Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
NARESHKUMAR DARIMIREDDY
 + 1571 word(s) 1571 2021-04-14 08:32:43 |
2 Format correct
Vicky Zhou
 Meta information modification 1571 2021-04-28 07:32:49 |

Video Upload Options

Do you have a full video?
Send video materials Upload full video

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Darimireddy, N. Connected Vehicle. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/9122 (accessed on 24 April 2024).
Darimireddy N. Connected Vehicle. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/9122. Accessed April 24, 2024.
Darimireddy, Nareshkumar. "Connected Vehicle" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/9122 (accessed April 24, 2024).
Darimireddy, N. (2021, April 28). Connected Vehicle. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/9122
Darimireddy, Nareshkumar. "Connected Vehicle." Encyclopedia. Web. 28 April, 2021.
Connected Vehicle
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/en14071795

A connected vehicle is an electric vehicle connected with different communication systems that enable its connection to external devices, networks, applications, and services.

automotive radar condition monitoring bi-directional DC-DC convertors electric vehicles

1. Introduction

The global energy crisis and health hazards caused due to the traditional internal combustion engine (ICE)-based vehicles have led electric vehicles (EVs/automated vehicles) to become an attractive alternative solution for automotive industries/electronics. EVs outranked conventional ICE owing to non-consumption of fossil fuels and are useful to mitigate PM issues to a greater extent. The electric car is a cost-effective and electrically propelled motor-drive system which utilizes alternate energy sources on-board within the vehicle to meet zero-emission. Besides, an electric vehicle connected with different communication systems that enable its connection to external devices, networks, applications, and services is referred to as a connected vehicle. The term “connected vehicle” covers not only a variety of connections but also applications and services. This type of vehicle is not only connected to a network (vehicle to network, or V2N), they are also able to exchange information with other vehicles (V2V), with infrastructures (V2I), or even with pedestrians (V2P). Beyond their connectivity, some vehicles can integrate more or less significant levels of driving assistance. In extreme, autonomous vehicles are capable of driving without the driver’s intervention in specific configurations. These automated vehicles require a high-end communication aspect. Thus, this survey has been categorically split into two parts based on various technical viewpoints.

An EV is formed by the integration of a different set of technologies working together to develop a complete electric machine. The machine can compete for conventional vehicles in the future in the sense of driving range, wide operating speed, high power density (in terms of circuit volume inside EV), high-level communications, and least emission. The next level of EVs will also include automated vehicles, connected vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, and autonomous vehicles. This vehicle is highly interlinked with exciting and high dimensional interdisciplinary engineering technologies. The PEC is a non-linear circuit topology with an advanced control function and is useful for controlling various subsystems within the vehicle. A special class of PEC is DC-to-DC converters that are used to transfer DC power from the battery to the motor-inverter section. The schematic diagram of bidirectional converters (BDCs) is technically a sub-category of DC-DC converters and is meant to transfer energy from the battery to the motor inverter section or feedback the regenerative power to the battery is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Typical Powertrain architecture highlighting conventional bidirectional boost converter.

EVs’ heart is utterly dependent on how power electronics technology plays a role in controlling the vehicle’s motor drive system. Simultaneously, optimally managing the on-board energy resources to propel, accelerate efficiently, and cruise may be done based on the driver needs. Advances in electric vehicles lead to various derivatives such as battery electric vehicles (BEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) [1][2][3][4]. All these derivatives have sub-categories as per the advances in EV technology. Moreover, there is a need to get acquainted with the term “vehicle-powertrain”. The powertrain of a vehicle consists of a motor-drive system and battery. In some cases, DC-DC (Bi-directional) converters are placed between the battery and motor drive system for the bidirectional power flow. Caricchi et al. [5] reported that motor drive efficiency is severely affected if the battery system is directly feeding power to the inverter motor drive system. The bidirectional converters and communication aspects used to facilitate electric power conversion and communication with the outer environment are critical components for an automated vehicle. The power electronic bidirectional converters play an active role in transferring DC power from the battery to the motor-inverter section. Similarly, antenna technology is essential for automotive radar applications in leading the vehicles to a fully automated and autonomous state.

Thus, a critical survey has been conducted on converters and communication aspects, keeping because of the future automated vehicle technology. The present article, i.e., Part 1, discusses several useful bidirectional DC-DC power converters for electric vehicle applications. The details of which are as follows: conventional bidirectional converters [5][6][7][8][9][10]; isolated bidirectional converters [11][12][13][14][15][16][17]; soft-switching converters [18][19][20][21][22]; coupled inductor approaches [23][24][25]; fly-back converter [26][27]; three-level converter [28]; dual active bridge converter approaches [29][30][31][32][33]; and composite converter approaches [34][35]. From the state of the art, it has been observed that the composite converter is the most efficient power converter in which different sets of modules are connected in series or parallel to control the power flow. The conduction and switching losses are reduced by two to four times as compared to conventional topologies, which lower device stresses and hence, lowers the voltage rating of power devices. In addition, conditioning monitoring aspects for the PECs are emphasized as the concern of the life span of the power converter installed in the EV is a very crucial issue [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70]. The aging effect of the electric vehicle’s electronic components needs to be essentially monitored to maintain the drive system’s health. Health index monitoring is an important liaison for the power electronics hardware installed within the EVs. In part 2 of this survey, 24 and 77 GHz low-profile (microstrip-based) antennas for automotive radar applications, types of antenna structures, feed mechanisms, dielectric material requirements, design techniques, and performance parameters have been critically surveyed and reported.

2. Future Aspects of EV Technology

Given the future aspects of electric vehicular technology, there are various domains, so discussing them in detail would overwhelm the purpose of the reading, and the additional references would be countless. Therefore, from a specific technological point of view, the goals of different technologies associated with electric vehicle advancement have been discussed here. Further, readers will have an overall intuitive idea about the role of power electronics together with other domains as per the recent updates in the technologies as follows:

  • Semiconductor technology
  • Power electronics and drive train technology
  • Motor technology
  • Battery and its management technology
  • Control engineering technology
  • Vehicle to grid (V2G) technology
  • Home to grid (H2G) technology
  • Wireless energy power transfer technology (WPT)
  • Grid integration of EVs

Therefore, all these broad research areas have a different perspective on electrical engineering behind electric vehicles, as semiconductor devices are the heart of electric vehicles’ power electronic systems. Further, it has a significant impact on the development of power electronics technology for an electric vehicle regarding reliability, cost, efficiency, and dynamics. Besides, various motor control and battery technologies need to be developed concerning the electric drive system, where batteries are critical and highly flammable at high temperatures. Various battery management systems (BMS) are in development for Li-ion cells as they are prone to hazard at high temperatures. Further, other alternatives are needed to be explored because of the batteries’ electrochemical process, which may be reversed by using nanomaterials so that decomposing the battery after the end of the life cycle can be avoided. Because of motor technology, there are various motors available in the field for electric drive, i.e., brushless DC motors (BLDCs), switched reluctance motors (SRMs), permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs), which are very popular among EVs. Several issues remained to be solved, such as cost, size, weight, control methods, fast dynamic response, and high efficiency.

Further, control engineering plays a vital role in sustaining all the systems within the vehicle in a highly stable state as the power electronic system requires control systems to maintain the vehicle’s excellent dynamic performance in the presence of any disturbances. Therefore, challenges raised in this domain are very critical subject to the dynamical conditions of the vehicle. One has to control the battery system’s temperature and decide when to operate in battery mode or internal combustion engine mode, control of bidirectional energy flow between the battery pack and the drivetrain, and control power electronic converters the proper operation of the drivetrain, etc. Potential mathematical modeling of power electronic converters is necessary because of controlling the issues mentioned above, i.e., small-signal modeling, steady-state modeling, controller design modeling, circuit averaging methods. Also, magnetics design modeling, filter designs, and advanced analog control techniques for power converters like voltage mode control (VMC), current programmed control/current mode control (CMC), Peak current mode control (PCMC), average current mode control (ACMC) may be emphasized. One may intermix the control methods for further technology advancement using digital control methods, neural networks, genetic algorithms, fuzzy logic, and other optimization methods for major controlling issues for their implementation.

Vehicular technology because of V2G, H2G, and WPT is again a new emerging domain for revising power systems. These technologies help our power system maintain power system stability since the power system’s load curve throughout the day has to be constant. If the right time charging incentives are considered adequate but provided, customers have to understand electric vehicles’ use as per the grid load dispatch laws. Further, Grid integration of these vehicles needs additional efforts for connecting EVs to the power grid as power electronic systems are prone to harmonic injection into the grid. This can lead to power quality issues where the phase-locked loop (PLLs) system’s significant role plays a vital role in grid-tied converters. In addition to it, adequate care needs to be taken according to their life cycles as high circulation currents and over-voltages are subject to matter, which is required to be addressed. In the next section, condition monitoring aspects of these converters are highlighted, which is necessary to mitigate the life cycle mentioned above concerns of power electronic converters.

References

  1. Tran, D.-D.; Vafaeipour, M.; El Baghdadi, M.; Barrero, R.; van Mierlo, J.; Hegazy, O. Thorough state-of-the-art analysis of electric and hybrid vehicle powertrains: Topologies and integrated energy management strategies. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2020, 119, 109596.
  2. Chan, C.C. The State of the Art of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles; IEEE: New York, NY, USA, 2002; Volume 90, pp. 247–275.
  3. Qin, Y.; Tang, X.; Jia, T.; Duan, Z.; Zhang, J.; Li, Y.; Zheng, L. Noise and vibration suppression in hybrid electric vehicles: State of the art and challenges. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2020, 124, 109782.
  4. Chan, C.; Chau, K. An overview of power electronics in electric vehicles. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 1997, 44, 3–13.
  5. Caricchi, F.; Crescimbini, F.; Noia, G.; Pirolo, D. Experimental study of a bidirectional DC-DC converter for the DC link voltage control and the regenerative braking in PM motor drives devoted to electric vehicles. In Proceedings of the 1994 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition-ASPEC’94, Orlando, FL, USA, 13–17 February1994.
  6. Lai, J.-S.; Nelson, D.J. Energy management power converters in hybrid electric and fuel cell vehicles. Proc. IEEE 2007, 95, 766–777.
  7. Chen, J.; Maksimovic, D.; Erickson, R. Analysis and design of a low-stress buck-boost converter in universal-input PFC applications. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2006, 21, 320–329.
  8. Chen, J.; Maksimovic, D.; Erickson, R.W. Buck-boost PWM converters having two independently controlled switches. In Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE 32nd Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference (IEEE Cat. No.01CH37230), Vancouver, BC, Canada, 17–21 June 2001; pp. 736–741.
  9. Midya, P.; Connell, L.E.; Haddad, K.R. Buck or Boost Power Converter. U.S. Patent 6,348,781, 19 February 2002.
  10. Dwelley, D.M.; Barcelo, T.W. Control Circuit and Method for Maintaining High Efficiency in a Buck-Boost Switching Regulator. U.S. Patent 6,166,527, 12 September 2000.
  11. Vinciarelli, P. Buck-Boost DC-DC Switching Power Conversion. U.S. Patent 6,788,033, 7 September 2004.
  12. Li, H.; Peng, F.Z.; Lawler, J. A natural ZVS medium-power bidirectional DC-DC converter with minimum number of devices. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 2003, 39, 525–535.
  13. Wang, K.; Lin, C.; Zhu, L.; Qu, D.; Lee, F.; Lai, J.-S. Bi-directional DC to DC converters for fuel cell systems. In Proceedings of the Power Electronics in Transportation (Cat. No. 98TH8349), Dearborn, MI, USA, 22–23 October 1998; pp. 47–52.
  14. Lai, J.-S. Bidirectional DC-DC Converter for Fuel Cell Systems. In Proceedings of the SAE TOPTEC: Fuel Cell for Transportation, Cambridge, MA, USA, 18–19 March 1998.
  15. Wang, K.; Lee, F.C.; Lai, J. Operation Principles of Bidirectional Full-Bridge DC/DC Converter with Unified Soft-Switching Scheme and Soft-Starting Capability. In Proceedings of the APEC 2000. Fifteenth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (Cat. No. 00CH37058), New Orleans, LA, USA, 6–10 February 2000; pp. 111–118.
  16. Wang, K.; Zhu, L.; Qu, D.; Odendaal, H.; Lai, J.; Lee, F.C. Design, implementation, and experimental results of bidirectional full-bridge DC/DC converter with unified soft-switching scheme and soft-starting capability. In Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE 31st Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No. 00CH37018), Galway, Ireland, 23 June 2000; pp. 1058–1063.
  17. Zhu, L.; Wang, K.; Lee, F.C.; Lai, J.S. New start-up schemes for active-clamp isolated full-bridge boost converters. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2003, 18, 946–951.
  18. Peng, F.; Li, H.; Su, G.-J.; Lawler, J. A New ZVS Bidirectional DC-DC Converter for Fuel Cell and Battery Application. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2004, 19, 54–65.
  19. Ito, Y.; Tsuruta, Y.; Bando, M.; Kawamura, A. Bilateral SAZZ chopper circuit for HEV. In Proceedings of the 2006 37th IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, Jeju, Korea, 18–22 June 2006.
  20. Tsuruta, Y.; Ito, Y.; Kawamura, A. Snubber-assisted zero-voltage and zero-current transition bilateral buck and boost chopper for EV Drive application and test evaluation at 25 kW. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 2008, 56, 4–11.
  21. Zhang, J.; Lai, J.S.; Kim, R.Y.; Yu, W. High-power density design of a soft-switching high-power bidirectional DC-DC converter. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2007, 22, 1145–1153.
  22. Elmore, M.S. Input current ripple cancellation in synchronized, parallel connected critically continuous boost converters. In Proceedings of the Applied Power Electronics Conference. APEC’96, San Jose, CA, USA, 3–7 March 1996; Volume 1, pp. 152–158.
  23. Lee, P.-W.; Lee, Y.-S.; Cheng, D.K.-W.; Liu, X.-C. Steady-state analysis of an interleaved boost converter with coupled inductors. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 2000, 47, 787–795.
  24. Lai, J.-S.; Chen, D. Design consideration for power factor correction boost converter operating at the boundary of continuous conduction mode and discontinuous conduction mode. In Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, San Diego, CA, USA, 7–11 March 1993; pp. 267–273.
  25. Xuewei, P.; Rathore, A.K. Novel interleaved bidirectional snubber-less soft-switching current-fed full-bridge voltage doubler for fuel cell vehicles. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2013, 28, 5535–5546.
  26. Bhattacharya, T.; Giri, V.; Mathew, K.; Umanand, L. Multiphase Bidirectional Flyback Converter Topology for Hybrid Electric Vehicles. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 2009, 56, 78–84.
  27. Lin, B.R.; Hsieh, F.Y. Soft-switching zeta—Flyback converter with a buck—Boost type of active clamp. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 2007, 54, 2813–2822.
  28. Jin, K.; Yang, M.; Ruan, X.; Xu, M. Three-Level Bidirectional Converter for Fuel-Cell/Battery Hybrid Power System. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 2010, 57, 1976–1986.
  29. Krismer, F.; Round, S.; Kolar, J.W. Performance optimization of a high current dual active bridge with a wide operating voltage range. In Proceedings of the 2006 37th IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, Jeju, Korea, 18–22 June 2006; pp. 1–7.
  30. Krismer, K.F. Modeling and Optimization of Bidirectional Dual Active Bridge DC-DC Converter Topologies. Ph.D. Thesis, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland, 2010.
  31. Liu, Y.; Wang, X.; Qian, W.; Janabi, A.; Wang, B.; Lu, X.; Zou, K.; Chen, C.; Peng, F.Z. A Simple Phase-Shift Modulation Using Parabolic Carrier for Dual Active Bridge DC-DC Converter. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2020, 35, 7729–7734.
  32. van Hoek, H.; Neubert, M.; Kroeber, A.; de Doncker, R.W. Comparison of a single-phase and a three-phase dual active bridge with low-voltage, high-current output. In Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA), Nagasaki, Japan, 11–14 November 2012.
  33. van Hoek, H.; Neubert, M.; de Doncker, R.W. Enhanced Modulation Strategy for a Three-Phase Dual Active Bridge—Boosting Efficiency of an Electric Vehicle Converter. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2013, 28, 5499–5507.
  34. Chen, H.; Kim, H.; Erickson, R.; Maksimovic, D. Electrified Automotive Powertrain Architecture Using Composite DC-DC Converters. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2017, 32, 98–116.
  35. Chen, H.; Sabi, K.; Kim, H.; Harada, T.; Erickson, R.; Maksimovic, D. A 98.7% efficient composite converter architecture with application-tailored efficiency characteristic. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2016, 31, 11–110.
  36. Dynamometer Drive Schedules. Available online: (accessed on 24 August 2015).
  37. Yang, S.; Xiang, D.; Bryant, A.; Mawby, P.; Ran, L.; Tavner, P. Condition Monitoring for Device Reliability in Power Electronic Converters: A Review. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2010, 25, 2734–2752.
  38. Wang, H.; Blaabjerg, F. Reliability of Capacitors for DC-Link Applications in Power Electronic Converters—An Overview. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 2014, 50, 3569–3578.
  39. Han, Y.; Song, Y. Condition monitoring techniques for electrical equipment—A literature survey. IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. 2003, 18, 4–13.
  40. Held, M.; Jacob, P.; Nicoletti, G.; Scacco, P.; Poech, M.-H. Fast power cycling test of IGBT modules in traction application. In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, Singapore, 26–29 May 1997; Volume 1, pp. 425–430.
  41. Mermet-Guyennet, M. Reliability requirement for traction power converters. In Proceedings of the ECPE Workshop: Built-In Reliability into Power Electronic Systems, Toulouse, France, 25–26 June 2008.
  42. Wolfgang, E. Examples for failures in power electronics systems. In Proceedings of the ECPE Tutorial on Reliability of Power Electronic Systems, Nuremberg, Germany, April 2007.
  43. Amerasekera, E.A.; Najm, F.N. Failure Mechanisms in Semiconductor Devices, 2nd ed.; Wiley: New York, NY, USA, 1997.
  44. Ohring, M. Reliability and Failure of Electronic Materials and Devices; Academic: San Diego, CA, USA, 1998.
  45. Ciprian, R.; Lehman, B. Modeling effects of relative humidity, moisture and extreme environmental conditions on power electronic performance. In Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, San Jose, CA, USA, 20–24 September 2009.
  46. Ciappa, M. Lifetime prediction on the base of mission profiles. Microelectron. Reliab. 2005, 45, 1293–1298.
  47. Kojima, T.; Yamada, Y.; Ciappa, M.; Chiavarini, M.; Fichtner, W. A novel electro-thermal simulation approach of power IGBT modules for automotive traction applications. In Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Power Semiconductor Devices & IC’s, Kitakyushu, Japan, 24–27 May 2004; pp. 289–292.
  48. Yun, C.-S.; Malberti, P.; Ciappa, M.; Fichtner, W. Thermal component model for electrothermal analysis of IGBT module systems. IEEE Trans. Adv. Packag. 2001, 24, 401–406.
  49. Gerstenmaier, Y.; Kiffe, W.; Wachutka, G. Combination of thermal subsystems modeled by rapid circuit transformation. In Proceedings of the 2007 13th International Workshop on Thermal Investigation of ICs and Systems (THERMINIC), Budapest, Hungary, 17–19 September 2007; pp. 115–120.
  50. Du, B.; Hudgins, J.; Santi, E.; Bryant, A.; Palmer, P.; Mantooth, H. Transient thermal analysis of power devices based on Fourier-series thermal model. In Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, Rhodes, Greece, 15–19 June 2008; pp. 3129–3135.
  51. Swan, I.R.; Bryant, A.T.; Parker-Allotey, N.A.; Mawby, P.A. 3-D thermal simulation of power module packaging. In Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, San Jose, CA, USA, 20–24 September 2009.
  52. Bryant, A.; Roberts, G.; Walker, A.; Mawby, P.; Ueta, T.; Nisijima, T.; Hamada, K. Fast Inverter Loss and Temperature Simulation and Silicon Carbide Device Evaluation for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Drives. IEEJ Trans. Ind. Appl. 2008, 128, 441–449.
  53. Ratchev, P.; Vandevelde, B.; de Wolf, I. Reliability and Failure Analysis of Sn-Ag-Cu Solder Interconnections for PSGA Packages on Ni/Au Surface Finish. IEEE Trans. Device Mater. Reliab. 2004, 4, 5–10.
  54. Sankaran, V.; Xu, X. Integrated Power Module Diagnostic Unit. U.S. Patent 5,528,446, 18 June 1996.
  55. Ryan, M. Method and Apparatus for Power Electronics Health Monitoring. U.S. Patent 6,405,154, 11 June 2002.
  56. Rodriguez, M.A.; Claudio, A.; Theilliol, D.; Vela, L.G. A new fault detection technique for IGBT based on gate voltage monitoring. In Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, Orlando, FL, USA, 17–21 June 2007; pp. 1001–1005.
  57. Lehmann, J.; Netzel, M.; Herzer, R.; Pawel, S. Method for electrical detection of bond wire lift-off for power semiconductor. In Proceedings of the IEEE 15th International Symposium on Power Semiconductor Devices and ICs, Cambridge, UK, 14–17 April 2003; pp. 333–336.
  58. Farokhzad, B. Method for Early Failure Recognition in Power Semiconductor Module. U.S. Patent 6,145,107, 7 November 2000.
  59. Judkins, J.B.; Hofmeister, J.; Vohnout, S. A prognostic sensor for voltage-regulated switch-mode power supplies. In Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT, USA, 3–10 March 2007; pp. 1–8.
  60. Coquery, G.E.; Lallemand, R.I.; Wagner, D.; Piton, M.; Berg, H.E.; Sommer, K. Reliability improvement of the soldering thermal fatigue with AlSiC technology on traction high-power IGBT modules. In Proceedings of the 8th European Power Electronics Conference (EPE’99), Lausanne, Switzerland, 7–9 September 1999.
  61. A Survey of Electrochemical Supercapacitor Technology. Available online: (accessed on 13 January 2003).
  62. Power, Emerson Network. Capacitors Age and Capacitors Have an End of Life—White Paper; Power, Emerson Network: St. Louis, MO, USA, 2015.
  63. Amaral, A.M.R.; Cardoso, A.J.M. A Simple Offline Technique for Evaluating the Condition of Aluminum–Electrolytic–Capacitors. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 2009, 56, 3230–3237.
  64. Amaral, A.M.R.; Cardoso, A.J.M. Simple Experimental Techniques to Characterize Capacitors in a Wide Range of Frequencies and Temperatures. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 2010, 59, 1258–1267.
  65. Amaral, A.; Cardoso, A.J.M. An Economic Offline Technique for Estimating the Equivalent Circuit of Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 2008, 57, 2697–2710.
  66. Amaral, A.M.R.; Cardoso, A.J.M. Using a sinosoidal PWM to estimate the ESR of Aluminum electrolytic capacitors. In Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Power Engineering, Energy and Electrical Drives, Lisbon, Portugal, 18–20 March 2009; pp. 691–696.
  67. Wechsler, A.; Mecrow, B.C.; Atkinson, D.J.; Bennett, J.W.; Benarous, M. Condition Monitoring of DC-Link Capacitors in Aerospace Drives. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 2012, 48, 1866–1874.
  68. Soliman, H.A.H.; Wang, H.; Gadalla, B.S.A.; Blaabjerg, F. Condition monitoring for DC-link capacitors based on artificial neural network algorithm. In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 5th International Conference on Power Engineering, Energy and Electrical Drives (POWERENG), Riga, Latvia, 11–13 May 2015; pp. 587–591.
  69. Soliman, H.; Wang, H.; Blaabjerg, F. A review of the condition monitoring of capacitors in power electronic converters. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 2016, 52, 4976–4989.
  70. Gao, D.-X.; Lv, Y.-W.; Sun, Y.-G.; Wang, Y.; Yang, Q. Remote Mobile Monitoring and Fault Diagnosis System for Electric Vehicle Circular Charging Device Based on Cloud Platform. In Proceedings of the 2020 Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC), Hefei, China, 22–24 August 2020; pp. 4146–4151.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Engineering, Manufacturing
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
NARESHKUMAR DARIMIREDDY
View Times: 699
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 28 Apr 2021
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    Feedback