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Gu, M. Role of lncRNA in Cancer. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/10838 (accessed on 19 April 2024).
Gu M. Role of lncRNA in Cancer. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/10838. Accessed April 19, 2024.
Gu, Meng. "Role of lncRNA in Cancer" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/10838 (accessed April 19, 2024).
Gu, M. (2021, June 15). Role of lncRNA in Cancer. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/10838
Gu, Meng. "Role of lncRNA in Cancer." Encyclopedia. Web. 15 June, 2021.
Role of lncRNA in Cancer
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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/jpm11060513

Here, we summarize several studies of lncRNAs SNPs relevant to chemotherapy responses to further clarify the potential of lncRNAs as potential biomarkers of cancer risk and predictors of drug resistance as well as toxicity.

gene polymorphisms cancer chemotherapy drug response drug toxicity personalized oncology

1.Introduction

Table 1. Known lncRNA polymorphisms affecting drug response in cancer therapy.
LncRNA Polymorphisms Cancer Type Patient Population Drug Effect Reference
MIR2052 Host Gene (MIR2052HG) rs4476990 and rs3802201 Breast cancer 4658 women with breast cancer, including 252 women experiencing a breast cancer recurrence Aromatase Inhibitor (AIs) Regulated ERα expression in the presence of AIs [1]
4406 controls without recurrence of breast cancer and 252 cases with recurrence [2]
Maternally Expressed 3(MEG3) rs10132552 Breast cancer 144 women with locally advanced invasive breast cancer Paclitaxel and cisplatin Associated with good DFS and PCR rate [3]
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma 505 newly diagnosed nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients Platinum-based chemotherapy drug Associated with treatment response and risk of developing anemia [4]
rs941576 Breast cancer 144 women with locally advanced invasive breast cancer Paclitaxel and cisplatin Associated with good DFS [3]
rs116907618 Lung cancer 467 lung cancer patients Platinum-based chemotherapy drug Associated with severe gastrointestinal toxicity [5]
H19 Imprinted Maternally Expressed Transcript(H19) rs2839698, rs3842761, rs4244809, rs7924316, rs4244809 Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) 43 platinum-resistant and 138 platinum-sensitive EOC patients Platinum-based chemotherapy drug Associated with platinum-based chemoresistance [6]
rs2104725 Lung cancer 467 lung cancer patients Platinum-based chemotherapy drug Associated with severe gastrointestinal toxicity [5]
rs2839698 Associated with severe gastrointestinal or hematologic toxicities
antisense non-coding RNA in the INK4 locus (ANRIL) rs1333049 Lung cancer 467 lung cancer patients Platinum-based chemotherapy drug Associated with the incidence of severe gastrointestinal toxicity [5]
rs10120688 Associated with severe hematologic toxicity
HOX Transcript Antisense RNA (HOTAIR) rs7958904 Lung cancer 467 lung cancer patients Platinum-based chemotherapy drug Associated with the incidence of severe gastrointestinal toxicity [5]
rs1899663 Associated with severe gastrointestinal toxicity in age ≥ 57
metastasis-associated with lung adenocarcinoma transcript-1 (MALAT1) rs619586 Lung cancer 467 lung cancer patients Platinum-based chemotherapy drug Associated with gastrointestinal toxicity [5]
rs3200401 Metastatic colorectal cancer 98 colorectal cancer patients Irinotecan Associated with Pb derived toxicity and tumor resistance to irinotecan [7]
cancer susceptibility candidate 8 (CASC8) rs10505477 Lung Cancer 498 lung cancer patients and healthy controls Platinum-based chemotherapy drug Associated with platinum-based chemotherapy response and toxicity [8]
Long Intergenic Non-Protein Coding RNA 1139(LINK-A) rs12095274 Breast cancer Breast cancer patients AKT inhibitors Leading to resistance to AKT inhibitors [9]
Long intergenic non-protein coding RNA-regulator of reprogramming (Linc-ROR) rs2027701 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma 505 newly diagnosed nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients Platinum-based chemotherapy drug Associated with chemoresistance and toxicity [4]1.

2. Background

Transcriptomic studies have implicated that up to 90% of eukaryotic genomes are transcribed [10], and the Human Genome Project revealed that only about 1.2% of the human genome encoded proteins, suggesting that a large number of transcripts were non-coding [10]. Non-coding RNAs with more than 200 nucleotides are defined as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Recent studies have shown that lncRNAs seem to regulate their expression levels in a polymorphism-dependent manner and that they participate in different signal pathways, such as PI3K/AKT/NF-κB, thereby achieving the purpose of influencing the chemotherapy response. In this review, we focus on the role of lncRNAs in cancers, particularly the role of lncRNA polymorphisms in response to anti-cancer therapies.

3. lncRNA Polymorphisms in Cancer Chemotherapeutic Response

Notably, lncRNAs SNPs can significantly affect gene expression and function, leading to alterations in cancer susceptibility, chemotoxicity, and sensitivity. was thought to be associated with the risk of toxicity to platinum-based chemotherapeutic drugs in lung cancer patients [5]. Chemotherapy, as one of the important methods of cancer treatment, is of great significance for prolonging the life of patients, but chemotherapy resistance that affects the effectiveness of chemotherapy is still inevitable. Here, we summarize several studies of lncRNAs SNPs relevant to chemotherapy responses to further clarify the potential of lncRNAs as potential biomarkers of cancer risk and predictors of drug resistance as well as toxicity (Table 1).

Compared with 4406 healthy people, it was found that the level of MIR2052HG in 253 breast cancer patients increased, and this change in expression level was regulated by MIR2052HG SNPs [1]. LMTK3 is related to new-onset and intrinsic endocrine resistance in breast cancer [11]. In conclusion, the expression level of MIR2052HG was influenced by its genetic polymorphisms. Furthermore, different expression levels of MIR2052HG regulate the expression of ERα through transcription and protein degradation mode, which is related to the resistance of ERα-positive breast cancer patients to AIs.

14q32.3 has an inhibitory effect in a variety of cancers, such as bladder cancer, gastric cancer, and non-small cell lung cancer [12][13][14]. In non-small cell lung cancer, up-regulation of MEG3 led to an increase in the apoptosis rate of cancer cells. However, cancer cells with MEG3 knockout have a decreased rate of cisplatin-induced apoptosis, and the result is that lung cancer cells enhance cisplatin resistance by activating the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway [15]. Likewise, the results of the study by Bayarmaa et al. proved that MEG3 rs10132552 was also related to chemotherapy response in breast cancer patients treated with paclitaxel or cisplatin [3].

In recent years, the impact of H19 on cancer risk and prognosis has attracted researchers’ interest [5][16][17][18]. For instance, H19 rs217727 was found to be associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma [19], osteosarcoma [20], bladder cancer [21], and gastric cancer [22] risk; H19 rs2839698 has been shown to be associated with hepatocellular cancer risk and prognosis [23]. Further, studies substantiated that H19 knockdown could reduce drug resistance in cells and promote drug-induced apoptosis in resistant choriocarcinoma cells. These results corroborated that H19 polymorphisms were related to the drug reaction and toxicity reaction of platinum chemotherapeutic drugs, but its molecular mechanism needs further study.

According to a recent study comparing TC and CC genotypes, gastric cancer patients carrying the rs1562430 TT genotype had a higher risk of death [24]. OCT3/4 has been confirmed to be involved in the chemotherapy resistance of glioblastoma cell lines by affecting the expression of the drug efflux pump gene ABCG2, which encodes breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) [25]. Moreover, in non-small cell lung cancer cells, through Western blotting, researchers found that when CASC8 was knockdown, the level of FOXM1 protein decreased [26]. These findings not only provide new insights for the clinical application of CASC8 polymorphisms in predicting cancer risk and chemotherapy response but also provide new directions for exploring the effect of CASC8 SNPs on chemotherapy.

By analyzing genetic mutations within or adjacent to the LINK-A gene locus in breast cancer patients, Lin et al. found that a SNP mutation located downstream of the LINK-A transcriptional region in breast cancer was associated with LINK-A expression and outcome [9]. According to previous studies, lncRNA LINK-A can specifically interact with AKT and PIP3 in breast cancer cells [9]. A allele carriers are more likely than G allele carriers to develop resistance to AKT inhibitors in breast cancer patients. Moreover, stratifying breast cancer according to the expression level of LINK-

The dysfunction of p53 function has been shown to relate to the occurrence and development of breast cancer [27]. Previous studies have suggested that Linc-ROR significantly inhibited p53 in the process of DNA damage, thereby affecting the arrest and apoptosis of cancer cells, which is believed to be the cause of resistance to platinum chemotherapy in cancer patients [4]. In addition, Linc-ROR has also been found to interact with miR-124 and to participate in the resistance of pancreatic cancer to gemcitabine by regulating the miR-124/PTBP1/PKM2 axis [28]. These findings provide new insights into the function of Linc-ROR polymorphisms in cancer development and chemotherapy.

In recent years, lncRNA MALAT1 has been proved to be a metastasis and prognosis marker of some cancers, and it was involved in the proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis of cancer cells [7][29]. The increased expression is positively correlated with cancer susceptibility and poor cancer prognosis. Previous studies revealed that miR-218 could significantly suppress the EMT process and enhance 5-FU–based chemosensitivity in colorectal cancer cells by targeting BIRC5, a key member of the inhibitors of apoptosis gene (IAP) family [30][31]. To sum up, the regulatory role of MALAT1 polymorphisms in cancer chemotherapy is interesting, and its potential as a biomarker to predict the chemotherapy response of cancer patients is promising.

Past studies have shown that ANRIL was involved in the occurrence and development of a variety of cancers, including cancer susceptibility and the proliferation and migration process of cancer cells [32][33]. Studies have confirmed the importance of p16 as a regulator in cancer cells caused by cisplatin. Another study explained the role of ANRIL in cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer by down-regulating the expression of let-7a and then up-regulating the expression of HMGA2 [34]. In lung cancer, the development of drug resistance is achieved by inhibiting the expression of miR-98 [35].

HOTAIR is a lncRNA overexpressed in a variety of cancer cells, including lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and colorectal cancer. It is related to the prognosis of cancer patients [5][36]. It promoted cell growth and inhibited apoptosis by regulating H3K27me3 and activating the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway, which was thought to be the mechanism by which HOTAIR regulates the resistance of large B-cell lymphoma to diffuse prednisone [37]. In addition, squamous cell carcinoma patients with HOTAIR rs7958904 were more likely to develop severe hematological toxicity after platinum-based chemotherapy.

In addition to the above, some other important lncRNAs have also been found to play an interesting role in chemotherapy resistance, and their expression levels are regulated by their polymorphisms. Further studies confirmed that the up-regulation of TP73-AS1 promotes resistance of glioblastoma cancer stem cells to temozolomide by regulating the expression of metabolism-related genes and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member A1 (ALDH1A1). Similarly, lncRNA Nuclear Paraspeckle Assembly Transcript 1 (NEAT1) was indicated to be lowly expressed in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells that are resistant to histone deacetylase inhibitors and could improve the resistance of nasopharyngeal carcinoma to histone deacetylase inhibitors by regulating the miR-129/Bcl-2 axis [38]. Although there is no direct conclusion to prove the direct effect of these lncRNAs polymorphisms on chemotherapy response, based on the existing evidence, we speculate that the above three lncRNAs polymorphisms also affect chemotherapy resistance and deserve further exploration.

4. Conclusions

In this review, we analyzed recently identified gene polymorphisms of lncRNAs affecting the response of chemotherapeutic drugs. The studies of MIR2052HG, LINK-A, MEG3, and ANRIL have revealed that their polymorphisms may regulate either the expression or the structure of functional lncRNAs, thereby exerting biological effects; however, more mechanisms are expected to be discovered based on detailed studies of RNA-protein and RNA–DNA interactions. In conclusion, the polymorphisms of lncRNAs may serve as a biomarker for predicting the response of cancer patients to chemotherapy. Clinically, suitable chemotherapy drugs can be selected according to the polymorphisms of different patients.

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