher significant marginal bone loss in patients for more than 70 years and followed more than 5 years. Additionally, a common history of medical conditions (64.3%), smoking (35.7%), and periodontitis background (28.6%) can explain the higher mean values of marginal bone loss in the patients of the present study.
The global satisfaction of patients with computer-guided surgery and prosthetic rehabilitation with overdentures is very high because the postoperative pain and discomfort is very low and improves the compliance in the functional and aesthetic outcomes of prosthodontic treatment [5][18][24]. However, biological and technical complications had also been reported in several studies of treatment with implants placed using computer-guided surgery [27][33]. In the present study, four implants (14.3%) in two patients (14.3%) were associated with peri-implantitis. Peri-implantitis was more frequent in those patients with a previous history of periodontitis (50%) and smoking patients (40%). Additionally, the locators abutments can show an important vertical bone loss with higher plaque and gingival scores and increased probing depth with the progress of time that can explain the development of peri-implantitis in susceptible patients (i.e., periodontitis background and smoking habits) [19].
Prosthodontic complications were frequent in the present study. Four patients (28.5%) showed some kind of technical complications. Two patients (14.2%) showed resin fracture of the prosthesis, and two patients (14.2%) needed the change of locator-attachment system. The matrix resiliency among different locator systems can eventually be compromised by insertion and removal of the overdenture. This prosthetic complication may require reactivation or even replacement of the matrix; however, this maintenance procedure can be easily provided by the clinician in clinical practice [26].

References

  1. Attard, N.J.; Zarb, G.A. Long-term treatment outcomes in edentulous patients with implant-fixed prostheses: The Toronto study. Int. J. Prosthodont. 2004, 17, 417–424.
  2. Velasco-Ortega, E.; Jiménez-Guerra, A.; Monsalve-Guil, L.; Ortiz-García, I.; Nicolás-Silvente, A.I.; Segura-Egea, J.J.; López-López, J. Long-term clinical outcomes of treatment with dental implants with acid etched surface. Materials 2020, 13, 1553.
  3. Reissmann, D.R.; Dard, M.; Lamprecht, R.; Struppek, J.; Heydecke, G. Oral health-related quality of life in subjects with implant-supported prostheses: A systematic review. J. Dent. 2017, 65, 22–40.
  4. Anas El-Wegoud, M.; Fayyad, A.; Kaddah, A.; Nabhan, A. Bar versus ball attachments for implant-supported overdentures in complete edentulism: A systematic review. Clin. Implant Dent. Relat. Res. 2018, 20, 243–250.
  5. Cardoso, R.G.; de Melo, L.A.; Barbosa, G.A.S.; Calderón, P.D.S.; Germano, A.R.; Mestriner, W., Jr.; Carreiro, A.F.P. Impact of mandibular conventional denture and overdenture on quality of life and masticatory efficiency. Braz. Oral Res. 2016, 30, 102–110.
  6. Vercruyssen, M.; Laleman, I.; Jacobs, R.; Quirynen, M. Computer-supported implant planning and guided surgery: A narrative review. Clin. Oral Implants Res. 2015, 26, 69–76.
  7. Colombo, M.; Mangano, C.; Mijiritsky, E.; Krebs, M.; Hauschild, U.; Fortin, T. Clinical applications and effectiveness of guided implant surgery: A critical review based on randomized controlled trials. BMC Oral Health 2017, 17, 150.
  8. Bornstein, M.M.; Horner, K.; Jacobs, R. Use of cone beam computed tomography in implant dentistry: Current concepts, indications and limitations for clinical practice and research. Periodontol 2000 2017, 73, 51–72.
  9. Liu, J.; Chen, H.Y.; Dodo, H.; Yousef, H.; Firestone, A.R.; Chaudhry, J.; Johnston, W.M.; Lee, D.J.; Emam, H.A.; Kim, D.G. Efficacy of cone-beam computed tomography in evaluating bone quality for optimum implant treatment planning. Implant Dent. 2017, 26, 405–411.
  10. Hultin, M.; Svensson, K.G.; Trulsson, M. Clinical advantages of computer-guided implant placement: A systematic review. Clin. Oral Implants Res. 2012, 23, 124–135.
  11. D’Haese, J.; Ackhurst, J.; Wismeijer, D.; de Bruyn, H.; Tahmaseb, A. Current state of the art of computer-guided implant surgery. Periodontol 2000 2017, 73, 121–133.
  12. Mense, C.; Saliba-Serre, B.; Ferrandez, A.M.; Hüe, O.; Ruquet, M.; Lalys, L. Cone beam computed tomography analysis of the edentulous mandibular symphysis. J. Dent. Sci. 2021, 16, 115–122.
  13. Shelley, A.M.; Ferrero, A.; Brunton, P.; Goodwin, M.; Horner, K. The impact of CBCT imaging when placing dental implants in the anterior edentulous mandible: A before–after study. Br. Dent. J. 2018, 224, 1–11.
  14. Vieira, D.M.; Sotto-Maior, B.S.; Barros, C.A.; Reis, E.S.; Francischone, C.E. Clinical accuracy of flapless computer-guided surgery for implant placement in edentulous arches. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants 2013, 28, 1347–1351.
  15. Velasco-Ortega, E.; Jiménez-Guerra, A.; Ortiz-Garcia, I.; Moreno-Muñoz, J.; Núñez-Márquez, E.; Cabanillas-Balsera, D.; López-López, J.; Monsalve-Guil, L. Immediate loading of implants placed by guided surgery in geriatric edentulous mandible patients. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4125.
  16. Marra, R.; Acocella, A.; Rispoli, A.; Sacco, R.; Ganz, S.D.; Blasi, A. Full-mouth rehabilitation with immediate loading of implants inserted with computer-guided flapless surgery: A 3-year multicenter clinical evaluation with oral health impact profile. Impl. Dent. 2013, 22, 444–452.
  17. Komiyama, A.; Klinge, B.; Hultin, M. Treatment outcome of immediately loaded implants installed in edentulous jaws following computer-assisted virtual treatment planning and flapless surgery. Clin. Oral Implant Res. 2008, 19, 677–685.
  18. Di Torresanto, V.M.; Milinkovic, I.; Torsello, F.; Cordaro, L. Computer-assisted flapless implant surgery in edentulous elderly patients: A 2-year follow up. Quintessence Int. 2014, 45, 419–429.
  19. Elsyad, M.A.; Alsabri, M.A.; Elgamal, M.; Al-Tonbary, G.Y. Resilient stud versus bar attachments for immediately loaded implants supporting mandibular overdentures: 1-year randomized controlled clinical trial. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants 2021, 36, 346–354.
  20. Wada, M.; Andoh, T.; Gonda, T.; Maeda, Y. Implant placement with a guided surgery system based on stress analyses utilizing the bone density: A clinical case report. J. Oral Impl. 2014, 40, 603–606.
  21. Bidra, A.S. Flapless implant surgery to overcome anatomic challenges in the anterior mandible for overdenture therapy: A clinical report. J. Prosthet. Dent. 2014, 111, 175–180.
  22. Sato, D.; Kanazawa, M.; Kim, Y.K.; Yokoyama, S.; Omura, Y.; Ozeki, M.; Minakuchi, S.; Kasugai, S.; Baba, K. Immediate loading of two freestanding implants placed by computer-guided flapless surgery supporting a mandibular overdenture with magnetic attachments. J. Prosthodont. Res. 2016, 60, 54–62.
  23. Turkyilmaz, I. Restoring edentulous mandible with an implant-retained overdenture in a day by means of flapless surgery and stereolithographic surgical guide: A case report. J. Oral Maxillofac. Res. 2019, 10, 5.
  24. Agusto, M.; Kordusky, B.; Bryington, M.S.; Salman, A.; Schincaglia, G.P. Immediate loading of four guided unsplinted narrow implants supporting a maxillary overdenture: A minimally invasive approach. Clin. Adv. Periodontics 2021.
  25. Schimmel, M.; Srinivasan, M.; Herrmann, F.R.; Müller, F. Loading protocols for implant-supported overdentures in the edentulous jaw: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants 2014, 29, 271–286.
  26. Borges, G.A.; Costa, R.C.; Nagay, B.E.; Magno, M.B.; Maia, L.C.; Barão, V.A.R.; Mesquita, M.F. Long-term outcomes of different loading protocols for implant-supported mandibular overdentures: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Prosthet. Dent. 2021, 125, 732–745.
  27. Wittwer, G.; Adeyemo, W.L.; Wagner, A.; Enislidis, G. Computer-guided flapless placement and immediate loading of four conical screw-type implants in the edentulous mandible. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 2007, 18, 534–539.
  28. Galindo-Moreno, P.; León-Cano, A.; Ortega-Oller, I.; Monje, A.; O’ Valle, F.; Catena, A. Marginal bone loss as success criterion in implant dentistry: Beyond 2 mm. Clin. Oral Implants Res. 2015, 26, e28–e34.
  29. Palacios-Garzón, N.; Mauri-Obradors, E.; Roselló-LLabrés, X.; Estrugo-Devesa, A.; Jané-Salas, E.; López-López, J. Comparison of marginal bone loss between implants with internal and external connections: A systematic review. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants 2018, 33, 580–589.
  30. Windael, S.; Collaert, B.; de Buyser, S.; de Bruyn, H.; Vervaeke, S. Early peri-implant bone loss as a predictor for peri-implantitis: A 10-year prospective cohort study. Clin. Implant Dent. Relat. Res. 2021, 23, 298–308.
  31. Spinato, S.; Stacchi, C.; Lombardi, T.; Bernardello, F.; Messina, M.; Zaffe, D. Biological width establishment around dental implants is influenced by abutment height irrespective of vertical mucosal thickness: A cluster randomized controlled trial. Clin. Oral Implants Res. 2019, 30, 649–659.
  32. Spinato, S.; Stacchi, C.; Lombardi, T.; Bernardello, F.; Messina, M.; Dovigo, S.; Zaffe, D. Influence of abutment height and vertical mucosal thickness on early marginal bone loss around implants: A randomised clinical trial with an 18-month post- loading clinical and radiographic evaluation. Int. J. Oral Implantol. 2020, 13, 279–290.
  33. Van Doorne, L.; Gholami, P.; D’haese, J.; Hommez, G.; Meijer, G.; de Bruyn, H. Three-dimensional radiographic outcome of free-handed flaplessly placed mini dental implants in edentulous maxillae after 2-years function. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 2120.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
José López-López
View Times: 402
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 18 Nov 2021
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    ScholarVision Creations
    Feedback