Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Yebirzaf Yeshiwas
 + 2070 word(s) 2070 2021-10-08 05:13:40 |
2 format correct
Bruce Ren
 Meta information modification 2070 2021-10-26 02:57:06 |

Video Upload Options

Do you have a full video?
Send video materials Upload full video

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Yeshiwas, Y. Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) Breeding in Ethiopia. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/15373 (accessed on 20 April 2024).
Yeshiwas Y. Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) Breeding in Ethiopia. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/15373. Accessed April 20, 2024.
Yeshiwas, Yebirzaf. "Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) Breeding in Ethiopia" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/15373 (accessed April 20, 2024).
Yeshiwas, Y. (2021, October 25). Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) Breeding in Ethiopia. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/15373
Yeshiwas, Yebirzaf. "Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) Breeding in Ethiopia." Encyclopedia. Web. 25 October, 2021.
Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) Breeding in Ethiopia
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/su131910814

Coffea arabica L. belongs to the Rubiaceae family, and the genus Coffea is believed to have a primary center of origin and genetic variability in the highlands of southwestern Ethiopia. It is a vital beverage commodity across the world and a valuable export product, ranking second in international trade after petroleum. Ethiopia is among the top five major coffee-producing countries and is Africa’s leading producer. However, its full production capacity has not yet been exploited, and research efforts to reduce biotic and abiotic factors through reproduction have been extremely limited. Hence, improvement through different breeding methods is essential to overcome the constraints in its production. 

coffee genetic diversity coffee breeding improved varieties hybrid varieties

1. Introduction

Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) belongs to the family Rubiaceae, and the genus Coffea is mostly grown in subtropical and tropical regions [1] and consists of 90 to 124 species [2][3]. Coffea canephora Pierre and Coffea arabica L. are the only two species that are economically important and widely cultivated across the world. Coffea liberica is also cultivated on a small scale to satisfy local consumption [4]. The primary center of origin and genetic diversity for Coffea arabica L. is the highlands of southwestern Ethiopia, where it occurs naturally in the undergrowth of the Afromontane rainforests between 1000 and 2000 m above sea level [1][5][6][7][8][9][10].
Almost all coffee species are diploid (2n = 2x = 22) and most are self-incompatible, except for Coffea arabica, which is a self-fertile species and a natural allotetraploid (2n = 4x = 44). Coffea arabica is a self-pollinating species with a common outcrossing rate of less than 10%, which is sufficient to induce some variation in offspring and free-pollinating cultivars [1].
Coffee is one of the world’s most important beverage crops and a valuable agricultural export commodity; it is the second-most commonly traded commodity in the world, after oil [11]. Arabica coffee represents 70% of the world’s coffee production [12]. It is cultivated in over 80 countries and covers over 10.2 million hectares of land in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world, particularly in Africa, Asia, and Latin America [13].
Globally, the coffee trade generates about USD 10–12 billion annually for the producing countries and provides job opportunities for some 20–25 million people, who grow, process, distribute, and market the product [14][15][16][17].
In 2016, from the total national annual export revenues, coffee represented a 10% increase in earnings for Brazil (USD 4.84 billion) [18].
Ethiopia is one of the five largest coffee-producing countries in Africa [19]. The percent share of Ethiopian coffee to the world coffee market in four consecutive years has been 4.1, 4.1, 4.4, and 4.3 in 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2016, respectively [20]. In Ethiopia, coffee accounts for 60–70% of the national foreign exchange income and the livelihoods of some 20–25% of the population, directly or indirectly [21]. During the 2018/19 Meher Season, 764,863.16 ha of land was allotted for coffee production and 494,574.36 tones were obtained, with average productivity of 0.64 tones/ha−1 [22][23]. According to Tefera and Bickford [24] coffee exports reached 248,129 MT valued at USD 821,140.00 during 2019/20.
Despite its importance, the presence of great genetic diversity, and diverse agronomic species and suitable soils, coffee production in Ethiopia is lower compared to high-yielding countries such as Brazil, Colombia, Indonesia, and Vietnam. The estimated yield is less than 200 kg ha−1 for forest coffee and around 450–750 kg ha−1 for semi-modern coffee plantations [23], which is less by far than the 2443 kg ha−1 yield obtained by Brazil [25]. Arabica coffee production is affected by poor crop management practices, low yields, poor soils, diseases, pests, limited access to market information, lack of physical infrastructure, lack of improved hybrids, poor extension services, and climate change [26][27][28].
The Arabica coffee grown in Ethiopia is organic, fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides are not applied, and the coffee is grown wild in the forests. Additionally, the seedlings used during planting are not grafted and need frequent and timely pruning. Similarly, the development of a disease-resistant and high-yielding variety by the traditional breeding approach is lengthy and inefficient. The multiplication of high-yielding, disease-free seedlings depends solely on hand pollination and, to a lesser extent, on advanced breeding methods such as clonal propagation by cutting and grafting. This is due to delays in protocol optimization for mass multiplication using tissue culture techniques [29]. Other major coffee producing countries have widely applied molecular breeding approaches to introduce new traits into selected coffee genotypes and develop new cultivars with desirable traits and a high yield [13].
Moreover, Ethiopia’s full production capacity has not been exploited, and research and breeding efforts are limited and insufficient to respond to the diverse agroecologies of the country [30]. Consequently, the yield per hectare remains too low, at 0.673 tons ha−1 [31]. The development and improvement of high-yield and stress-tolerant coffee varieties are the main objectives for conventional and molecular breeding methods. Hence, it is evident that the improvement of coffee through different breeding methods is essential and is a critical task to address in order to overcome the constraints of coffee production. There have been research studies conducted over the last two to three decades in Ethiopia to improve coffee in terms of important traits such as productivity, resistance to disease and insect pests, and quality. Thus, reviewing and summarizing the recent research output on coffee breeding will help scientists to identify the research gaps and propose a future line of work for exploiting the potential of the crop.

2. Coffee Growth, Floral Biology, and Fruit Characters

2.1. Coffee Growth

Coffea arabica is a dicotyledon evergreen that reaches 8 to 10 m in height. Each node produces two, opposite leaves and therefore has two leaf axils residing on opposite sides of the node, each containing a series of buds. Branching is dimorphic as there are two kinds of buds: ‘serial buds’ and ‘head of series buds’. The head of series buds develop into ‘plagiotropic’ (horizontal) branches, whilst the lower serial buds produce more ‘orthotropic’ (vertical) shoots, commonly called ‘suckers’, when the tip of the main orthotropic shoot is damaged. The shoot system of the coffee plant is illustrated in Figure 1. Inflorescences develop from serial buds at each node on the plagiotropic branches [32][33][34].
Sustainability 13 10814 g001 550
Figure 1. Morphology of mature Arabica coffee plant; Source: Obso [35].

2.2. Floral Biology and Fruit Characters

After 3–4 years of transplanting, fragrant white flowers grow in clusters in the axils of coffee leaves. The inflorescence has a short axis, two pairs of bracts at its base, and varying in number from one to twenty per leaf axil on the primary and secondary branches. The corolla is white and has five expanded petals. The five stamens are epipetalous and inserted in the corolla tube between the petals on short filaments; this facilitated emasculation. The anthers are bilocular, opening vertically/longitudinally. The pollen grains are numerous and small in size. Under normal conditions, pollen loses its viability very rapidly [36]. It is, however, possible to keep the viability for more than two years by storing it under vacuum conditions at −18 °C. The ovary is inferior with a long terminal style and two stigmatic branches and is made up of two united carpels with one ovule per carpel [37].
The flowering of the coffee plant involves two separate processes, bud initiation and flower opening, also known as antithesis. The coffee buds that will develop into flowers are usually produced 4 to 5 months before anthesis. Initiation of the flower buds occurs when the serial buds on plagiotropic branches are induced to differentiate into floral buds. The floral buds open on sunny days in the early morning, and pollen removal begins soon after. The style is receptive when the bud opens and remains receptive for three to four days depending on climatic conditions [38]. However, Walyaro and Van der Vossen [37] report that stigmas are receptive for at least nine days and recommend that the vesicles should not be removed for two weeks after pollination for successful hybridization.
Buds can reach 4 to 6 mm and then enter a dormancy period. Dry periods are necessary to break the dormancy of floral buds and their final development and fruiting are often triggered by rainfall after a dry period. This occurs because after several weeks of water stress, rain stimulates floral growth, which will then open in eight to ten days. Fertilization takes place before or just at flower opening and then after pollination, where the fusion of one male nucleus and the polar nuclei forms an endosperm, and this endosperm then forms the coffee bean [39]. About 6 to 8 weeks after each coffee flower is fertilized, cell division occurs and the coffee fruit remains as a pinhead for a climate-dependent period of time.
Likewise, Cannell [40] explained that phytohormone levels in the coffee plant were affected by an extended dry season. During the first 3 to 4 days after a water stimulus, meiosis cell division occurs and there is an increase in the levels of endogenous, active, gibberellic acid in the floral bud. Coffee flowers are ephemeral, usually only lasting for two days.
According to Carvalho and Monaco [41], Van der Vossen [42], Arabica coffee is the only autogamous (self-compatible) species of the genus Coffea with only up to 10% of natural cross-pollination, whereas all other species are allogamous with gametophytic self-incompatibility. Pollination is affected by both wind (anemophily) and insects (entomophily). Having 10% natural cross-pollination could be adequate to retain heterozygosity within the population to a certain level. Therefore, selfing for one or two generations is important to guarantee sufficient homozygosity in parental lines destined to be used in a crossing program. William [43] reported that at Jimma Agricultural Research Center 10–40% outcrossing was recorded. Bud flower emasculations were performed 2–3 days before anthesis. Pollination was performed during the next day of emasculation. Labeling was conducted with the recording of details of the male and female parents, the date of emasculation, the date of pollination, and the name(s) of the breeders.
Prado et al. [44] explain that several floral morphological traits differ significantly between species and farm types. C. arabica plants grown in the shade had a corolla diameter 1.4% larger and an anthers height of 12.8% greater than those grown in the sun. Only the length of the tube was significantly longer in the sunny plantations; 8.7% longer in the sun than in the shade (Figure 2). In contrast, for C. canephora, there was no significant main effect on the type of exploitation of floral reproductive traits.
Sustainability 13 10814 g002 550
Figure 2. Average (±standard error) floral traits of (A) Coffea arabica and (B) Coffea canephora. * = significant differences between means of shade and sun at (p < 0.05). Source: Prado et al. [44].
Coffee fruit’s pericarp is composed of exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp, in which the seeds are enclosed. Immature berries have a dull green color; however, on ripening the skin color changes from yellow to bright pink. Each coffee berry contains two seeds with a length 8.5–12.5 mm, which are ellipsoidal and pushed together by a flattened surface that is deeply grooved; the outer surface is convex. Thin, silvery testa follow the outline of endosperm, so fragments are often found in the ventral groove after preparation. Seeds contain mainly green corneous endosperm and a small embryo near the base. Dried beans, after removal of the silver skin, provide the coffee beans for commercial purposes [45].

3. Production and Productivity of Coffee in Ethiopia

In Ethiopia, coffee grows between 550 and 2750 m above sea level. However, most Arabica coffee grows best at altitudes between 1300 and 1800 m above sea level. It requires annual rainfall ranges from 1500 to 2500 mm with minimum and maximum ideal air temperatures of 15 °C and 30 °C, respectively. In places where there is less rainfall, such as in the eastern part of the country (about 1000 mm), the coffee is supplemented with irrigation water. It also grows best in the shady environments of Ethiopia’s highland forests [21][46][47].
The average yield of green coffee beans per year is 0.7 tons, which is lower than the global average and the Brazilian average 0.8 tons ha−1 and 1.3 tons ha−1, respectively [48]. Coffee is cultivated by over 4 million small farm holders (Table 1). CSA [49] reported that more farmers cultivate and produce coffee than fruit. Almost 95% of coffee is grown on small plots, often less than half a hectare.
Table 1. Estimated number of coffee growers, area coverage, and yield (t/ha) over six years.
Year Coffee Growers Area in ha Percentage Change in Area Production in Quintal Percentage Change in Production Yield q/ha % Change in Yield
2012/13 4,217,961.00 528,751.11 - 373,940.642 - 0.707 -
2013/14 4,546,785.00 538,466.80 2.00 392,006.222 5.00 0.728 3.00
2014/15 4,723,483.00 561,761.82 4.00 419,980.156 7.00 0.748 3.00
2015/16 5,270,777.00 653,909.76 16.00 414,596.455 −1.00 0.634 −15.00
2016/17 6,455,194.00 700,474.69 7.00 469,091.124 13.00 0.67 6.00
2017/18 5,019,513.00 725,961.24 4.00 449,229.808 −4.00 0.619 8.00
Ethiopia’s coffee production is generally characterized by four production systems. That is forest coffee, semi-forest coffee, garden coffee, and plantation coffee. The main coffee growing areas and denominations as international trade in Ethiopia are Limu, Jimma (commercially Djimma), G(h)imbi and Lekempti, Sidamo, Yirgachefe, Illubabor, Harar, Tepi, and Bebeka. The additional coffee specialty has been recently identified in Amaro, Amhara, Arsi, Balé forest, Borena, Guji, Kaffa forest, Omo, and many other areas [50][51].

References

  1. Berthaud, J.; Charrier, A. Genetic resources of Coffea. In Coffee Agronomy; Clarke, R.J., Macrae, R., Eds.; Elsevier Applied Science: London, UK, 1988; pp. 1–41.
  2. Wrigley, G. Coffee; Longman Scientific and Technical: London, UK, 1988; p. 639.
  3. Davis, A.P. Psilanthusmannii, the Type Species of Psilanthus, Transferred to Coffea. Nord. J. Bot. 2011, 29, 471–472.
  4. Charrier, A.; Berthaud, J. Botanical classification of coffee. In Coffee, Botany, Biochemistry and Production of Beans and Beverage; Clifford, M.N., Wilson, K.C., Eds.; Croom Helm: London, UK, 1985; pp. 13–47.
  5. Thomas, A.S. The Wild Arabica coffee on the Boma Plateau of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Empir. J. Exp. Agric. 1942, 10, 207–212.
  6. Sylvain, P.G. Ethiopian coffee-its significance for the world coffee problems. Econ. Bot. 1958, 12, 111–139.
  7. Anthony, F.; Berthaud, J.; Guillaumet, J.L.; Lourd, M. Collecting wild coffee species in Kenya and Tanzania. Plant Genet. Resour. Newsl. 1987, 69, 23–29.
  8. Davis, A.P.; Govaerts, R.; Bridson, D.M.; Stoffelen, P. An annotated taxonomic conspectus of the genus Coffea (Rubiaceae). Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 2006, 152, 465–512.
  9. Tadesse, W.; Demel, T. The Forest Coffee Ecosystems: On Going Crices, Problems and Apportunities for Gene Conservation and Utilization. In Imperative Problems Associated with Forestry in Ethiopia; Biological Society of Ethiopia: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2001; pp. 131–142.
  10. Githae, E.W.; Chuah-Petiot, M.; Mworia, J.K.; Odee, D.W. A botanical inventory and diversity assessment of Mt. Marsabit forest, a sub-humid montane forest in the arid lands of Northern Kenya. Afr. J. Ecol. 2008, 46, 39–45.
  11. Conway, J. Export Volumes of Coffee-Producing Countries December. Available online: https://www.statista.com/statistics/268135/ranking-of-coffee-exporting-countries (accessed on 31 August 2021).
  12. Philippe, L.; Benoít, B.; Hervé, E. Breeding coffee (Coffea arabica) for Sustainable production. In Breeding Plantation Tree Crops: Tropical Species; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2009; pp. 525–543.
  13. Mishra, M.K.; Slater, A. Recent Advances in the Genetic Transformation of Coffee. Biotechnol. Res. Int. 2012, 2012, 580857.
  14. ITC. Coffee: An Exporter’s Guide; International Trade Centre: Geneva, Switzerland, 2002.
  15. ICO. International Coffee Organization. Coffee Market Report 2004. Available online: https://www.ico.org/show_news.asp?id=14 (accessed on 1 August 2021).
  16. ICO. Annual Review. 2010. Available online: http://www.ico.org (accessed on 8 June 2021).
  17. Food and Agricultural Organization of United Nations (FAO). Analysis of Price Incentives for Coffee in Ethiopia; Technical Notes Series; FAO: Rome, Italy, 2004; p. 49.
  18. CGM (Coffee Geography Magazine). The Evolution of Coffee Production in Brazil. 2020. Available online: https://coffeegeography.com/2020/09/14/the-evolution-in-coffee-production-in-brazil/ (accessed on 30 August 2021).
  19. Alemseged, A.; Getaneh, A. Ethiopian Coffee Exporters Association ECEA: Abraham Tegegn Woldesenbet Value Chain Analysis of Vegetables: The Case of Habro and Kombolcha Woredas in Oromia Region; Ethiopian Coffee Exporters Association (ECEA): Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2013.
  20. CSA (Central Statistical Agency). Agricultural Sample Survey: Report on Area and Production of Major Crops of Private Peasant Holdings for Meher Season of 2017; CSA: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2017.
  21. Tesfaye, T.; Bizuayehu, T.; Girma, A. Coffee Production Constraints and Opportunities at Major Growing Districts of Southern Ethiopia. Cogent Food Agric. 2020, 6, 1741982.
  22. CSA (Central Statistical Agency). Agricultural Sample Survey: Report on Area and Production of Major Crops of Private Peasant Holdings for Meher Season of 2018/19. 58; Central statistical Agency: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2019.
  23. MoA. Plant Variety Release, Protection and Seed Quality Control Directorate. Crop Variety Register; Issue No. 22; MoA: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2019.
  24. Tefera, A.; Bickford, R. Coffee Annual Country: Ethiopia. USDA and GAIN Report Number: ET2021-0013; United States Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC, USA, 2020.
  25. Abebaw, Y.M.; Tobiaw, D.C.; Abate, B.A.; Eshete, B.K.; Seymour, S.K.; Tesfaye, K. Plant Tissue Culture Research and Development in Ethiopia: A Case Study on Current Status, Opportunities, and Challenges. Adv. Agric. 2021, 2021, 9979549.
  26. Bayetta, B.; Pierre, J.L. Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) Landrace Variety Development Strategy in Its Center of Origin and Diversity. In Proceedings of the 21th International Scientific Colloquium on Coffee, Montpelier, France, 11 September 2006.
  27. Bayetta, B. Arabica Coffee Breeding for Yield and Resistance to Coffee Berry Disease (Colletotrichum kahawae Sp. nov.). Ph.D. Thesis, University of London, London, UK, 2001.
  28. Fekede, G.T.; Gosa, A.G. Opportunities and constraints of coffee production in West Hararghe, Ethiopia. J. Agric. Econ. Rural. Dev. 2015, 2, 54–59.
  29. Gezahagn, K. Factors Influencing Coffee Productivity in Jimma Zone, Ethiopia. World J. Agric. Sci. 2019, 15, 228–234.
  30. Geneti, D. Progress of Coffee (Coffea arabica L) Hybridization Development Study in Ethiopia: A Review. Food Sci. Qual. Manag. 2019, 92, 22–28.
  31. CSA (Central Statistical Agency). Statistical Abstract 2007; CSA: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2008.
  32. Meyer, F.G.; Fernie, L.M.; Narasimhaswamy, R.L.; Monaco, L.C.; Greathead, D.J. FAO Coffee Mission to Ethiopia 1964–1965; FAO: Rome, Italy, 1968.
  33. Wintgens, J.N. Coffee: Growing, Processing, Sustainable Production. A Guidebook for Growers, Processors, Traders and Researchers; Wiley-Vch Verlag Gmbh and Co. Kgaa: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2009; p. 996.
  34. Thiago, F.; Joel, S.; Rubens, G.; Adriana, F. Introduction to Coffee Plant and Genetics. In Coffee: Production, Quality and Chemistry; Royal Society of Chemistry: London, UK, 2019; pp. 1–25.
  35. Obso, T.K. Ecology and Development Series No. 46. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany, 2006.
  36. Carvalho, A. Principles and Practice of Coffee Plant Breeding for Productivity and Quality factors: Coffea arabica. In Coffee: Agronomy; Clarke, R.J., Macrae, R., Eds.; Elsevier Applied Sciences Publishers Ltd.: London, UK, 1988; Volume 4, pp. 129–165.
  37. Walyaro, D.J.; Van Der Vossen, H.A.M. Pollen longevity and artificial cross-pollination in Coffea arabica L. Euphytica 1977, 26, 225–231.
  38. Carvalho, A.; Ferwerda, F.P.; Frahm-lelived, J.A.; Medina, D.M.; Monaco, L.C. Coffee (C. arabica L. and C. canephora Pierre ex Froehner); IITA: Ibadan, Nigeria, 1969; pp. 186–244.
  39. Bossolasco, L. A Study Case on Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) Limu Coffee. Sous la Dir. de François Verdeaux 2009. Available online: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39837832.pdf (accessed on 17 April 2021).
  40. Cannell, M.G.R. Physiology of the Coffee Crop; Clifford, M.N., Willson, K.C., Eds.; AVI Publishing Co.: Westport, CT, USA, 1985; p. 108.
  41. Carvalho, A.; Monaco, L.C. Natural cross pollination in Coffea arabica L. Int. Soc. Hort. Sci. 1962, 4, 447–449.
  42. Van der Vossen, H.A.M. Agronomy I: Coffee breeding practices. In Coffee; Clark, R.J., Vitzthum, Eds.; Recent Development Black Well Science Ltd.: London, UK, 2001; pp. 184–189.
  43. William, H.U. All about Coffee; Benediction Classic: London, UK, 2009; ISBN 1849029121.
  44. Prado, S.G.; Collazo, J.A.; Stevenson, P.C.; Irwin, R.E. A Comparison of Coffee Floral Ttraits under Two Different Agricultural Practices. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 7331.
  45. Orwa, C.A.; Mutua, K.R.; Jamnadass, R.S.; Anthony. Agroforestree Database. 2009. Available online: http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sites/treedbs/treedatabases.asp (accessed on 2 May 2021).
  46. Aerts, R.; Gazahegni, B.; Gijbels, P.; Kittessa, H.; Van Glabeke, S.; Vandepitte, K.; Muys, B.; Roldan-Ruiz, I.; Honnay, O. Genetic Variation and Risks of Introgression in the Wild Coffea arabica gene pool in South-Western Ethiopian Montane Rain Rorests. Evol. Appl. 2013, 6, 243–252.
  47. Habtamu, G.; Gizachew, A.; Meseret, D.; Ashenafi, A. Arabica Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) Hybrid Genotypes evaluation for Growth Characteristics and Yield Performance under Southern Ethiopian Growing Condition. Acad. Res. J. Agri. Sci. Res. 2018, 6, 89–96.
  48. FAO. Major Food and Agricultural Commodities and Producers-Countries by Commodity. 2012. Available online: http://www.fao.org (accessed on 10 June 2020).
  49. CSA (Central Statistical Agency). Reports on Area and Production of Crops (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season); CSA: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2017.
  50. Labouisse, J.P.; Kotecha, S. Preserving diversity for specialty coffees. A focus on production systems and genetic resources of arabica coffee in Ethiopia. In Proceedings of the SCAA 20th Annual Conference, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 2–5 May 2008.
  51. Labouisse, J.P.; Bayetta, B.; Kotecha, S.; Bertrand, B. Current status of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) genetic resources in Ethiopia: Implications for conservation. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 2008, 55, 1079–1093.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Yebirzaf Yeshiwas
View Times: 1.9K
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 26 Oct 2021
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    Feedback