Cancer, characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of cells, is one of the leading causes of death globally, with approximately one in five people developing the disease in their lifetime. It remains one of the most pressing challenges in modern medicine, but recent advancements are revolutionizing both therapeutic and diagnostic landscapes. This overview introduces the new frontiers in cancer therapy and diagnostics, highlighting a diverse array of innovative strategies that target molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis while enhancing early detection and personalized care. Cutting-edge therapies, such as small-molecule inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies, specifically target oncogene-driven pathways, offering selective toxicity over traditional chemotherapy. Immunotherapies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, radioimmunotherapy, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, activate the immune system to combat malignancies, showing remarkable efficacy in oncogene-addicted cancers and hematological malignancies. Emerging approaches like cancer vaccines and oncolytic viruses further amplify immune responses, while liquid biopsy transforms diagnostics by analyzing circulating tumor markers for early detection, treatment monitoring, and resistance profiling. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning amplify these advances, refining diagnosis through image analysis, predicting oncogenic mutations, and guiding personalized treatment plans. Together, these breakthroughs—including targeted therapies, immunotherapies, and technology-driven diagnostics—represent major progress in oncology, though challenges like drug resistance, tumor heterogeneity, and accessibility persist. This video showcases the promise and challenges of these new frontiers in cancer care, paving the way for more effective, tailored treatments.