Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Alina Pyka-Pająk
 + 2756 word(s) 2756 2021-07-01 10:11:55 |
2 update references and layout
Amina Yu
 Meta information modification 2756 2021-10-29 10:43:17 |

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Video Production Services to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
No, upload directly Yes

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Pyka-Pająk, A. Synthetic Bioactive Compounds and Chromatography. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/15540 (accessed on 16 November 2024).
Pyka-Pająk A. Synthetic Bioactive Compounds and Chromatography. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/15540. Accessed November 16, 2024.
Pyka-Pająk, Alina. "Synthetic Bioactive Compounds and Chromatography" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/15540 (accessed November 16, 2024).
Pyka-Pająk, A. (2021, October 29). Synthetic Bioactive Compounds and Chromatography. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/15540
Pyka-Pająk, Alina. "Synthetic Bioactive Compounds and Chromatography." Encyclopedia. Web. 29 October, 2021.
Synthetic Bioactive Compounds and Chromatography
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/pr9071100

Natural and synthetic bioactive compounds occur in foods in small quantities and represent a wide group of chemical compounds. Because of the complexity of food matrices, the separation and next accurate determination of their bioactive constituents with different chemical structure requires an universal analytical methodology like liquid and gas chromatography or combination of both chromatographic techniques.

bioactive compounds food separation techniques liquid chromatography gas chromatography

1. Introduction

Food samples are very complex mixtures consisting not only of naturally occurring bioactive compounds with beneficial role on human health like for example vitamins, minerals, antioxidants but other substances coming from agrochemical treatments i.e., pesticides as well as promotors animals growth or veterinary drugs. Therefore monitoring the level of different veterinary drugs or organic pesticides coming from agrochemical treatments in food and food products could ensure the safety of potential consumers. Natural and synthetic bioactive compounds occur in foods in small quantities and represent a wide group of chemical compounds. Because of the complexity of food matrices, the separation and next accurate determination of their bioactive constituents with different chemical structure requires an universal analytical methodology like liquid and gas chromatography or combination of both chromatographic techniques.

For this fact, this article reviews new strategies including advanced equipment and validation parameters of liquid and gas chromatography methods dedicated for the identification and quantitative analysis of natural and synthetic bioactive compounds occurring in food and food products within the period of 2019–2021 (January). Special attention is given to optimization including the validation process of chromatographic analysis performed by using thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and gas chromatography (GC) coupled with different detection modes ((TLC-UV/Vis, TLC-densitometry, HPTLC-MS, HPLC-UV/Vis, HPLC-DAD(PDA), HPLC-MS, HPLC-MS/MS, HPLC-TQ-ESI-MS/MS, GC-MS , GC-MS/MS, GC-CPI-MS/MS)) as well as the combined chromatographic techniques e.g., HPLC/GC that may be valuable for the separation, screening, quantitative determination or evaluation of certain physicochemical and pharmacological properties of many including the newly developed natural and synthetic bioactive compounds in food and food products.

2. Thin Layer Chromatography

Liquid chromatography, including thin-layer chromatography, along with other chromatographic techniques, is one of the most popular methods used in the current analysis of bioorganic and bioinorganic compounds in different including food samples [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14].

The recently published papers indicate that thin-layer chromatography was successfully used for the quantification of selected antibiotics, alkaloids, aromatic amines, and gallic acid in food [1][2][3][4]. [2] shows a rapid and sensitive HPTLC method with densitometry for the quantification of trigonelline content as important bioactive constituent of Arabic coffees at the level of ng/spot [2]. Another study [3] indicates the use of HPTLC-DPPH (high-performance thin-layer chromatography coupled with the use of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method for rapid and simple screening of antioxidant constituents i.e., gallic acid in honey, in natural food products. Another study describes a novel and fully validated HPTLC-MS method for the rapid identification and determination of toxic aryl azo amines in food matrices.

Another authors; Turkmen and Kurada [6] confirmed the utility of HPTLC on silica gel 60F254plates with densitometric measurements to asses next toxic compound, namely patulin as contamination of fruit-based baby foods in Turkey.

In the vast majority of analyzes, fatty acids are investigated using the GC technique as fatty acid methyl esters. However, Dąbrowska et al. [7] developed a TLC method in combination with densitometry for the determination of omega-3 fatty acids: linolenic (ALA), docosahexaenoic (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acids (EPA) in 15 dietary supplements and 5 cooking products.

Some studies indicate the important role of TLC and HPTLC methods as comprehensive techniques for the detection and identification of pesticides and the toxicity caused by these compounds [8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Several new chromogenic reagents have been reported in the literature such as diphenylamine reagent for detection of organochloro insecticide endosulfan [8], stannous chloride and hydrochloric acid (reducing reagent) followed by a sodium nitrite in hydrochloric acid (coupling reagent) and β-napthol in sodium hydroxide for the detection of herbicide oxyfluorten [9], chloranil reagent with nitric acid for detection of organophosporus insecticide monocrotophos [10], 4-amminoantipyrene reagent with potassium ferricyanide for detection and identification of 2,4-dichlorophenol, an intermediate of 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) herbicide [11], cupric acetate reagent for detection of organophosphate insecticide profenofos [12], and cobalt thiocyanate reagent for detection of organophosporus herbicide glyphosate [13]. [14] developed an HPTLC method for the determination of residues of various pesticides in brinjal samples from a market of Pakistan. The authors showed that HPTLC can be an alternative method to HPLC for the detection of pesticide residues.

The scientific literature cited and discussed above indicates that TLC/HPTLC can be successfully used to detect and quantify a wide variety of synthetic and natural classes of bioactive compounds occurring in food and food products. There are many reports in the scientific literature combining TLC with a densitometry. However, there is an increase of works linking TLC with MS. Therefore, it seems that in the next few years there should be more scientific papers using TLC/MS.

3. Column Liquid Chromatography

Extensive review of literature published in the two last years indicates that high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with different detection systems such as ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV), photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA), or coupled to mass spectrometry or tandem mass spectrometry called as HPLC-MS and HPLC-MS/MS respectively is a powerful analytical tool with many applications including food analysis [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65].

Due the widespread use of agricultural chemicals in food production, people are exposed to low levels of pesticide residues through their diets. Because the organic pesticides usually exist in very small amounts in food samples and have different chemical structure containing, for example, triazine, imidazolinone, phenyluracyl, or macrocyclic lactone structure, thus there is a need to develop efficient and sensitive CLC systems for the simultaneous determination of compounds that are dangerous to human health, present in food and food products which belong to one of the presented groups as well as to various groups (i.e., multiclass pesticides) The current literature review indicates that validated high performance liquid chromatography is a powerful analytical technique used to determine many single or multi-class pesticides present in different food matrices. Because of its high selectivity and sensitivity, HPLC and UHPLC in combination with MS/MS have mostly been used in this field especially to determine the insecticides and herbicides belonging to organophosphorus compounds, imidazolinone and pyridine carboxylic acid derivatives, and in study of samples containing multiclass pesticides [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][26][29][30][31][32][33].

However, owing to the new SPE (solid phase extraction) systems consisting novel polymers as adsorbents e.g., porous organic polymer Car-DMB, Py-DMB HCP (heterocyclic hypercrosslinked polymer), HPLC analysis further allows the quantification of some pesticides in food samples at concentrations of ng/g [24][27]. In addition, the HPLC-MS/MS methods with electrospray ionization (ESI) and quadrupole trap (QTRAP) in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode have been also employed in the analysis of various pesticides [22][23][29][33]. Whereas UHPLC-Q Orbitrap-ESI-MS/MS has been applied for the determination of highly polar pesticides and contaminants (glyphosate, aminomethyl phosphonic acid (AMPA), phosphonic acid, fosetyl-Al, chlorate, and perchlorate) in processed fruits, vegetables, and infant foods [21].

Studies [18][32] indicate that chiral LC-TQ-ESI-MS/MS and UPLC-TQ-ESI-MS/MS in MRM mode have been successfully applied to the simultaneous enantioselective determination of chiral pesticides in different vegetables and fruits. Martínez et al. [26] determined 27 acidic herbicides and 8 phytohormones in fruits and vegetables using UHPLC-TQ-ESI-MS/MS technique in the MRM mode.

Several papers created during the last two years [34][35][36][37][38][39][40] demonstrate the importance of different CLC procedures to determine selected veterinary drugs in animal food and food products belonging to various groups including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDS), some antibiotics, and others according to EU Commission Decision 2002/657/EC requirements [34] to guarantee food safety.

Whereas, LC-MS/MS methods with triple quadrupole (TQ), electrospray ionization (ESI) in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode have been used for the determination of multiclass NSAIDs in meat of swine, chicken, eggs, and bovine [36][37][39]. Developed chiral UHPLC-TQ-ESI-MS/MS in MRM mode have been successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of four profens enantiomers including naproxen, carprofen, indoprofen, and flurbiprofen in fish tissues [38]. The obtained LODs and LOQs for each enantiomer ranged from 1 to 8 ng/g and 2 to 10 ng/g, respectively [38].

Kurjogi et al. [48] applied an HPLC-UV for the detection of antibiotics in milk samples originating from the dairy herds located in India. Similarly, Dinh et al. [49] elaborated QuEChERS-LC-MS/MS clean up method with UHPLC-MS/MS for the analysis of sulfonamides and potentiators, macrolides, lincosamides, quinolones and fluoroquinolones, nitrofurans, nitroimidazoles, chloramphenicol, triphenyl-methane dyes, teracyclines, and metabolites in cultured and wild seafood sold (in red-meat fish, white-meat fish, and shrimp).

Studies confirm the vital role of HPLC with diode array detection method and mass spectrometry for the analysis of some steroids in current residual food analysis of meat products and eggs coming from farmed animals, thus to control steroids in meat [41][42]. A reliable and sensitive UHPLC-MS method was also constructed by Han and Liu to detect 17 endogenous and exogenous steroid hormones including estrogens, androgens, glucocorticosteroids, and mineralocorticosteroids in Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba Dana) [43].

Another study shows the utility of HPLC with MS/MS based on the operation of a triple quadrupole (LC-ESI-MS/MS) for quality control of the species of meat or products by determining the presence of thermostable dipeptides (e.g., anserine, carnosine and balenin) [50].

Some studies demonstrate the important role of HPLC with UV, DAD, or FL detector as well as UHPLC-MS/MS in the study of patulin (mycotoxin) and related compounds in fruits e.g., mangoes, apples, grapes, oranges, and fruit products (juices and drinks) for children [51][52][53][54][55][56][57]. In this case C18 column and different usually binary mobile phases consisting, for example, of eluent A: 10 mM ammonium acetate in water and eluent B: 10 mM ammonium acetate in methanol [51] or acetonitrile-water [53] with gradient elution have been successfully applied. These methods allowed determining patulin at different levels given in µg/mL or µg/kg [51][52][53][54][55][56][57].

Several authors have also described the analytical methodologies based on HPLC to characterize the food composition i.e., to detect especially a new bioactive compounds with nutritional value and a proper biological activity, for example, antioxidant properties that are present in vegetables and fruits consumed in various countries. Developed methods are necessary to control the quality/authenticity of food and have been carried out by researchers during the last two years.

Numerous studies indicate that HPLC is the method of choice due to its precision and sensitivity for the determination and quantification of natural as well as synthetic antioxidants in various food/food products [44][45][46][58][59][60][61][62][63]. The main group of antioxidants investigated were phenolic compounds, especially phenolic acids, catechins, and flavonoids. [44] developed and validated an HPLC-DAD method for the identification of selected synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) in chewing gum, noodle, snacks, nut, chocolate, fruit juices, coffee, oat, and biscuits. [58] shows the utility of this technique for the determination of phenolic acids (16) and flavonoids (14) profiles in honey samples, thus for quality control of honey.

Gbylik-Sikorska et al. [45] developed for the first time an UHPLC-MS/MS method for the estimation of the pharmacokinetic parameters of quercetin in milk samples of dairy cows.

A few papers indicate the HPLC studies of different phenolic compounds in green coffee and the fruits of the three European plum cultivators [46][59].

Pepe et al. [60] undertook the study of the composition of polyphenols (26) and anthocyanins (12) found inCitrus sinensisandVitis vinifera. RP-UHPLC-PDA combined with LCMS-IT-TOF (ion trap-time of flight mass spectrometer) was used in analysis of polyphenols and anthocyanins. HPLC with UV-Vis detection was also used for the determination of anthocyanin in skins and seeds of five Greek red grape varieties [61].

Similar study by means of HPLC-MS/MS method was performed to estimate the contents of some antioxidant components in grapevine seedsVitis viniferaL cultivated in Italy [62]. The results of chromatographic analysis confirmed the presence of nine major flavonoids (apigenin, astragalin, hyperoside, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin, quercitrin, and rutin) and two procyanidins (procyanidin A2and procyanidin B) in the studied extracts.

Carotenoids and polyphenols were evaluated and quantified by HPLC-DAD and UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS, respectively, in two-pigmentedLactuca sativa L. var.[63]. Separation and quantification of carotenoids were performed by HPLC-DAD on C18 column. Polyphenols analysis was performed by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS on biphenyl column. LODs and LOQs of analyzed compounds were in the range of 0.03–0.05 and 0.10–0.16 ng/g, respectively.

Another author Cirilli et al. [64] investigated iberin (an isothiocynate with chemoprevention of different tumors) in natural products and in different food supplements. Analysis was performed by UHPLC-PDA-ESI/MS. Three degradation products of iberin were identified, namely: thiourea, methyl thiocarbamate, and ethyl thiocarbamate.

Summarizing, it can be stated that the studies described above confirm that validated high-performance liquid chromatography methods coupled with DAD, UV-Vis, MS/MS, and HPLC-TQ-ESI-MS/MS are the powerful tools in analysis i.e., separation, identification, and quantification of different natural and synthetic bioactive compounds occurring in food and food products for different purposes, i.e., authenticity and safety of food and food products.

It was stated that examined by column liquid chromatography bioactive compounds in food samples belonged to different chemical classes e.g., steroids, phenolic compounds, variety antibiotics (fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, β-lactams), organophosphorus, phenyluracyl or triazines pesticides, and others. Therefore, both the factors, chemical diversity and the complexity of investigated mixtures, i.e., the kind of studied matrix were the biggest challenges in the case of HPLC technique and were accurately described in this review paper. A broad variety of packing material of column including a new one such as molecularly imprinted magnetic polymers as well as modern extraction systems like solid-phase extraction and salting-out extraction combined with switchable-hydrophilicity solvent liquid–liquid microextraction to sample preparation allow separation and quantification of new bioactive compounds like synthetic antioxidants or trace levels of different chemical groups of pesticides simultaneously (i.e., multiclass pesticides) in food. The use of chiral stationary phases improves the separation and determination of the selected stereoisomers (S- and R-form) of some imidazolinonen herbicides in food samples (e.g., soybean, peanut, wheat, maize, rice) and some NSAIDs belonging to profens

Properly validated for optimal conditions HPLC method by means of DAD (PDA) and UV-Vis detector with gradient elution program makes this technique enough sensitive for the quantitative determination of different bioactive compounds including the selected pesticides and drugs in food samples in μg/mL or ng/g, respectively.

4. Gas Chromatography

Recent literature review shows that gas chromatography coupled to single or tandem mass spectrometric approaches (GC-MS, GC-MS/MS) served as an efficient tool for the determination of various organic compounds in food samples. GC was used to quantify: 200 multiclass pesticides in fruits [66]; 14 lipophilic pesticides in raw propolis [67]; 5 organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) in fruit juice and water [68], endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) i.e., alkylphenols; 4 phenylphenols, bisphenol A; 7 parabens; 11 OPPs and triclosan in different cereal-based foodstuffs [69]; 4 isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane; 6 pyrethroid pesticides i.e., bifenthrin, fenpropathrin, cyhalothrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin in milk [70]; 133 multiclass pesticides in pericarpium citri reticulatae (chenpi) [71]; 5 NSAIDs i.e., ibuprofen, paracetamol, diclofenac, naproxen, ketoprofen; 3 natural estrogens i.e., estrone, 17β-estradiol, estriol in MusselsMytilus edulis trossulus[72] , glyoxal and methylglyoxal in different alcoholic beverage and fermented foods [73], essential fatty acids in cereals and green vegetables [74], and fatty acids in grilled pork [75].

Crude fat, total saturated acids, and totaltransfatty acids in home meal replacements, and restaurant foods were analyzed using GC-FID Total crude fat contents were 0.61 ÷ 6.75 g/100 g, and 0.22 ÷ 5.69 g/100 g for home meal replacements and restaurant foods, respectively. Totaltransfatty acids contents were 0.0 ÷ 0.11 g/100 g, and 0.0 ÷ 0.07 g/100 g for home meal replacements and restaurant foods, respectively [76]. The authors of the study compared the total fatty acid concentration (saturated, unsaturated, omega-3, omega-6, the ratio of saturated and unsaturated, omega-3/omega-6 fatty acids and trans fatty acids) [77].

Study [78] shows the applicability of GC-MS analysis for identification of chemical components with different activity including antioxidant properties of varieties, not well described in literature, of edible plants and fruits cultivated in different countries. GC-MS was successfully applied for the separation and identification of chemical components with antioxidant activity such as different phenolic acids from citrus fruits cultivated in India i.e., grapefruits. The major components found were: limonene, methyl-cyclohexane, hexane-3-one, 3-hexanol, 2-hexanol, myrcene, sabinene, nonanal, neral, geranyl acetate, ostole. These compounds might contribute to the antioxidant activity of the juice and oil [78].

The reviewed papers confirm that gas chromatography has recently been used to study food and edible plants (the contents of pesticides, endocrine disrupting chemicals, NSAIDs, natural estrogens, glyoxal, methylglyoxal, fatty acids, compounds with antioxidant properties, such as e.g., flavonoids, phenolic compounds). The most commonly used gas chromatography was combined with a mass spectrometer or a dual mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization (GC-EI-MS, GC-EI-MS/MS). The presented papers show the utility of this technique for both, i.e., residue analysis of multiclass pesticides and NSAIDs simultaneously in food and food products as well as for the determination of new antibacterial and antitumor agents in edible plants.

References

  1. Anuuryanti, F.; Isnaeni, I.; Darmawati, A.; Rosyidah, I.; Dwiana, N. Method validation of contact and immersion TLC bioautography for determination of streptomycin sulfate in shrimp. Turk J. Pharm. Sci. 2020, 17, 254–258.
  2. Foudah, A.I.; Alam, P.; Abdel-Kader, M.S.; Shakeel, F.; Alqasoumi, S.I.; Salkini, A.M.; Yusufoglu, H.S. High-performance thin-layer chromatographic determination of trigonelline content in various extracts and different varieties of some commercial coffees available in the Saudi Arabian market. J. Planar Chromatogr. Mod. TLC 2020, 33, 43–50.
  3. Khairul, I.M.; Sostaric, T.; Lim, L.Y.; Hammer, K.; Locher, C. Development and validation of an HPTLC–DPPH assay and its application to the analysis of honey. J. Planar Chromatogr. Mod. TLC 2020, 33, 301–311.
  4. Madhukar, N.S.; Vinayak, S.M. A novel digitally optimized rapid quantification of carcinogenic aryl azo amines from various food matrices by HPTLC-MS. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Rel. Technol. 2020, 43, 445–454.
  5. Piszcz, P.; Tomaszewska, M.; Głód, B.K. Estimation of the total antioxidant potential in the meat samples using thin-layer chromatography. Open Chem. 2020, 18, 50–57.
  6. Turkmen, Z.; Kurada, O. Rapid HPTLC determination of patulin in fruit-based baby food in Turkey. J. Planar Chromatogr. Mod. TLC 2020, 33, 209–217.
  7. Dąbrowska, M.; Sokalska, K.; Gumułka, P.; Binert-Kusztal, Ż.; Starek, M. Quantification of omega-3-fatty acids in dietary supplements and cooking products available on the polish market by thin-layer chromatography-densitometry. J. Planar Chromatogr. Mod. TLC 2019, 32, 13–24.
  8. Pawar, U.D.; Pawar, C.D.; Kulkarni, U.K.; Pardeshi, R.K.; Farooqui, M.; Shinde, D.B. Use of diphenylamine reagent for high-performance thin-layer chromatographic detection of organochloro insecticide endosulfan in biological samples. J. Planar Chromatogr. Mod. TLC 2019, 32, 65–68.
  9. Patil, A.S.; Patil, K.P.; Patil, A.B.; Kulkarni, P.M.; Chandegaonkar, V.R.; More, B.P.; Mane, D.V. A new chromogenic spray reagent for the detection and identification of oxyfluorten herbicide in biological material by high-performance thin-layer chromatography. J. Planar Chromatogr. Mod. TLC 2019, 32, 69–71.
  10. Pawar, U.D.; Pawar, C.D.; Kulkarni, U.K.; Pardeshi, R.K.; Farooqui, M.; Shinde, D.B. New chromogenic reagent for high-performance thin-layer chromatographic detection of organophosphorus insecticide monocrotophos in biological materials. J. Planar Chromatogr. Mod. TLC 2019, 32, 61–64.
  11. Patil, K.P.; Patil, A.S.; Patil, A.B.; Kulkarni, P.M.; Chandegaonkar, V.R.; More, B.P. A new chromogenic spray reagent for the detection and identification of 2,4-dichlorophenol, an intermediate of 2,4-D herbicide in biological material by high-performance thin-layer chromatography. J. Planar Chromatogr. Mod. TLC 2019, 32, 431–434.
  12. Pawar, U.D.; Pawar, C.D.; Kulkarni, U.K.; Pardeshi, R.K. Development method of high-performance thin-layer chromatographic detection of synthetic organophosphate insecticide profenofos in visceral samples. J. Planar Chromatogr. Mod. TLC 2020, 33, 203–206.
  13. Pawar, U.D.; Pawar, C.D.; Mavie, R.R.; Pardeshi, R.K. Development of a new chromogenic reagent for the detection of organophosphorus herbicide glyphosate in biological samples. J. Planar Chromatogr. Mod. TLC 2019, 32, 435–437.
  14. Hussain, M.; Aftab, K.; Iqbal, M.; Ali, S.; Rizwan, M.; Alkahtani, S.; Abdel-Daim, M.M. Determination of pesticide residue in brinjal sample using HPTLC and developing a cost-effective method alternative to HPLC. J. Chem. 2020, 8180320.
  15. Zheng, W.; Choi, J.M.; Abd El-Aty, A.M.; Yoo, K.H.; Park, D.H.; Kim, S.K.; Kang, Y.S.; Hacımüftüoğlu, A.; Wang, J.; Shim, J.H.; et al. Simultaneous determination of spinosad, temephos, and piperonyl butoxide in animal-derived food using LC-MS/MS. Biomed. Chromatogr. 2019, 33, e4493.
  16. Huang, X.C.; Ma, J.K.; Feng, R.X.; Wei, S.L. Simultaneous determination of five organophosphorus pesticide residues in different food samples by solid-phase microextraction fibers coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2019, 99, 6998–7007.
  17. Guo, T.; Wang, X.; Wang, H.; Hu, Y.; Zhang, S.; Zhao, R. Determination of phenoxy acid herbicides in cereals using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J. Food Prot. 2019, 82, 1160–1165.
  18. Li, R.; Hu, M.; Liu, K.; Zhang, H.; Li, X.; Tan, H. Trace enantioselective determination of imidazolinone herbicides in various food matrices using a modified QuEChERS method and ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Food Anal. Methods 2019, 12, 2647–2664.
  19. Tan, S.; Yu, H.; He, Y.; Wang, M.; Liu, G.; Hong, S.; Yan, F.; Wang, Y.; Wang, M.; Li, T.; et al. A dummy molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for selective determination of four pyridine carboxylic acid herbicides in milk. J. Chromatogr. B 2019, 1108, 65–72.
  20. Francesquett, J.Z.; Rizzetti, T.M.; Cadaval, T.R.S., Jr.; Prestes, O.D.; Adaime, M.B.; Zanella, R. Simultaneous determination of the quaternary ammonium pesticides paraquat, diquat, chlormequat, and mepiquat in barley and wheat using a modified quick polar pesticides method, diluted standard addition calibration and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 2019, 1592, 101–111.
  21. Savini, S.; Bandini, M.; Sannino, A. An improved, rapid, and sensitive ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution orbitrap mass spectrometry analysis for the determination of highly polar pesticides and contaminants in processed fruits and vegetables. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2019, 67, 2716–2722.
  22. Zhang, Y.; Dang, Y.; Lin, X.; An, K.; Li, J.; Zhang, M. Determination of glyphosate and glufosinate in corn using multi-walled carbon nanotubes followed by ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 2020, 1619, 460939.
  23. Lopez, S.H.; Dias, J.; Mol, H.; de Kok, A. Selective multiresidue determination of highy polar anionic pesticides in plant-based milk, wine and beer using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 2020, 1625, 461226.
  24. Li, G.; Meng, X.; Wang, J.; Wang, Q.; Zhou, J.; Wang, C.; Wu, Q.; Wang, Z. A low-cost and high-efficiency carbazole-based porous organic polymer as a novel sorbent for solid-phase extraction of triazine herbicides in vegetables. Food Chem. 2020, 309, 125618.
  25. Zhang, L.; Liu, J.; Wang, C.; Yu, R. Silica gel immobilized ionic liquid dispersion extraction and separation of triazine and acetanilide herbicides in beans. Food Anal. Methods 2020, 13, 1791–1798.
  26. Martínez, Á.G.; Arrebola Liébanas, F.J.; Valverde, R.S.; Hernández Torres, M.E.; Casinello, J.R.; Garrido Frenich, A. Multifamily determination of phytohormones and acidic herbicides in fruits and vegetables by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry under accredited conditions. Foods 2020, 9, 906.
  27. Wang, Q.; Wang, C.; Wang, J.; Liu, W.; Hao, L.; Zhou, J.; Wang, Z.; Wu, Q. Sensitive determination of phenylurea herbicides in soybean milk and tomato samples by a novel hypercrosslinked polymer based solid-phase extraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography. Food Chem. 2020, 317, 126410.
  28. Hu, M.; Tan, H.; Li, Y.; Qiu, J.; Liu, L.; Zeng, D. Simultaneous determination of tiafenacil and its six metabolites in fruits using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem. 2020, 327, 127015.
  29. Melo, M.G.; Carqueijo, A.; Freitas, A.; Barbosa, J.; Silva, A.S. Modified QuEChERS extraction and HPLC-MS/MS for simultaneous determination of 155 pesticide residues in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Foods 2020, 9, 18.
  30. Barci, P.E.P.; Alves, L.S.; Avellar, A.A.S.; Cendon, L.R.; dos Santos, P.J.; Stringhini, F.M.; Prestes, O.D.; Zanella, R. Modified QuEChERS method for multiresidue determination of pesticides in pecan nuts by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Food Anal. Methods 2020, 13, 793–801.
  31. Pereira dos Santos, N.G.; Maciel, E.V.S.; Mejía-Carmona, K.; Lanças, F.M. Multidimensional capillary liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of multiclass pesticides in ‘‘sugarcane spirits’’ (cachaças). Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2020, 412, 7789–7797.
  32. Zhao, P.; Wang, Z.; Gao, X.; Guo, X.; Zhao, L. Simultaneous enantioselective determination of 22 chiral pesticides in fruits and vegetables using chiral liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem. 2019, 277, 298–306.
  33. Lόpez, S.H.; Scholten, J.; Kiedrowska, B.; de Kok, A. Method validation and application of a selective multiresidue analysis of highly polar pesticides in food matrices using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 2019, 1594, 93–104.
  34. Britzi, M.; Schwartsburd, F. Development and validation of a high-throughput method for the determination of eight non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and chloramphenicol in milk, using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy. Int. J. Analyt. Bioanalyt. Methods 2019, 1, 005.
  35. Shishov, A.; Nechaeva, D.; Bulatov, A. HPLC-MS/MS determination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in bovine milk based on simultaneous deep eutectic solvents formation and its solidification. Microchem. J. 2019, 150, 104080.
  36. Wang, Y.; Ou, Y.; Xie, S.; Chen, D.; Wang, X.; Pan, Y.; Wang, Y.; Huang, L.; Cheng, G.; Qu, W.; et al. Magnetic graphene solid-phase extraction for the determination of 47 kinds of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug residues in animal food with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Food Anal. Methods 2019, 12, 1346–1368.
  37. Kim, M.K.; Kim, N.S.; Kwon, H.J.; Ha, S.Y.; Kim, H.S.; Kim, J.W. Development of a simultaneous multi-residue analysis for screening and confirmation of 7 veterinary drugs in bovine milk by LC-MSMS. J. Prev. Vet. Med. 2019, 43, 68–73.
  38. Li, M.; Liang, X.; Guo, X.; Di, X.; Jiang, Z. Enantiomeric separation and enantioselective determination of some representive non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug enantiomers in fish tissues by using chiral liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Microchem. J. 2020, 153, 104511.
  39. Liang, S.; Jian, N.; Cao, J.; Zhang, H.; Li, J.; Xu, Q. Rapid, simple and green solid phase extraction based on polyaniline nanofibers-mat for detecting non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug residues in animal-origin food. Food Chem. 2020, 328, 127097.
  40. Timofeeva, I.; Stepanova, K.; Shishov, A.; Nugbienyo, L.; Moskvin, L.; Bulatov, A. Fluoroquinolones extraction from meat samples based on deep eutectic solvent formation. J. Food Compos. Anal. 2020, 93, 103589.
  41. Alqahtani, S.S.; Humaid, D.M.B.; Alshail, S.H.; AlShammari, D.T.; Al-Showiman, H.; Alzoman, N.Z.; Maher, H.M. Development and validation of a high performance liquid chromatography/diode array detection method for estrogen determination: Application to residual analysis in meat products. Open Chem. 2020, 18, 995–1010.
  42. Caulfield, M.P.; Padula, M.P. HPLC MS-MS analysis shows measurement of corticosterone in egg albumen is not a valid indicator of chicken welfare. Animals 2020, 10, 821.
  43. Han, X.; Liu, D. Detection and analysis of 17 steroid hormones by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) in different sex and maturity stages of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba Dana). PLoS ONE 2019, 14, e0213398.
  44. Yue, C.S.; Hong, W.L.; Tan, S.A.S.W.; Loh, K.E.; Liew, Y.C.; Yap, R.E.; Chong, Z.Y.; Chai, J.C. Identification and validation of synthetic phenolic antioxidants in various foods commonly consumed in Malaysia by HPLC. Indones. J. Chem. 2019, 19, 907–919.
  45. Gbylik-Sikorska, M.; Gajda, A.; Burmańczuk, A.; Grabowski, T.; Posyniak, A. Development of a UHPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of quercetin in milk and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. J. Vet. Res. 2019, 63, 87–91.
  46. Velkoska-Markovska, L.; Jankulovska, M.S.; Petanovska-Ilievska, B.; Hristovski, K. Development and validation of RPLC-UV method for determination of chlorogenic acid in green coffee. Acta Chromatogr. 2020, 32, 34–38.
  47. Atanacković Krstonošić, M.; Cvejić Hogervorst, J.; Mikulić, M.; Gojković-Bukarica, L. Development of HPLC method for determination of phenolic compounds on a core shell column by direct injection of wine samples. Acta Chromatogr. 2020, 32, 134–138.
  48. Kurjogi, M.; Issa Mohammad, Y.H.I.; Alghamdi, S.; Abdelrahman, M.; Satapute, P.; Jogaiah, S. Detection and determination of stability of the antibiotic residues in cow’s milk. PLoS ONE 2019, 14, e0223475.
  49. Dinh, Q.T.; Munoz, G.; Duy, S.V.; Do, D.T.; Bayen, S.; Sauvé, S. Analysis of sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, triphenylmethane dyes and other veterinary drug residues in cultured and wild seafood sold in Montreal, Canada. J. Food Compos. Anal. 2020, 94, 103630.
  50. Uenoyama, R.; Miyazaki, M.; Miyazaki, T.; Shigeno, Y.; Tokairin, Y.; Konno, H.; Yamashita, T. LC-ESI-MS/MS quantification of carnosine, anserine, and balenine in meat samples. J. Chromatogr. B 2019, 1132, 121826.
  51. Przybylska, A.; Bazylak, G.; Kosicki, R.; Altyn, I.; Twaruzek, M.; Grajewski, J.; Soltys-Lelek, A. Advantageous extraction, cleanup, and UHPLC-MS/MS detection of patulin mycotoxin in dietary supplements and herbal blends containing hawberry from Crataegus spp. J. Anal. Methods Chem. 2019.
  52. Zhao, M.; Shao, H.; Ma, J.; Li, H.; He, Y.; Wang, M.; Jin, M.; Wang, J.; Abd El-Aty, A.M.; Hacımüftüoğlu, A.; et al. Preparation of core-shell magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers for extraction of patulin from juice samples. J. Chromatogr. A 2020, 1615, 460751.
  53. Dural, E. Monitorization of patulin and hydroxymethylfurfural in fruit juices and commercial fruity baby foods by an HPLC-DAD method. Rev. Roum. Chim. 2020, 65, 191–200.
  54. Hassan, N.H.; Othman, H.I.A.A.; Abdul Malek, N.R.; Zulkurnain, M.; Saad, B.; Wong, Y.F. Simultaneous quantitative assessment of ochratoxin A, patulin, 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural, and bisphenol A in fruit drinks using HPLC with Diode Array-Fluorimetric Detection. Foods 2020, 9, 1633.
  55. Hussain, S.; Asi, M.R.; Iqbal, M.; Akhtar, M.; Imran, M.; Ariño, A. Surveillance of patulin in apple, grapes, juices and value-added products for sale in Pakistan. Foods 2020, 9, 1744.
  56. Hussain, S.; Asi, M.R.; Iqbal, M.; Khalid, N.; Wajih-ul-Hassan, S.; Ariño, A. Patulin mycotoxin in mango and orange fruits, juices, pulps, and jams marketed in Pakistan. Toxins 2020, 12, 52.
  57. Lien, K.W.; Ling, M.P.; Pan, M.H. Probabilistic risk assessment of patulin in imported apple juice and apple—Containing beverages in Taiwan. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2020, 100, 4776.
  58. Cheung, Y.; Meenu, M.; Yu, X.; Xu, B. Phenolic acids and flavonoids profiles of commercial honey from different floral sources and geographic sources. Int. J. Food Prop. 2019, 22, 290–308.
  59. Radović, M.; Dragan Milatović, D.; Tešić, Ž.; Tosti, T.; Gašić, U.; Dojčinović, B.; Dabić Zagorac, D. Influence of rootstocks on the chemical composition of the fruits of plum cultivars. J. Food Compos. Anal. 2020, 92, 103480.
  60. Pepe, G.; Salviati, E.; Rapa, S.F.; Ostacolo, C.; Cascioferro, S.; Manfra, M.; Autore, G.; Marzocco, S.; Campiglia, P. Citrus sinensis and Vitis vinifera protect cardiomyocytes from doxorubicin-induced oxidative stress: Evaluation of onconutraceutical potential of vegetable smoothies. Antioxidants 2020, 9, 378.
  61. Kyraleou, M.; Kallithraka, S.; Gkanidi, E.; Koundouras, S.; Mannion, D.T.; Kilcawley, K.N. Discrimination of five Greek red grape varieties according to the anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin profiles of their skins and seeds. J. Food Compos. Anal. 2020, 92, 103547.
  62. Sochorova, L.; Klejdus, B.; Baro, M.; Jurikova, T.; Mlcek, J.; Sochor, J.; Ercisli, S.; Kupe, M. Assessment of antioxidants by HPLC-MS in grapevine seeds. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus. 2019, 18, 17–28.
  63. El-Nakhel, C.; Pannico, A.; Graziani, G.; Kyriacou, M.C.; Giordano, M.; Ritieni, A.; De Pascale, S.; Rouphael, Y. Variation in macronutrient content, phytochemical constitution and In Vitro antioxidant capacity of green and red butterhead lettuce dictated by different developmental stages of harvest maturity. Antioxidants 2020, 9, 300.
  64. Cirilli, R.; Gallo, F.R.; Multari, G.; Palazzino, G.; Mustazza, C.; Panusa, A. Study of solvent effect on the stability of isothiocyanate iberin, a breakdown product of glucoiberin. J. Food Compos. Anal. 2020, 92, 103515.
  65. Liu, R.; Choi, H.S.; Kim, S.L.; Kim, J.H.; Yun, B.S.; Lee, D.S. 6-Methoxymellein isolated from carrot (Daucus carota L.) targets breast cancer stem cells by regulating NF-κB signaling. Molecules 2020, 25, 4374.
  66. Vargas-Pérez, M.; Domínguez, I.; Egea González, F.J. Application of full scan gas chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry data quantify targeted-pesticide residues and to screen for additional substances of concern in fresh-food commodities. J. Chromatogr. A 2020, 1622, 461118.
  67. Wang, X.; Wang, Z.; Di, S.; Xue, X.; Jin, Y.; Qi, P.; Wang, X.; Han, L.; Xiao, Y.; Min, S. Determination of 14 lipophilic pesticide residues in raw propolis by selective sample preparation and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Anal. Methods 2020, 13, 1726–1735.
  68. Moinfar, S.; Jamil, L.A.; Sami, H.Z. Determination of organophosphorus pesticides in juice and water by modified continuous sample drop flow microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Food Anal. Methods 2020, 13, 1050–1059.
  69. Azzouz, A.; Colόn, L.P.; Hejji, L.; Ballesteros, E. Determination of alkylphenols, phenylphenols, bisphenol A, parabens, organophosphorus pesticides and triclosan in different cereal-based foodstuffs by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2020, 412, 2621–2631.
  70. Zhao, Y.; Hou, X.; Qin, D.; Liu, D. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method for the simultaneous determination of four isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane and six pyrethroid pesticides in milk by gas chromatography electron capture detector. Food Anal. Methods 2020, 13, 370–381.
  71. Li, S.; Yu, P.; Zhou, C.; Tong, L.; Li, D.; Yu, Z.; Zhao, Y. Analysis of pesticide residues in commercially available chenpi using a modified QuEChERS method and GC-MS/MS determination. J. Pharm. Anal. 2020, 10, 60–69.
  72. Wolecki, D.; Caban, M.; Pazdro, K.; Mulkiewicz, E.; Stepnowski, P.; Kumirska, J. Simultaneous determination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and natural estrogens in the mussels. Mytilus Edulis Trossulus. Talanta 2019, 200, 316–323.
  73. Lim, H.H.; Shin, H.S. In-solution derivatization and detection of glyoxal and methylglyoxal in alcoholic beverages and fermented foods by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Food Compos. Anal. 2020, 92, 103584.
  74. Lee, S.; Lim, D.K.; Baek, S.Y.; Seo, D.; Park, J.S.; Kwak, B.M.; Won, J.; Lee, J.; Kim, B. Quantitative analyses of essential fatty acids in cereals and green vegetables by isotope dilution-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J. Anal. Sci. Technol. 2020, 11, 37.
  75. Iko Afe, O.H.; Anihouvi, D.G.; Assogba, M.F.; Anihouvi, E.L.; Kpoclou, Y.E.; Douny, C.; Mahillon, J.; Anihouvi, V.B.; Scippo, M.L.; Hounhouigan, D.J. Consumption and nutritional quality of grilled pork purchased from open road-side restaurants of Benin. J. Food Compos. Anal. 2020, 92, 103549.
  76. Choi, E.; Kim, B.H. A comparison of the fat, sugar, and sodium contents in ready-to-heat type home meal replacements and restaurant foods in Korea. J. Food Compos. Anal. 2020, 92, 103524.
  77. Jarukas, L.; Kuraite, G.; Baranauskaite, J.; Marksa, M.; Bezruk, I.; Ivanauskas, L. Optimization and validation of the GC/FID method for the quantification of fatty acids in bee products. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 83.
  78. Shahnawaz, A.; Rattanpal, H.S.; Gul, K.; Rouf Ahmad Dar, R.A.; Sharma, A. Chemical composition, antioxidant activity and GC-MS analysis of juice and peel oil of grapefruit varieties cultivated in India. J. Int. Agric. 2019, 18, 1634–1642.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Chemistry, Applied
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Alina Pyka-Pająk
View Times: 542
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 29 Oct 2021
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    ScholarVision Creations
    Feedback