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1 A capillary-driven flow device was developed which is simple to operate and allows loading multiple samples in a single device. In this study, the design, fabrication and working principle of the capillary-driven flow device are illustrated.
Sammer Ul Hassan
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Hassan, S.; Zhang, X.; Hassan, S.U. Capillary-Driven Flow Device. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/927 (accessed on 23 April 2024).
Hassan S, Zhang X, Hassan SU. Capillary-Driven Flow Device. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/927. Accessed April 23, 2024.
Hassan, Sammer-Ul, Xunli Zhang, Sammer Ul Hassan. "Capillary-Driven Flow Device" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/927 (accessed April 23, 2024).
Hassan, S., Zhang, X., & Hassan, S.U. (2020, May 26). Capillary-Driven Flow Device. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/927
Hassan, Sammer-Ul, et al. "Capillary-Driven Flow Device." Encyclopedia. Web. 26 May, 2020.
Capillary-Driven Flow Device
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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/bios10040039

The capillary flow device works on the principle of capillary-driven flow microfluidics and allows detection by multiple microchannels in a single microchip via smartphone imaging/portable detectors. Compared to other types of devices such as dipsticks and paper microfluidic devices, this device is fabricated with cheaper materials, coated with minute amounts of reagents and offers multiplexity on a single microchip. The sample is loaded into the microchannels via capillary force, which eliminates the requirement of external/internal fluidic mechanisms or controls. A capillary-driven flow device was developed in this study which is simple to operate and allows loading multiple samples in a single device.

microfluidics point-of-care (POC) diagnostics β-lactamase lab-on-a-chip capillary-driven flow colorimetry optical detections smartphone imaging analytical chemistry

1. Capillary-Driven Flow Microfluidics

Capillary-driven flow microfluidics is a type of microfluidics which allows fluid movements into microchannels via capillary forces and does not require internal/external expensive and complicated fluid management mechanisms [1]. This type of microfluidics has the potential to provide rapid, inexpensive and simple clinical assays in short times and near the patient. The reagents can be pre-coated on to the surface of the channels, and results are obtained via a portable detector/smartphone by merely dipping the device into the patient sample, after a short incubation. Therefore, this type of system can lead to the development of the ever-promised simple point-of-care (POC) devices sought after by the scientific community for decades [2][3].

Several capillary-driven flow devices have been developed and tested for POC diagnostics applications, such as that of Ramalingam et al. [4], who developed a numerical model to study capillary-driven flow in capillaries for polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The authors numerically modelled and tested polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchips and validated the flow inside the capillaries by tracking the fluid meniscus. Capillary-driven flow devices were also fabricated [5][6] to measure the viscosity of a fluid based on capillary action in microchannels. For example, Lee et al. [5] developed a capillary-driven flow microfluidics device to measure zebrafish blood viscosity in microchannels. The method allowed the validation of the Newtonian fluid behavior and dynamic viscosity of blood, requiring a minute amount of blood from zebrafish.

2. PMMA

In another development, PMMA was also used to develop a capillary flow device for nucleic acid biosensing applications using 500 µm-wide microfluidic channels consisting of sealed reagent-loaded pads [7]. Furthermore, capillary-driven flow microfluidics has also been developed for the measurement of biomedically relevant biomarkers [8][9][10][11][12][13]. The dynamics of open microfluidic channels has also been studied via 3D printing of microchannels for rapid prototyping and mass fabrication options [14]. Additionally, capillary flow has also been used for blood plasma separation in microfluidic channels, as reported by Madadi et al. [13], who developed a capillary flow device to separate plasma using 5 µL of sample to obtain 0.1 µL of plasma for diagnostics applications. Delamarche’s group [9][15][16] has widely developed plasma separation devices combined with immunodiagnostics devices, such as a system to detect C-reactive protein (CRP), which was quantified by using 5 µL of human serum extracted from a blood sample and 3.6 nL of a reagent solution deposited on the chip [15]. This type of device has been further developed for multiple biomedical applications such as portable bead-based and immunodiagnostics assays, with the possibility of detection via smartphones or handheld devices [16].

Glass/hydrophilic capillaries have also been used to drive flow via capillary action, as described by Lapierre et al. [17], who used bare glass capillaries to collect blood samples. In contrast, fluoropolymer microcapillaries (FEP) have been coated with reagents to render their surface hydrophilic and draw up blood or aqueous samples in a minute fraction of time [18][19][20][21][22]. Pivetal et al. [19] coated FEP capillaries with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to convert their surface from hydrophobic to hydrophilic and attached reagents or antibodies on the surface for the detection of protein biomarkers. The reagents reacted with the biomarkers, generating a colour or fluorescent signals which were detected under a microscope attached to a camera. Similarly, FEP microcapillaries were used to assess prostate-specific antigen (PSA) by an enzymatic reaction [20][21] and cytokines [22] within microcapillaries. The FEP microcapillaries were multiplexed in parallel by injecting solutions into 10 capillaries at the same time, i.e., a PSA standard solution, detection antibodies, the enzyme complex, washing solutions and the enzymatic substrates, which were injected in the capillaries simultaneously. The FEP microcapillaries were placed vertically in a blood sample to draw up liquid for ABO blood typing [18]. As the liquid rose into the capillaries, the reagents were released into the sample and reacted with biomarkers to produce a colour or a fluorescent signal, which was then detected by microscope or portable/smartphone systems.

Capillary-driven flow microfluidics have a great potential as POC diagnostics, for instance, for the prevention of antimicrobial resistance in healthcare [2][18].

References

  1. Michael Stange; Michael E. Dreyer; Hans J. Rath; Capillary driven flow in circular cylindrical tubes. Physics of Fluids 2003, 15, 2587-2601, 10.1063/1.1596913.
  2. Hassan, S.-U.; Zhang, X. Microfluidics as an Emerging Platform for Tackling Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): A Review. Curr. Anal. Chem. 2020, 16, 41–51.
  3. Zhengzhi Liu; Niaz Banaei; Kangning Ren; Microfluidics for Combating Antimicrobial Resistance. Trends in Biotechnology 2017, 35, 1129-1139, 10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.07.008.
  4. Naveen Ramalingam; Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani; Neevan Ramalingam; Gholamreza Keshavarzi; Liu Hao-Bing; Thomas Gong Hai-Qing; Numerical and experimental study of capillary-driven flow of PCR solution in hybrid hydrophobic microfluidic networks. Biomedical Microdevices 2016, 18, , 10.1007/s10544-016-0099-2.
  5. Juhyun Lee; Tzu-Chieh Chou; Ngyang Kang; Hanul Kang; Junjie Chen; Kyung In Baek; Wei Wang; Yichen Ding; Dino Di Carlo; Yu-Chong Tai; Tzung K. Hsiai; A Rapid Capillary-Pressure Driven Micro-Channel to Demonstrate Newtonian Fluid Behavior of Zebrafish Blood at High Shear Rates. Scientific Reports 2017, 7, 1980, 10.1038/s41598-017-02253-7.
  6. Arshya Bamshad; Alireza Nikfarjam; Mohammad Hossein Sabour; Capillary-based micro-optofluidic viscometer. Measurement Science and Technology 2018, 29, 095901, 10.1088/1361-6501/aace7d.
  7. Shengquan Jin; Minhui Dai; Fei He; Yuhong Wang; Bang-Ce Ye; Sam R. Nugen; Development and characterization of a capillary-flow microfluidic device for nucleic acid detection. Microsystem Technologies 2012, 18, 731-737, 10.1007/s00542-012-1487-z.
  8. Yusuke Fuchiwaki; H Takaoka; UV-laser-assisted modification of poly(methyl methacrylate) and its application to capillary-driven-flow immunoassay. Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 2015, 25, 75008, 10.1088/0960-1317/25/7/075008.
  9. Yosuke Uchiyama; Fumito Okubo; Kozo Akai; Yuji Fujii; Terence G. Henares; Kunio Kawamura; Toshio Yao; Tatsuro Endo; Hideaki Hisamoto; Combinable poly(dimethyl siloxane) capillary sensor array for single-step and multiple enzyme inhibitor assays. Lab on a Chip 2012, 12, 204-208, 10.1039/c1lc20651f.
  10. Yuji Fujii; Terence G. Henares; Kunio Kawamura; Tatsuro Endo; Hideaki Hisamoto; Bulk- and surface-modified combinable PDMS capillary sensor array as an easy-to-use sensing device with enhanced sensitivity to elevated concentrations of multiple serum sample components. Lab on a Chip 2012, 12, 1522, 10.1039/c2lc21242k.
  11. Huang, C.; Jones, B.J.; Bivragh, M.; Jans, K.; Lagae, L.; Peumans, P. A Capillary-Driven Microfluidic Device for Rapid DNA Detection with Extremely Low Sample Consumption. In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences, µTAS 2013 Conference, Freiburg, Germany, 27–31 October 2013; pp. 191–193.
  12. Roberta Epifania; Ruben R.G. Soares; Inês F. Pinto; Virginia Chu; João P. Conde; Capillary-driven microfluidic device with integrated nanoporous microbeads for ultrarapid biosensing assays. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 2018, 265, 452-458, 10.1016/j.snb.2018.03.051.
  13. Hojjat Madadi; Jasmina Casals-Terre; Mehdi Mohammadi; Self-driven filter-based blood plasma separator microfluidic chip for point-of-care testing. Biofabrication 2015, 7, 025007, 10.1088/1758-5090/7/2/025007.
  14. Robert Kevin Lade; Erik J. Hippchen; Christopher W. Macosko; Lorraine F. Francis; Dynamics of Capillary-Driven Flow in 3D Printed Open Microchannels. Langmuir 2017, 33, 2949-2964, 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b04506.
  15. Luc Gervais; Emmanuel Delamarche; Toward one-step point-of-care immunodiagnostics using capillary-driven microfluidics and PDMS substrates. Lab on a Chip 2009, 9, 3330, 10.1039/b906523g.
  16. Emmanuel Delamarche; Yuksel Temiz; Onur Gökçe; Yulieth Arango; Onur G?k?e; Precision Diagnostics for Mobile Health Using Capillary-driven Microfluidics. CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 2017, 71, 385-385, 10.2533/chimia.2017.385.
  17. Florian Lapierre; Andrew Gooley; Michael Breadmore; Principles around Accurate Blood Volume Collection Using Capillary Action. Langmuir 2017, 33, 14220-14225, 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02825.
  18. Nuno Miguel Reis; J. Pivetal; Ana Luisa Loo-Zazueta; Joao Barros; Alexander Edwards; Lab on a Stick: Multi-Analyte Cellular Assays in a Microfluidic Dipstick. Lab on a Chip 2016, 16, 2891-2899, 10.1039/c6lc00332j.
  19. J. Pivetal; Filipa M. Pereira; Ana I. Barbosa; Ana P. Castanheira; Nuno Miguel Reis; Alexander Edwards; Covalent immobilisation of antibodies in Teflon-FEP microfluidic devices for the sensitive quantification of clinically relevant protein biomarkers. The Analyst 2017, 142, 959-968, 10.1039/C6AN02622B.
  20. Ana I. Barbosa; Poonam Gehlot; Kalpita Sidapra; Alexander Edwards; Nuno Miguel Reis; Portable smartphone quantitation of prostate specific antigen (PSA) in a fluoropolymer microfluidic device. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 2015, 70, 5-14, 10.1016/j.bios.2015.03.006.
  21. Ana I. Barbosa; Ana P. Castanheira; Alexander Edwards; Nuno Miguel Reis; A lab-in-a-briefcase for rapid prostate specific antigen (PSA) screening from whole blood. Lab on a Chip 2014, 14, 2918-2928, 10.1039/c4lc00464g.
  22. Ana P. Castanheira; Ana I. Barbosa; Nuno Miguel Reis; Alexander Edwards; Multiplexed femtomolar quantitation of human cytokines in a fluoropolymer microcapillary film. The Analyst 2015, 140, 5609-5618, 10.1039/C5AN00238A.
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Subjects: Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Sammer-ul Hassan
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Xunli Zhang
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Sammer Ul Hassan
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Update Date: 30 Oct 2020
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